hello everybody this is Dr Adel how are you again um Welcome to our class crop science online class and 101 uh today we're going to talk about like absorbtion and translocation so what's that mean like um have you wondered like how this huge plant take water from the soil to the top top of the plant like from this area here you see how is that plant is so huge like from the soil and take that all up to the top of the plant so how is that going to happen like how is that happening so um first of all if you know this type of wood or trees uh just please let me know um right down there like and um comment or whatever so in comments like I will be received the your um the pl um anyway to understand how is that plant can be like take all the nutritions all the water from the bottom of the soil to the top that's like high elevation in the plant uh we have to understand that like a few things like the first thing is absorption which is uptake water and minerals nutritions through the roots here and the cell membrane to the upper of the plant so that's like absorption that's mean how that's like nutritions and water going inside the root here and the cell membrane so how is that going to happen like there is like a few things like one thing we call Active uptake which is require like some energy um that mean like uh respiration like from respiration which is ATB and that ATB like will uh help the plan to push those nutren to take them up there but not that's like it's um not all the things apply for that one for example of water uh minerals nutritions uptake is active uptake so is between the difference between the active and nonactive which is where we see why is energy needed so energy is needed to move nutritions from an area of low concentration to a high concentration and the to um like from that one is like Mak sense like uh if you have like um high sugar in a c cup and high low sugar in the other cup and you want to like put those like connect those with some like tubes or whatever there will be start like moving from the low concentrated to the high uh sorry from the high concentrated to the low concentrated uh either like salt or nutritions the same the same concept uh gradient like differences of concentration between the soil and inside the plant flood that's will be um usually the the nutritions is to high concentrated out of the root uh in the soil uh and it is low inside the The Roots so for that mean we call it like a diffusion or like a bassive flow that bassive flow is going like from the high concentration to the low concentration from the soil to the road and bive like diffusion is move move movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentrations and doesn't require an why is that we're going to understand why like in a few uh second process of active uptake like a ATB used like to like to run a protone bump like across the membrane so it's like something it has like uh for example it has like a certain shape will be forming to take it like move that like from the low concentration to the high concentration that's that's a require ATP a create membrane potential and hydrogen uh gradient and um this charge like you used to Drive transported of nutritions like if because all the nutritions most of the nutrition they most it's all the nutren have like a different charge for example as you can see here the hydrogen has like a positive charge maybe if you can like a uh potassium the potassium is like has a positive charge too um uh what else uh like a calcium has two charges like two charges uh like a positive [Music] charges transpiration transport and absorption of water are important to plants these processes are interrelated let's see how they take Place transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapor from the surfaces of plants due to evaporation it takes place in Plants mainly through the stamata of the leaves the surfaces of mesop cell are covered with a film of water the water evaporates into the airspace the airspace becomes almost saturated with water vapor the water vapor concentration in the airspace is now higher than that in the atmosphere outside the leaf water vapor therefore diffuses through the sto into the atmosphere this is how transpiration takes place [Music] during transpiration mesop cells near the airspace lose water continuously their water potentials decrease water is therefore drawn from the adjacent mesophile cells by osmosis the adjacent cells in turn draw water from their neighboring cells eventually water is drawn from the xylem vessels a force called transpiration pull is [Music] created the transpiration pull draws water up the xylm vessel in the [Music] stem xylm vessels are hollow tubes made made up of dead cells this structure allows a continuous stream of water to be formed inside [Music] them apart from drawing water up the xylm vessels transpiration pull also helps the absorption of Water by The Roots in the root water in the cortex cells near the xylm vessels enters the xylm vessels due to the transpiration pull this decreases the water potential of the cytoplasm of the cortex cells water moves from the neighboring cells to these cells by [Music] osmosis as a result a water potential gradient is set up across the cortex causing water to move inwards from cell to cell by osmosis some water moves inwards along the cell wall as water is drawn into the inner cells the water potentials of the root hair cells become lower the water potential of the soil is now High higher than those of the root hair cells therefore water in the soil enters the root hair cells by osmosis this is how water is absorbed into the root as you can see this one is the bassive like you Transportation transport passive which is mean like um they go like from the high concentration to the low concentration which is like through if that's going like through the uh the the cell membrane that's mean called diffusion which is like an um go through like um the uh the cell membrane but if it's like uh have a certain require like a protein or shape they can be uh facilitated diffusion which is like I require specific thing to make it go inside the cell um while the if we talking about like an active transport Transportation which is like this is low concentration for example this uh nutritions have uh low concentrated inside uh the water or the roots uh sorry uh in the soil low concentrated but it's high concentrated in the plant so that will be require energy and those like proteins will be forming to take in a certain shape like this shape here inside the plant and instead like taking taking it out like by diffusion or passive uh transport um we're going to explain more about that like what create driving through uh the the driving force for water movement uh from soil into the roots like a water absorption um like a passive optic require energy only directly to maintain a membranes and uh produced like in New Roots here and the water potential uh gradient like water water move um toward the areas of lower water potential and dry air like outside of the leaf has a very low water potential which is thus the water is uh pulled out of the leaf via like transporation another thing is lower relative humidity uh as we mentioned there like in leaf uh lecture um like the humidity out inside the leaf is 100% relative humidity but outside of the leaf which is the air surrounding the leaf it's a little bit lower it's a it's lower than that one according to the weather but it's it's slower usually than 100% so that's like um allow the water to go out through the stom from inside the leaf to outside of the leaf because the outside of the leaf is a little bit Dyer leads to lower negative water potential inside the leaf compared to the plant St so um so how is that move how is the water move like it's like a water potential outside it's low negative and inside the leaf is a little bit positive but they are like moving when it's moving they creating low potential water inside the leaf and that will pull out like the water from the stem and the stem having the same thing will pull water from the roads to understand more about that is a negative potential is a translated through the Asylum for uh from the leaf to Soma and to roots and negative tension in the xylm of uh in the xylm and when water potential inside the root is low than in the soil and water is pulled into the root from the soil so that's how is that happen so another thing is like the transportation which will happening inside the plant is it provides the energy the ATB needed for water uptake and that will like help the plant to take uh uh water from the soil let's see here uh let's talking about this part here this part is like uh when it's like the atmosphere outside of the plant it start like as you can see is creating like a 100 megabar pressure and that pressure will pull out the water from the plant because it's low pressure inside the leaves like 1.8 and sometimes like uh uh three megapixel um if that right and and also inside the stem like it's going to be a xylm or uh taking like less pressure compared to the leaf and lower pressure in the root and lower in the soil so that's how the plant will be taking the water from the top from the soil to the top of the plant so as you can see the bar like the soil um mega par like it's minus O3 and trunk it's like minus 0.6 while in the trun xylm here in this area it's like uh .8 megapixel and start going on until like reach like a 100 minus outside of the air and that will help pull all the water out sorry the summary of the absorption so what is the summary of the absorption nutrition absorption and water absorption we have two type of absorption um uh like nutritions and water so what happen what's the different this is an active um requirement ATP energy from the plant respiration uh respiration and the water absorption is aive so the transport is a provide the driving for us like it's that one is like the pressure outside and inside that will be help and also uh the lower potential water potential is helping to take the water uh from the roots to the stem from the stem to the leaf from Leaf outside of step down and that's also help taking nutritions U uh like from the soil uh accur both of them there are accur through the rouers like in both side um before we pass this one I want to like go and EXL I need you to imagine there is a like right now uh someone like in a river this is the river and he trying to uh um swim and this is the river directions like this way here this way here so it's going like this way and he want to swim from this point like to change the color he want swim from this point to this point so he will like smoothly like it's it's not taking any any like energy so what do we call that one like even like say if he is like using kayak and his kayak like moving from the top of the river to the bottom of the river so he's going with the flow and the water so that's me doesn't require uh energy what we call passive okay but if he want to swim in the opposite direction this way here that's mean he will like work hard harder than he is going down like that mean require a lot of energy what we call that is active Active Energy like an active uh uh absorption so that's one like it's that's a different the same the same concept if we going to um like explain how is that like will happen uh let me like the need that if we have like nutritions for example uh let's say we have like this box here this box has like Circle those are nutrition have an high concentration this piece here this part here of the Box while you have low concentration in this area here so if it's there like even this like a charge positive charge positive charge positive charge positive charge positive charge all are positive charge okay and this one has a little bit of negative charge so if we want to take like um the the positive charge from this place will go to this place what we call that we call it passive right because it's passive because this one is a high concentrated it will be going to the low concentrated but if we want to take this like uh let me take the green one if we want to take this positive charge from the low concentrated to the high concentrated we call that is an active so that's active and that one is passive right so that's how it's going like so that's the difference so which one is require more energy the active One require a um sorry let's uh try with my hand require a t T which is like adenosine triphosphate and that's like adenosine triphosphate will come from um um the respiration and the respiration we know that like a respiration it's happening inside uh on all the part of the plant or each different in each cell in the pl so uh let's take delete this one here so translocation that's something different the translocation movement of the water uh mineral nutritions and Trigger through the plant and the vascular system uh which is Asylum and the flow so um syum usually cell which is like transported water and minerals like nutritions mineral nutritions and move it is allowed upward like it's going to like from the root her root to the top of the plant and usually when we talk about that like we talking about like soil roots and Stems leaves uh here so that will be uh uh will be going like from The Roots to uh from the soil to the root and from the root to the stem from the stem to the leaf and from the leaf to the air that's not apply for nutritions because nutritions will be stuck inside the pl but most of the water is going to be like a Viator is going to be outside of the uh the plant another thing we uh how does water move to the top of the plant which is like a transportational uh pool which is transported that create negative tension in the xylm and which is pull a water up um the step and a small Asylum and uh vessels like and polar and N uh natur um sorry nature of water making it's like stronger uh than still wire like use so it can be like a pull uh to enormous highest like uh Power how is that going to be happen like for example if we talking about this part of the plant uh let me dig that one if we talking about like this part here it's like this is where we like talking about like the nutritions when going up or the water going up by the plant how is that like this is the reaction between the roots here and the soil so the water moleculars those are small part the blue small part here that's one if you see it don't not and root here which is like this one is the part of the root here and the soil particles those are the soil particle and this is the water so how is that going to be like water up up take from the soil this is going from the high concentrated this is have a lot of nutritions have a lot of water this is low water low concentrated so that will be going like a passive uh update to their like two inside the root here while this part is an ayum cell which is like how is that going while it's going up with the axyl so the choosing and adhesion of the Indy adhesion which is like there is a like two things called adhesion and cohesion so let's take the adhesion which is like the water how the water holding to each other but cohesion which is like when the water like holding to another surface like the cohesions uh sorry the cohesion uh it's like through the so like water particle and adhesion by hydrogen like a banding in the cell like together and white cohesion it's like a bending the soil particle to each other so this one is like when it's attached to uh the plant like over the surface even if you like a drop water and the surface you're going to see that the water dropped it has like have a Cal uh shape like it's a like a almost Circle uh that's like why it's not flat because that's like a by cohesion and that's like a bending by hydrogen and that hydrogen it's like attached to water like particle to each other but if it's like also and when it's like attached like a drop the water on your hand and try it like to make it like it drop is going to be a little bit attached and difficulty like to see it it's not running very like quickly unless you will make it like a a sharp uh even if you do that like still have water in your hand so that one we call it like adhesion and that when it's the uh water particle attached to um the um the plant part a transportation which is like that one when it's taken by the ayum inside like the the the plant xylem Sab this is the mill like sometimes you find in the leaf we took in the leaf structure uh you will see that in the leaf structure so misop cell and those are the mopal cell STA and the water moleculars and the atmosphere outside and how is that going like from the Asylum to the leaf and from the leaf to uh the sto from the stoa to outside of the plan um we going to watch the video right now it's a small video but has a good exop trees are amazing they have the ability to pull up and transport large quantities of water a big tree can absorb 200 lers of water per day and twice as much on a hot day large amounts of water are absorbed by The Roots transported up the trunk and lost as water vapor through the leaves in a process called transpiration water is used to support cellular metabolism and photosynthesis in the leaves too but most of the water exits via transpiration how trees can pump water from the roots through the trunk and out to the leaves has been the subject of studies for over 130 years after all if you cut into a tree you won't find any pumps just wood nevertheless it is worthwhile reviewing how suction pumps work these pumps work by creating low pressure at the top of a column of water it is the pressure provided by the atmosphere that overcomes the weight of the water and pushes it up the pipe drinking a beverage through a straw works the same way sucking on the straw creates a lower pressure in the mouth allowing the higher pressure of the atmosphere to push the liquid up the straw similar forces are at play in trees transpiration through the microscopic pores in the leaves called somata creates a negative pressure at the outermost reaches of the tree which pulls the water up the trunk through the xylem which are tiny pipes running the length of the tree but to get a deeper understanding of how trees transport water we have to look at the properties of water itself namely water cohesion and water adhesion cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other cohesion is responsible for surface tension the tendency for a water droplet to adopt a sphere iCal shape adhesion is the attractive force between water and other surfaces the ability of water to stick to surfaces depends a lot on the nature of the surface together water cohesion and adhesion are responsible for capillary action have you seen how water moves up glass tubes the thinner the tube the higher the water moves because of adhesion the water is pulled up the sides of the glass wall and because of cohesion the water column is pulled along water adhesion and cohesion play important roles in water transporting trees as well the theory explaining the transport of water in vascular plants including trees is called the cohesion tension Theory transpiration Powers the movement of water through the xylem it creates negative pressure or water potential of min-2 to-3 megap pascals at the leaf surface and -.5 to minus1 at the stems and small branches the air itself has a water potential of about minus1 100 megapascals at the other end in The Roots water is absorbed from the soil through osmosis minerals in the interior of the root cells cause it to be hypertonic that is have a higher mineral concentration compared to the surrounding water in the soil thus pulling in water through osmotic pressure in the parent of cohesion tension Theory the cells in the roots have a lower potential than the water in the soil but a higher potential than the leaves and water always moves down the gradient from higher potential to lower potential cohesion and adhesion also contribute to water transport drawing water up through the xylm like water runs up a capillary tube at night transpiration stops but the water column maintains its Integrity because of the adhesion and cohesion properties of water in 20 20 scientists at Virginia Tech demonstrated water flow via transpiration in a synthetic tree they started with a nanoporous ceramic disc representing a leaf through which water could evaporate then they embedded 19 silicone tubes into the bottom of the disc creating an airtight seal the silicone tubes represent a bundle of xylm these scientists immersed one end of this capillary tube bundle in a tub of water and witnessed the upward flow of water Against Gravity to a height of 3 m the total mass of the water in the tubes was 458 G one pound in water weight as water evaporated from the disc there was a water potential at the leaf calculated to be aboutus 30 kilopascals which drew the water up from the reservoir this is a clear laboratory demonstration of the physics underlying the cohesion tension theory if you'd like to see more animated science videos please subscribe to s sketch thanks for watching trees are amazing they have the ability to pull up and transport large quantities of water a big tree can absorb 200 L of water per day and twice as much on a hot day large amounts of water are absorbed by The Roots transported up the trunk and lost as water vapor through the leaves in a process called transpiration water is used to support cellular metabolism and photosynthesis in the leaves too but most of the water exits via transpiration how trees can pump water from the roots through the trunk and out to the leaves has been the subject of studies for over 130 years after all if you cut into a tree you won't find any pumps just wood nevertheless it is worthwhile reviewing how suction pumps work these pumps work by creating low pressure at the top of a column of water it is the pressure provided by the atmosphere that overcomes the weight of the water and pushes it up the pipe drinking a beverage through a straw works the same way sucking on the straw creates a lower pressure in the mouth allowing the higher pressure of the atmosphere to push the liquid up the straw similar forces are at play in trees transpiration through the microscopic pores in the leaves called somata creates a negative pressure at the outer most reaches of the tree which pulls the water up the trunk through the xylem which are tiny pipes running the length of the tree but to get a deeper understanding of how trees transport water we have to look at the properties of water itself namely water cohesion and water adhesion cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other cohesion is responsible for surface tension the tendency for a water droplet to ad dropped a spherical shape adhesion is the attractive force between water and other surfaces the ability of water to stick to surfaces depends a lot on the nature of the surface together water cohesion and adhesion are responsible for capillary action have you seen how water moves up glass tubes the thinner the tube the higher the water moves because of adhesion the water is pulled up the sides of the glass wall and because of cohesion the water column is pulled along water adhesion and cohesion play important roles in water transport in trees as well the theory explaining the transport of water in vascular plants including trees is called the cohesion tension Theory transpiration Powers the movement of water through the xylem it creates negative pressure or water potential of minus 2 to -3 megap pascals at the leaf surface and -.5 to -1 at the stems and small branches the air itself has a water potential of about minus 100 megapascals at the other end in The Roots water is absorbed from the soil through osmosis minerals in the interior of the root cells cause it to be hypertonic that is have a higher mineral concentration compared to the surrounding water in the soil thus pulling in water through osmotic pressure in the parents of cohesion tension Theory the cells in the roots have a lower po potential than the water in the soil but a higher potential than the leaves and water always moves down the gradient from higher potential to lower potential cohesion and adhesion also contribute to water transport drawing water up through the xyum like water runs up a capillary tube at night transpiration stops but the water column maintains its Integrity because of the adhesion and cohesion properties of water in 2020 scientists at Virginia Tech demonstrated water flow via transpiration in a synthetic tree they started with a nanoporous ceramic disc representing a leaf through which water could evaporate then they embedded 19 silicone tubes into the bottom of the disc creating an airtight seal the silicone tubes represent a bundle of xylm these scientists immersed one end of this capillary tube bundle in a tub of water and witnessed the upward flow of water Against Gravity to a height of 3 m the total mass of the water in the tubes was 458 GS one pound in water weight as water evaporated from the disc there was a water potential at the leaf calculated to be about minus 30 kilopascals which drew the water up from the reservoir this is a clear laboratory demonstration of the physics underlying the cohesion tension theory if you'd like to see more animated science videos please Subs subscribe to science sketch thanks for [Music] watching so why are those like flower wilted so this question is like way make it like a wilted why is a pant like reach the welting point so uh the flow is like sugar move away from the leaves uh upward to the grain like in fruits and downward to toward the roots um that mean they like take the energy from sugar and like uh the energy like sugar uh moving like around in the plant like a u take that like from the so SCE which we call uh Rel and dig that to um the roots or the storage places what control a movement of sugar throughout the plant like it's a pressure flow which we call pressure flow and that pressure flow is active process require and use energy ATB a load and unloaded sugar into the out of the flow and think of this structure of company like a moving uh fr the other thing is moving generally from the area of the sugar uh Productions and to storage area or uh areas that like an active New Growth or uh storage like areas like for example um tubers potato or carrot or whatever it's like a when it's the plant start like starting um store those uh energy let's take a look here uh as you can see in this one um you will see um this is the sylm and this is the flu and that's the the source of the leaf cell which is the chlorophyll and that one is the plasa and it's inside it the chlorop when it's like start creating the sugar or the carbo at what we call those small red dots here and we call it as source so the source in the plant is the leaf which is like generated all the carbohydrate inside the leaf and uh compaining the cell like uh there the other like cell inside the leaf or inside the plant and after that they start like moving uh nutritions like sugar that creating in this area will will be moving of course not all the like the sugar will be uh moving to this area some of will be like using as a respiration in the leaf however that will will be like moving from the C component and after that moving to the FL the FL it has like a more concentrated and that concentrated will be absorbed more water to the side from the cylum and that will be driven to the source no matter what happen in the source that can be a root cell or can be like a fruit or can be a flower or can be like a grain wherever you have it like it's we call it sink so it's like um it's given taken from the sink source to the sink which is like places where is the plant needed to go and as you can see all all that like is going with companion cell uh and after that going to the root cell which is like starting storing there imagine this is like a tuber uh as like a potato and this water like it's taking Circle because they take driven like a uh nutritions from the high concentrated to a low concentrated and after that when it's taken out like the they can passive to uh the zylin so the process of the pressure flow is active loading uh of the sources at sources creating a high sources concentration which is this area thus the water moving in uh in uh certain uh pressure like in specific pressure and after the like an active and loading creating lower source and concentration at the sink uh and and thus water move out like lowering the the pressure so this one here is like when it's moving out like lowering the pressure here so from high pressure to lower pressure that's is going to be how that cular going so pressure by itself like a differences causes the flow in the uh uh in the tube so that's likeing causes the flow in the the tube in the flow the summary of the translocation is like what is the difference between the sugar translocations and the water translocation and the nutrition translocations so um I like from like take it from the ATB which one is like it's more requireed ATB compared to the other so I need you right now to answer this question so right down sugar is is it required ATB or not water is it required ATB or not uh nutrition is like trans loc trans location is it require ATB or not I will give you like a one minute if you said sugar translocation require ATB that's right if you said water [Music] translocation not require ATB that's right if you sell like nutrition sometimes like they go with passive or active translocation which is like they don't like uh require uh ATB or sometimes require an ATB so that's right so active is required ATB for loading and uh unloading the sugar in the flowing so that's like taking an energy from the plant by the respiration the respiration is generating the ATB energy and that ATB can be used like to move moving sugar around inside the plant uh by but the water is like a passive transporation is going from the low from the high concentrated to the low concentrated and that's it um and also we have another thing called um the uh uh the pressure the pressure is helping moving the water inside the pan while nutrition sometimes like in according to the place the situation they will be different some of it like is required like a passive if they are like going from the high concentrated to the low concentrated but if they are like going from the opposite way for example if the plant need more nutritions but the soil have list they will plant like generate energy to active passive like to take the uh uh sorry to active process to take the uh to take the like nutritions uh pressure flow usually like a sugar and transportational pool what that happen in the water but that's not going be have related with nutrition translocations uh uh where is the Acure uh the sugar translocation if you say like flum or xylm so which one is that one sugar translocation and what is the translocation of the water so sugar translocation is a cure through the FL cell and the other one through the sylm cell but nutritions uh translocation can be like along either like uh syum or the floor finally uh we uh our lection is not too long but it's a very important part like to understand um it is like shown it's more complicated than you think uh but we trying to make it simple as much as as we can to understand how the plant will be absorbing and taking nutritions and water from the soil and give that to uh um the top of the plant so right now you can imagine how the plant uh like taking the nutritions and taking the water from a soil to like 100 m up in the top of the plant um and also how the nutritions like like sugar creating in the top going down like to the root we know and like to create a new cell in the root need like a sugar and that Sugar will be created the leaves so so the leaves is in higher places how is that going to move like from up to down or from uh down to up so if you have any questions please let me know um I hope we um like enjoy my class and if you have any question please please uh send me an email and see you next section have a good day