Transcript for:
Cell Structure and Types

There is a backlog, right? just a few chapters right now I started and it got backlocked right away Is. I wish something like this happens that a video comes out let's go. Isn't it? And inside that we have the whole chapter Cover it quickly. thinking like that Happen? Finally, son, that video is here Because some chapters have already started And already some kids are having backlog It has started. Isn't it? and yours very We have brought it on high demand Beta one shot series. Isn't it? those children whose Backlogs have already started occurring. So this forest Covers your entire chapter in one shot Will be done. And if I talk about biology So son, I did NCERT in biology Every line is very important. Is No? So we will cover the whole NCERT And if I talk about the questions then there is no tension Take it son. You will also get the solutions of the questions You will meet them in full. i.e. in NCERT I have the answers to all the questions I will provide it to you. So hello student, My name is Supriya Kaushik and I am The first chapter The Cell Unit of Life I am going to get it done through one shot. this one shot Inside this we have covered the whole NCERT point to point you will read the points, read them carefully and I will give you free of cost by making crisp notes I will pay the cost and you will find it below In the PW app in the description given. Is No? So you don't have to take tension. Just tension I want to be free and enjoy one shot comfortably. Make notes and answer the questions Do not take tension because that is also me I will provide it to you in notes. Some? How should you write questions in class? will be told in and whatever else The answers to the questions are available in PDF You will get it. And obviously where is the PDF Do you want to meet? In the description below. so come Let's start the video. hello my Dear students. How are you guys? I Hope All of you must be preparing well. But Preparations for some children are still in a state of disarray It is lagging. I know son many The children have already started getting backlogged It's done. Isn't it? and cover that backlog We have brought this one shot son to do it Series. As you can see son. And We cover the whole NCERT complete chapter very well Please read it in a short and crisp manner, son. We will cover every line of NCERT Within this one shot. Ok? and our The first chapter is going to be Sell the Unit of Life. Ok? So my name is Supriya Kaushik. and I'll tell you son this whole one shot Complete NCERT in a very crisp format through And I am going to teach in a good way. We First, we will read it thoroughly and then we will People will remember the coming of this chapter Questions. so that you will know that What type of questions come in this chapter Are. How to ask and how to ask Can be done. Ok? So I hope you guys are ready Are. Let's start this beautiful son We will start another chapter, son. Such as The name of the chapter is Cell. Isn't it? Cell. Good If you look around you, you might think So there will be some living cells and some It is a non living cell. but a living cell How is it called living and why Is it called? And what makes him living? Is? And if we talk about non living things then Is there something that makes him not live? Makes it. It makes it non-living. Ok? This is the most basic difference. Ok? If If I talk about evolution also, son Life which was first in a small cell She had come. Isn't it? And that same cell has grown to such a large size today Created an organism and complete diversity Made it. So, son, let's start with that little thing Of Chinnuminu cell. Ok? We call the cell It is called basic unit of life. Life's What is the most basic unit, son? There is a cell. Ok? Now you also know this, we are ma'am I have been studying since nine 10th when the sale When we meet, tissue is formed. tissues If we meet ma'am then the organ will be made. and organ When they meet, an organ system is formed. And When the organ systems are found, then it becomes ma'am This whole organism goes. The complete organism is formed. Right? Is that ok ma'am? We already know this Was. But this organism also gives two sons There are types of . also a unicellular and may even become multicellular Are. but before that before that because right now We are starting the sale, son. Isn't it? So we should know this what are those things that make living What makes the living and the non-living non-living Is. We call correct i.e. living cell NCERT talks about animate things. Who That which is alive is called animate. It is NCERT. and to non living things NCERT speaks inet. now animate and How is inanimate? Why is it? what is the thing Son, who is separating them? Animate Living thing means that which has life in it, which He is living, the one who is living is called a living thing That means we call it animate thing. Now to the living she makes a living because she has a life Is. He can grow. he can breathe yes, he can breathe. they reproduce can and he has self consciousness Is. That means he puts himself in the alert zone. He sees. Isn't it? Now have you ever seen this It can't be that this is a pen. This is a big consciousness It is like that my friend, don't break me. Isn't it? Please don’t write too much to me. I rubbed I have been. Isn't it? This doesn't happen. Correct Is? so these things which happen She is neither able to breathe nor can she self Consciousness shows. So, how is it Son? There's an added thing. That means this is non is living. It is innate. of non living only The other name became Inmate. But we Should we talk about humans or any If we talk about organisms, living animals How is he? is living. They are conscious. Isn't it? Now you must have seen it, son, right? If If you show a stick to a dog like this, it gets scared He goes and gets scared. He knows it. Plant have you seen Touch Me Not as well There is a plant. You touch it, it wilts goes. So it is a plant, it is an organism, it is No? There are animals. all of these respond Are. They have self-consciousness. These Let's breathe too. This is living. But One who does not show this process is non-living. Is. And we call those non-living things inanimate. Things speak. i.e. how are they Son? It is a non-living thing. These are among these They do not show any process. Examples Example Son, this is a pen, right? This pen or whatever laptop you have inside, You can save the video in your tablet or phone So what is that you are looking at? It is innate. Isn't it? It is non-living. Ok? So this is its The example has been given. So it is a very basic thing. Maam we study all these things in 9th and 10th have come from. But start with your NCERT I have given this in myself. and my NCERT I will not leave any line, son. Because When to skip any line from NCERT? Son This may convert into sin. don't say anything Can. Ok? And the paper will come from somewhere, son. Lines may also appear. Multiple Questions are created. Multiple Questions In which multiple statements are made. Correct Is? Joe questions with multiple statements There are no complete chapters anywhere in it I picked up four lines randomly and put them in From there the question arises. Ok? So I will not leave any line. Next Now The son who is from the cell, I told you about the cell Tissue is made from this. made up of tissue Organ. Organ systems are made up of organs. Ok? made up of organ systems Organism. Now there are two types of organisms There are. One is a unicellular son, One is multicellular. very simple There are things, son. when life originated There was a small tiny cell, son, which It was not even visible. Isn't it? was microscopic and there were a lot of cells They gathered together and made a big son Multicellular Organisms. but when life It was starting right son so this single A single cell is performing all the work Was. Isn't it? At present time, you have a son, right? If you look at kids today, you will see everything Isn't it true ma'am you get it done for us Two. Now there is comfort in life, right? We all Some sons are dependent. Isn't it? I I am telling you by taking a general example that We are a little dependent on This one will do the work, this one will do some work. Explain by taking an example of human body Are. Ok? If I talk about the human body If I do it son, then look at us in human body Digestion works differently. Digestive The system works differently. Respiratory The system works differently. For locomotion We have Lims, son. So every sale of ours Does different work. For excretion There is an excretory system. For Respiration There is the respiratory system. This thing happened of multicellularity. But a single cell She does all this work alone, with a single cell Is. Isn't it? Like it is nowadays son Independent woman is independent man right? He is a tough guy, this is very popular these days Right, those are the single people, son All these are unicellular which are independent do the work yourself yun means one Cell means Cellular means cell An organism that is completely made up of a single cell It is made together and he alone does all the work Used to be. Isn't it? they are capable of Independent existence. machoom man hai Son. It doesn't need anybody and it All your essential functions in one go He is performing. Right? This thing happened of unicellular organisms. Now Let us talk about multicellular organisms Son. so in multicellular organisms different organ system different organ There are systems and different organ systems Perform their different functions. Is No? performing its specific function Are. like what is the digestive system will he do it? What will the digestive system do Son? Digestion will do it. Ok? Desegregation Will do it. What will the respiratory system do? It will work for respiration. Respiratory What will the system do? Respiration work He will do it, son. Isn't it? Respiration work Will do it. Yes. So this is what happened to you, son of Multicellular Organisms. Absolutely basic It was a matter. Ok? Let's have a son now beginning. It begins, son, scientist From. Now the war has started, son. Isn't it? Firstly Nobody knew what it was What is living and non living. But Are you a scientist? This is why scientists say Because there is always curiosity inside them There is a need to know things. when we were little there is curiosity inside us too Is. Isn't it? that okay papa he is in the sky Why are there stars? how to come? We all are childhood I'll ask. Right? Such a scientist I was curious as to what is this living cell? Is? How are you? So the first scientist was The son, whose name was Robert Hooke, whose name was There was Robert Hooke whose son was very curious And he discovered the cell. But when he saw the cell, he Said that there is a honeycomb like structure Is. Ok? Isn't it? That is a sale. Correct Is? There is a chamber cell. one chamber cell It happens. But they sold the It was identified from a dead plant I had curry it. Ok? That was a dead cell. Sorry That was a dead cell. That was a dead cell. It was extracted from bark. That was a dead cell. But now it's a dead cell, son, so it's no She will not perform the function. so one Proper definition will not be possible. Because We are trying to say living and we have sold Son, I have identified the dead cell. So After this came the scientist's son Anton Forest Leeuwenhoek One Leeuwenhoek. Ok? What did he do, son? He called the cell Living told. What did he tell the cell? That the cell is living. Ok? What did he say? the cell which is Living happens. then came the son Second scientist. Now the cell is living So do the structures inside the cell Studies were going on. At that time, technology a lot of technology nowadays It was becoming too advanced. Microscopes are becoming very advanced Were, son. Ok? So inside these Organelles were also being studied. come again son Robert Hooke right? Sorry Robert Brown. Then who will come son? Robert Brown came. Sir Robert Brown described the dens inside it identified the part which he Named nucleus. what did you name it Child? Nucleus. What did you name it? Nucleus. So these three scientists with their It is very important for you. First, the cell Who identified it? By Robert Hooke. The cell is living. Who told you this? Antonym One by Leeuwenhoek. and a den inside the cell This is the structure which at present time It is known as nucleus. who is that told? By Robert Brown. Ok? this thing Our packing is done. That is, we see Complete according to every page of NCERT Packing up and moving things. right now we It is on the first page only. then after that Gradually, information about the cell was discovered and After this came the beta cell theory. Cell Theory what was it ma'am? Many things from the cell theory Questions are created. Please understand this. Two He was a scientist. Both were at different places. They were all doing their own independent work. Matthias, son, was a scientist in 1838 Clayden who was a German botanist. To you It is important to remember who the German botanist was And which year are you talking about? Ok? So in 1838 Matthias Clayden, a German was a botanist and in 1839 Thodos Swann The Germans were zealots. both of them are Was working independently. Ok? To understand this very clearly We have done both in a separate tabular format. Wrote things down. who was matthias clayden Son, he worked on plant cells Because what were these, kid? Botanist. Botanists are those who study plants Let's study. So this is the study of plants I was doing it, son. About Plant Cells Was studying. He said as much as there are as many plants as there are because the discovery of the cell It was already done by then. He said as much as Plants are made up of cells and The cell is its basic structural block Is. Plant is a very basic building block Of. Like we build a wall. Isn't it? How do you lay the foundation for that wall? a brick From. When many bricks are joined together. Is No? A layer is formed. then a lot of What have the layers created together? Whole wall Makes it. Who laid the foundation of that wall? Base Who kept it? A small brick. and just like that There is a sale, son. Who took care of the whole plant? made? The cell. What is the basic thing, son? There is a cell. What is a basic building block? There is a cell. This is what Skladen said. Then its Later, a German zoologist who in 1839 He said that he had seen animals and Studied about both the plants. These There's a twist. Ok? what is your name son? These Zorgist. But they have planted and I studied about both animals. Is No? And that's why they mainly planted it I studied about animals and at the same time, Also studying plant cells for comparison and he also compared the two cells Did. He compared the two cells And he said that the cell had a thin Outer layer non edge plasma membrane. He said basically every cell has a There is an outer layer which is called Plasma membrane. But when he Animal cells compared to plant cells So he said that near the plant's sale There is an extra layer that we love We can call it a cell wall and this is one of the Has a unique characteristic. Ok? Cell Wall Is only present in plant. of the plant It is present inside. Cell inside an animal There is no wall. cell wall inside the plant it occurs. Is it okay son? Now the question is coming son that brother this plant Why is there a need for this cell wall? Why was a cell wall needed? of the cell wall There was a need because son, look at the plant The plant cannot move. aap to move Can do it. You can go from here to here Can be done. You can go here from here also. Isn't it? That means animals and humans move Can do it. Ok? in harsh condition God forbid something might happen now. Isn't it? If there is any problem here then I I will immediately run away. Isn't it? run away with all your might Will take. But the plant is where it is will remain. The plant does not perform locomotion. So That is why son, nature has given him such a An extra layer has been given so that it moves on its own not can. So protect yourself an extra around him for Gave a covering which is called cell wall. There is no need for animal cells in harsh conditions yes son. Isn't it? Animal cell has many all the extra things that she can protect and improve your locomotion You can save yourself by doing this. Right? So brother Plant does not do locomotion so it has Its cell has a unique characteristic wall What surrounds it is called cell wall. Right? Now both these scientists have their own I put forward my point. Isn't it? and both of them Cell theory was made by combining these things. Ok? Remember the cell theory first. It was given by Skden & Snan. So Sclidon Both end points together formulated the cell Theory. and what did he say that all Living organisms are composed of cells End product of sale. Any number of organisms yes son, all those are sales and their sales products Are made up of. but something is wrong Was. Isn't it? That is a question even today it was doubtful that But how did the cell come in the first place? Isn't it? Egg first Did the bird or the hen come first? these questions all lives in the mind of. His brothers are also I was also asked to tell me where the sale came from From? So they did not have an answer to this. Ok? Then our third son came Scientist. He was listening to all this. He said wait a little patiently, I will tell you Am. Ok? He was succeeded by Rudolf Vershüger explained this thing that the cell is It comes from its pre-existing cell. i.e Add a new cell from the cell that is already present The cell is derived. Ok? So he Explained how cells divide and create new Sales are formed by what they call Omni Cellul eCellul said. Ok? So you What to remember? Omni Cellula eCellular Who told you? By Rudolf Verschüsser. Now Son, that was a loop hole, not a question The mark was also complete now Cell theory about how a cell works He told that the sale is a sale divides and a new cell is formed i.e. Sail come from pre existing Sail Omni cellula ecellular now they have made a cell The theory was given a final shape because The answer to that question mark who gave Rudolf Verschusen now A final cell theory was made and that final Both points covered within cell cell theory that all living organisms are composed of sales and product of sales which that Skelton and Swann Sir have already told and the question mark that came after it Where is the cell correct? so all sales arise from Pre Existing Cell Omni Cellular Who told you that it is cellular? Rudolf Versue in 1855. So now go and be complete The cell theory was completed. Ok? So this story is Beta Cell Theory of. Ok? Whose story is this, son? Of the cell theory. After this, now the cell is Beta cells are of different types There are. Isn't it? In our NCERT these All sales are mentioned. Sales It is different according to its function. It is different according to its shape. So There are many types of cells. Is No? It is different, different sizes it is of different shapes, different performs functions. So what about all those sales? I have to study. Ok? Now Like I said about all these sales Wrote about all these sales in one place. Just like cells are based on their function The rates are different. such as red blood cells Erythrocytes right? which we call RBC also speak. red blood cell ie RBC. Its other name is erythrocyte. how is this Does it happen son? round and biconcave Is. Ok? and what is its function? Transport oxygen. one thing to yourself It should be clear what about which cell There is work. then the white blood cells which we call Also known as WBC. And Its other name is child leukocyte. It is like this amoeba. Isn't it? Amoeba What is? a unicellular organism It is like that. So how do we say this? amoeboidal shape or irregular shape is also called Can be done. And what work does she do, son? Whatever infection is inside our body, No? Any pathogen that enters our body The son comes to cause illness and fights with him Is. Isn't it? That means our body gets immunity It provides. the son comes again Columnar cell. Now this sale is not very complete is distributed in the body and you You study at different places. columnar cell is No, this is long and narrow son. about this We are a structural organization Let's read in chapter. Columnar cell long and their nucleus is always at the base It becomes present. Isn't it? what is their job is it son? Of absorption and secretion. Like it will be present in our stomach. eat Absorption secretion has to be done. Nerve Cell is the longest cell of our body. Here it is Son, what are nerve cells like? there is a branch Is. You will remember son, this is its cell body Is. These are dendrites. This is Exxon. Is No? If you have studied in 11th class then Ok. So what is its job? Its job is to transmit the signal To do. Then comes Trackid. of the plant It is a part of xylem. Isn't it? how would it be Is? It is tall. It is elongated. What is its function? Transport of water To do. Mesophyll cells present in the leaf They happen. Green-green. Ok? round Yes, they are oval. What is their work? To carry out photosynthesis. and who is the kitchen of our plant? It's just a leaf. So Leaf's Is it in the kitchen? Meaning of plants in the kitchen What will happen in the kitchen, son? The food will be cooked. What do you say to cook food? Photosynthesis. Isn't it? So son in NCERT, NCERT I showed you these photos in full You have kept it, right? After reading these photos, remember their shape By doing this we have understood its function. Correct Is? Like what is this son? this is ours Nerve cell. This is the nerve cell. How is it? The long end is branched. What is this? It is tracheid. It is elongated. what is its work Is? To transport water. What is it Is? It is mesophyll. It is round and oval. Its What is the work? To carry out photosynthesis. RBC Round and Concave. Its work is to Also called erthosite. What is its function? To transport oxygen. White The blood cells are amoeboidal in shape. its work what is it son? by doing dhishum dhishum of the body Inside. Isn't it? To avoid any pathogen. To avoid infection. That means the body To provide immunity. then this is it what is it son? Columnar epithelial cell. How is it? It is long and narrow. Their The nucleus is right at the base. and what work Is? To do absorption and secretion. Wow, wow, son. This is also our pack Done. But the matter would not end here Is. There are more sales right now. more sales yes son. Cells differ in shape and size and Function. Do you know the smallest cell? Smallest Cell Mycoplasma It is also called the Joker of the Plant Kingdom. Ok? Joker of plant kingdom also speaks Are. The cell is very small, 0.3 micro Of the meter. Ok? then ostrac sale it The largest is a single cell. ostrich cell human cell rbc human rbc Erythrocyte which we just read about is about 7.0 micrometers and the diameter me and the nerve cells which are there, son, these are ours It is the longest cell of the body. almost almost How much son? 1 meter has 1 meter length. Ok? Ok? Now because son here I I also told you about human cell and plant cell. I also told you about the sale. Isn't it? of the plant cell I had also talked about it. Ok? here There is no plant cell. This is the plant cell About Animal and Plant Cell by NCERT NCERT did an experiment regarding this Did. NCERT once said onion peel You have taken it, right? Onion means onion. Isn't it? The month of Sawan is going on, son. do not eat onions Are. Isn't it? Ok? Plant cell taken Took onion and animal cell, son. This way Gulgulu pulls the cheeks like this, then one cheek Took the sale of . While doing this, my son Chhutu I took out the cell. Ok? then an animal Took the cell. Here is the animal cell and here is Son plant cell. Isn't it? Now you just see Can you tell me? It is very easy. tell me by looking at it Can you tell what is the difference between the two. Correct Is? What is the difference between the two? Such as Inside this cell, there is a layer inside both of them It is there. What are those two layers, son? plasma membrane which everyone will have It must be. Ok? the plasma membrane is This one has it and this one also has it. But It has an extra layer. What Layers is it son? Cell wall. So this is onion cell Took it. It has cell wall which is a unique feature It is along with the cell membrane. And near it there is only and only cell membrane and in which There is no cell wall. Isn't it? read this yourself have been done. But NCERT has given instructions to prepare onion and I told you this on the basis of cheek sale. So yours It was my duty, son, to see this. Correct Is? I did this. ok sir. Ok. Now comes the story, son. Now comes the story of when on earth If the sales came, which sales came first? Were? Which cells came? two words you You might have heard it. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes right? and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. prokaryotes and eukaryotes are there There is a very long weight above and above it Questions are also asked. Absolutely basic Prokaryotes came to Earth first. RNA came first on Earth. No DNA had come. DNA evolved later. Eukaryotes evolved later. First who come? The prokaryotes arrived. So prokaryotes How was it? Very simple and straightforward. Because Some people were unaware of the world. So Prokaryotic cells came first. Is No? Now prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells It is very important for you to know the difference in sales It is necessary. Ok? so yes come on guys prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell Will wind up in a very good manner. Because do you know what NCERT has done? I gave some things here. some things are absolutely I gave it at the end of the chapter. something in between I did it. Isn't it? You have spread the raita completely, son. So come let's wrap up that raita. Is Not well. so it's a eukaryotic cell and It is a prokaryotic cell. Pro means now You will say ma'am there is one and pro there is one Noob. Isn't it? So Pro means this is advance will be. no son pro means primitive joe It has come before, right? whichever comes first whichever sells first I was called a prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic means U means advance which after I got advanced. Advance would be paid later Isn't it? So what is the advance that happened son Was it called? It would be called a eukaryotic cell. Correct Is? Let us know its difference. How is a prokaryotic cell, son? It is primitive and very simple. Isn't it? I would have taken Shakal's Boom Baboom's pen yes son. Let's go so that you can get the notes which are neat And I got it clean. Yes. So it was primitive, that is It was very old and how was it? very straight forward It was very simple. Then son, the world is poor I came here and saw the cunningness of people son and how did she become advanced and It has become more complex, right? It happened son because why did this happen now Because eukaryotic cells are mostly singular You were single, weren't you? If you were living single, then there was no They did not need a son Responsibilities have come, it has become a complex Each cell becomes a multicellular organism Every cell had to do its own work Tissues together form an organ Organs combine to form an organ system He was given his responsibilities. Correct Is? So how was the process, son? It had become complex. be complex and the efficiency was increased too much. Ok? Now all in one person It will work and do multitasking Efficiency deteriorates. if we work If everyone distributes their work then that work It happens efficiently. Isn't it? and this is what we It is called Division of Labour. Ok? Let us go What happened complexity wise? that this It is simple and primitive. These How is it? There are advances, There are complexes. Nucleus. Who Discovered the Nucleus? By Robert Brown. How many times will you say things You will remember it. Nucleus of these The nucleus was very simple. Because inside the nucleus the genetic There is material. their genetic material Just like this, naked without wearing any clothes It was lying there only. Isn't it? Even when humans When he came to earth he was naked. Any He did not even wear clothes. later when You have advanced, right? So everybody learned how to make clothes Some. Like this son, if this sale comes first then it will go to him There were no clothes. It was Nangu Pungu son. Is No? And the nuclear membrane was absent. And such a nucleus is called the one which has There is no cell membrane on top. Its genetic material like this naked cytoplasm It is lying in. we call it that Nucleoid. Ok? we call it that Nucleide. well i'll tell you the basics Let me tell you that a basic cell is A basic cell is a Come on brother let's make a box, take this And let's paint it black, son. This is our little Chunnu Munnu C is the cell and the outer layer of this cell Plasma membrane brother this is what is important Without this how will we differentiate? Whatever matrix is present inside the cell it is, okay? What do we call this? We call it cytoplasm. Cytoplasm I say it. Ok? and inside it there is a den A nucleus is present. dense bit Nucleus is present. if this if If this son is eukaryotic then on it There will be a nuclear membrane. If this If it is prokaryotic then remember this The genetic material must be lying there just like that. Ok? What will we say to this? I will tell you about nucleoid. what will you say? I will tell you about nucleoid. Ok? Ok? Basic stuff. How will they have a son now? These will have cell organelles. Cell People who work with Organelles There are. Isn't it? Now all the work is on one person So, I can't put it in. So there is more to it There are small cell organelles. So let's go He also understands. the cells inside them They are organs, son, how are they Are? eukaryotic are membrane bound Because I have become advanced. Inside these are not membrane bound. were absent Are. There are no membrane bound organelles. They are absent. because this is a simple cell Is. Ok? How could they have are membrane bound. Such as Mitochondria are membrane bound. Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Bound Is. The Golgi apparatus is membrane bound. But if the prokaryotic cell was a simple cell then The people living inside it were also simple Son. There was no membrane. no clothes Did not wear it. You have to remember this. Is No? Now what was their genetic material like? It was linear. and histone proteins present It happens. I will tell you now. Isn't it? Prokaryotic cells are completely circular and non-circular Pungu happens. no histone proteins Would. Histone proteins are those that are responsible for the to properly package the genetic material It is necessary for. Such a protein would be around whom there are no such genetic The material is wrapped and packed Is. Ok? How were you now, son? Ye Chung Explained It was Pungu, son. It was Nangu Pungu. Their The genetic material was circular like this. Clothes I did not wear it, son. in the same cell If they were present, then histones would be needed It was not there. Isn't it? But this son is a little high Son, these people belong to the royal category. Isn't it? He remains completely covered in it. their organelles Also, son, he wears clothes properly at home. Even the servants should dress up well they live in. their nuclear membrane It happens everywhere. Isn't it? And their The genetic material is also linear and Histone proteins are present. Isn't it? So these are people of the royal category. Ok? Their cell size is small. from the forest Of 10 micrometer. their relative It is large, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers Of. If we talk about the cell wall they have Cell Wall of Bacteria Peptidoglycan It is made. The most important of prokaryotes An example is bacteria, son. as many as All bacteria are prokaryotes. Correct Is? After this there are all their different categories That of eukaryotes. If you have Rh Whittaker Do you remember the classification of, son? So What were RH Whittaker's classification? There was a Five Kingdom classification. the first Monera what was it again kid? Protista again what was it? Fungi. Then what was left? Plantae. then what Was? Animalia. Isn't it? Then what was left? Animalia. What was that Monerala like? Protest. It was a prokaryote. Isn't it? It was a prokaryote. Apart from this, how were all these people, son? Eukaryotes belonged to the royal category. and most Who was more royal, son? They have everything Was. Isn't it? He had everything. all of this I grew up watching it. Very royal category Were. Ok? Now let us be doubtful about one thing Needed Ribosomes. Ribosome is also a cell It is Organelli. But these are non membrane bound It is organic. now mam non membrane bound if it is organic then it is only a prokaryote I should be in. But no, it is not in both of these It happens. This also occurs in eukaryotes. These It also occurs in prokaryotes. and as if You can see son this is royal category So they will have the royal ribosome. That means it will be 80s ribosome. And this son is naked Pungu is a poor man. Isn't it? Their The pass will be for Rs 70 only. They got the smaller one I gave it. Ok? Examples Plant, Animals, fungi, I have already told you about this. All of these come under eukaryotes. Who will come among the prokaryotes, son? Bacteria, cyanobacteria. Ok? So Who is this about, son? This is our thing of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This with which we have differentiated prokaryotes and eukaryotes Packed it well too. Who is Complex? Is? This is it. near the nuclear membrane Is. dDNA is also linear and histone There is protein too. Organelles are also their clothes wear it. is membrane bound. Cell Size His one is also bigger. 10 to 100 micro There is a meter. They have cell wall present. Plants are made up of cellulose Cell wall. and the inside of fungi is made of chitin There is a cell wall. They also have ribosomes These are the advanced ones. ATS and its These are the examples. its vice versa happened in prokaryotes. Ok? so this Also remember yourself eukaryotes and prokaryotes Have become. Ok? Now, if we look at the prokaryotes If we are talking about this then come son Let's start with prokaryotes. prokaryotic cell because brother first cell She has come. Isn't it? Now if it has come earlier then this Reading should also be done beforehand. so we read first This is the son of a prokaryotic cell. Primitives There is a cell. Primitive means old There is a cell. This is an old cell. only then call it pro It was said. It is a primitive cell. it is simple There is an altogether smaller sale. Ok? Pro Meaning first and simple. This Kingdom All the bacteria that come under Monera They are all prokaryotes. Give It Up does not have membrane bound nucleus. Their Do not have a membrane bound nucleus. I mean, what is their genetic material like? Nangu pungu happens. Isn't it? and nangu pungu Which we call goodness in English. Correct Is? How is this? non membrane bound They have organelles present. i.e The people who keep gardens in their houses have Even the son doesn't have any clothes. that too naked they remain the same. Right? Its example Bacteria. Now look at bacteria NCERT did not write it like this. But NCERT has given this diagram. it I have given the picture. so here is the question for you I will ask him also. He will say that I gave it Isn't it?. So it is your duty to read. Ok? So no problem, I will read it. What Is there any problem? 2 Micro from Bacteria Forest It is upto the meter. a typical bacteria Size of. PPLO. Full Form of PPLO is this pleuro pneumonia like organism Which are 0.1 micrometers. Ok? A Then after this it was named Blue Green Algae Yes but he did not explain. Right? to compare to compare He took two cells for this. one then The virus is 0.02 to 0.2 micrometers in size it occurs. And this is the son of our royal family Eukaryotic cells are 10 to 20 micrometers. It is of. Ok? So you also get this data Isn't it? it is with great sadness to remember It will fall in love, son. Ok? Let's move on guys Are. Let's move ahead. Now let's talk about bacteria It is happening. So let's see the shape of the bacteria as well NCERT speaks. I remember those shapes too Let's do it. bacteria which are son Bacteria are found in four shapes. The first bacillus. It is bacillus, son Road shape. Road shape. Ok? and road shape How is the child? Isn't it? road. The road is You must have seen it. Isn't it? goons in the movie First of all they come with rods and sticks to kill. Ok? Road Shape, Focus Spherical Spherical so ma'am we have been looking at it from the beginning I am coming. Isn't it? spherical vibrio is No, Vibrio, it is very common these days. Hey Is it brinjal? So, there is a question mark, right? So this question mark like comma like Comma like. Ok? I should have made this here. it Take Comma like right. This is such a shape, spherical spiral shape. Ok? Spiral shape. you can also see here yes. The picture I just showed you, Look at this, son. Look at this. such flagellated These also happen. are also flagellated Lots of them. Flagellated means flagella also They have a present. Ok? Flagella are also present with them It happens. That I'll just give you a sale I will show you the diagram. everything inside that I will pack it. Ok? So we have bacteria I also remembered the shape of it. ma'am bacteria There are four shapes. There is a bacillus. road The shape is a coccus. Spherical shape, a vibrio happens, com shape and then one happens Has spherulum spiral shape. Very good son. Then we move forward with it Over the structure of the cell. Ok? of the cell on top of the structure. now on sale What all happens? What's near the cell It happens? So like I told you This is a cell. Isn't it? this is a typical cell Is. Now the basic layer of this cell is done Plasma membrane. but son around them More layers are also found on the sides. Ok? So which cases can happen to you? Let's read it in this. Like take this one. Ok? Do you get an envelope? Rakshabandhan is coming now yes son. Isn't it? So many envelopes full of money Will come. Ok? They will come in envelopes. money Is secretly put inside the envelope. So wrapping that note which you are going to get, son The rapping that is happening. Isn't it? what is that Is? There is an envelope. This is how beta cell wrapping is done so the wrapping of the sale is happening What will we say to him? I will say it in an envelope. Ok? so yes guys sell envelope and its The modification has become quite relatable ma'am. Is No? Money is going to come and that too in a good way You will understand it this way also. Let's sell The envelope and its modification. here is the child A cell. Here is a cell, son. and this is for the cell You're seeing envelopes everywhere, son. Are you looking at the envelope? Now the sale which is in most prokaryotic cells especially bacteria If I talk about a complex envelope It can be seen inside them. complex There are three layers in an envelope and those three What is the layer son for? to protect It has been taken. Isn't it? It is to protect. In our case, the son is here because secretly Money should be given. not to show Needed Isn't it? Nicely Royal in Envelope These need to be given in an envelope in this manner. But their What is the work? To provide protection. So the most Which one outside is it, son? out of all The name of that is Glycolics. between The name of the wall is son cell wall and most The name of the inside is plasma Membrane. Right? the outermost one glycocalix which is present, its different Compositions can be seen. If it is thin Yes, if it is loose then it will be called slime layer. If It's pretty thick, isn't it? It's tough son, so this The capsule will speak. look at both so I It is written above that the composition is different. Thin Yes, it's loose, it's cute. Slime Layer It is thick and tough like a tough boy Son. So what? It is a capsule. Right? Its What is a function? its function is also beta shape to provide and protection Have to provide. Number two of middle layer If we talk about it, it would be below the glycolix Is. It happens in the middle. what does it do Son? This cell provides support to the cell Is. Shapes cells and busts cells Prevents this from happening or collapsing. Is No? lest the cell burst, son There should be a thick covering all around. Right? And our son is inside all, right? A little selective and naughty layer name is the plasma membrane. Ok? These There is a selective layer, son. selectively It is permeable. That is, the one from the house Boss, I will decide that in the house Who will come and who will not come. So this It is selectively permeable. That means this controls what enters the cell What else will not come. This is exactly the same It is as it is in eukaryotes. It is similar. Ok? and these interact She does it from the outside world. because this is the So this is the basic layer, son. this is the boundary Creating plasma inside and outside Membrane. Both of these are gifts to them, son. I have found it. Isn't it? If you have got it then the envelope have made it. If you haven't got any basic work then So she will definitely do it. Right? So this is yours cell envelope and modification that NCERT Page New NCERT New NCERT is on page number 91. Right? After this let's move forward son, same diagram and Pack the whole thing. Ok? Same Look Notes Make your son such that he can use minimum things It should be packed well and can be remembered. Right? So I made a diagram. of this Inside, NCERT has given a long and wide story, son. I have cooked khichdi, it is cooked a little differently Trying to understand through the diagram Are. Right? Son, this is a basic cell. Prokaryotic cell. in a prokaryotic cell The innermost plasma membrane. His Pink cell wall outside. Out Of Her Blue wali glycolix right look at this outer most glycolic If it is thin then the slime layer is thick then it is a capsule the cell wall in between which is the structure What does the structure of the cell do? The innermost son provides Plasma membrane which is like a mole It is selective, some children are not I will not eat tinda, I only like paneer I have to eat. I eat selective food, son. Right? So it is selectively permeable. These will decide who will come in and who will be in the cell Will go out. And this is absolutely eukaryote It is kind of similar. so glycocalyx, the cell wall and plasma membrane together what do you make, son? forms the cell envelope Are. So inside this cell we have a cell I also checked the envelope. Their genetic The material is naked and it just lies there It has happened, son. He is lying just like that. Its what is your name son? Nuclear. That means its None of the cells have a nuclear membrane Is. Right? then after this son this is The cytoplasm is done. Semi fluid. Its after that son inside it is plasma membrane There would be foldings inside like this Are. Look, this is the plasma membrane. Inside It is folding towards in this manner. Is No? This is what is folding inwards. This is what we call this structure, son They say mezzosomes. What are mesosomes? on the inside of the plasma membrane There is unfolding. Infolding inwards It is folded. Infoldings are just seen only in prokaryotes I will meet you. Not seen in eukaryotes I will meet you. Right? So, their work is somebody or the other He must be doing it. Isn't it? the work it is doing now Someone must be doing this in eukaryotes. Yes son, mitochondria does that. Right? Let's Appear Edge vesicle tubule and lamella. this son Different These are seen in different shapes. They have different shapes. These vesicle shells are in the form of. these tubular forms I may also be there. this is in lamella form can also be. So these three shapes are NCERT has given it. It can be seen in these three shapes Can be done. What is their function? Now their It is important to remember the function yourself. Their function is son cell wall. of the cell wall formation, enzymatic control, Functioning of enzymes. Ok? Inside these There are enzymes. A lot of enzymatic Activities keep happening inside it. Cell respiration, DNA replication To help me, whatever DNA is made of them distribution within the daughter cells and Basically increasing the surface area. NCERT has given all these points. End We have to remember this point. ok sir? Whose story is this? Let's talk about mezzosomes Went. These come after this, son is so beautiful Isn't it like this son with long waves The structure is visible, we call it Flagella. Flagella have three parts Son. The base part is the most We call it basal body. which the cell It is embedded inside the wall. between him I am above this son, two parts He is the one who will unite and not the one who will keep the friendship The son is a hook. Isn't it? what is this connect does it? These connect the basal body to the filament It works to connect. and golden My hair is long, Val did a great job. Ok? So this is a long filament Long Part That Extends Outside Is We Let's talk about filament. so there are three types of flagella Parts were done. Filament, hook and basal body. Ok? And what does he work in, son? In Motility. that is, bacteria have to move In getting it done. Helps in making the move. Isn't it? His son works on his legs. It helps in moving it. Function what about this? Movement of cell. of the cell To make the movement. But wait a minute, son. talk This is not the end of it. In addition, their There are two more structures nearby. one would have been Hey son, I will feed you, there is a thing called febri. Correct Is? One is for drinking, one is for Fimbreon. The one who drinks is long son It is a tube like structure which is a Made up of special protein pilins Is. Right? How is it, son? Long Tube There is a like structure. Here it is. Ok? Apart from this, is there anything like this? such a mustache thread like bristle like structures They are present. NCERT speaks Bristle like. Ok? Small Hair Like or Bristle like structures. Like structures are presented son. What do we call that? we call it are fibers. Now what is the use of this fiber? Is? Ma'am can you help me in moving this? will you do it? No. This is not a help in moving will do it. Only please help in moving will do it. So will this help, son, which cell is this to any because these bacteria It also enters our body. Animal's It comes inside as well. also come in plants goes. So stick it to your host Rock hard for your host Attachment for sticking to tissue It will work. It does not help in movement. It only helps in attachment. only and Will work only in attachment. are you watching How clever she looks. Ok? So son This is fimbre. so what did we read took it? We read all the structures. Well there are two more things left. Some? Sons are also photosynthetic. some of the Colors are also presented inside. So Chromatophores are also visible inside them see you. found in cyanobacteria which It is a type of bacteria. present in Cytoplasm. i.e. chromatophores Are present in the cytoplasm. And There's something inside it, like colored pigments That chlorophyll is present. Ok? It becomes present. it is clear from the name what is it son? It's chroma or chromato. Chroma means colours. Isn't it? So Colour Containing Pigments Chromatophores They are called. After this comes the most special thing that's inside the bacteria that Makes it even more special. who is suffering from covid during the period of whatever biotechnology Vaccines are being made inside, as many as Advancement is happening, it is happening with its help I am getting it. Present inside bacteria There are son plasmids. what is plasmid Is? Independently Replicating Rape Extra chromosomal DNA. Understand the meaning. This is his chromosome, son. Isn't it? But What do chromosomes do besides chromosomes? Is? Helps in replication. But This happens on its own even without its help Will do replication. What else? this one It is circular DNA. Ok? Have to write here. It is circular DNA. How are you, son? Circular There is DNA. Should be written in black. Right? It is circular DNA. That is, independently replicating itself Multiplying Extras Chromosomes. other than this chromosome What is extra chromosomal DNA and what type is it Is? It is circular. Look, he made it like a ball I have. Isn't it? It is very useful, son. Its There are many properties inside. As That antibiotic resistant property. Antibiotic Resistant Property as i tell you did you see You must be taking medicine sometimes to bacteria and it is resistant They go away, meaning they are not affected. i.e They become impudent. in simple straight language If spoken to, they become impudent. Isn't it? Why son? because they have a gene that it happens, it is present inside them inside the plasmid. Ok? Antibiotic Resistant gene. So how do they have it Do you have property? Antibiotic Resistant Property. Resistant means to become stubborn Of Wally. There will be no impact. how much so Keep telling me, mom, I don't want to study. I will not study. I'll go for a walk Then I will go for a walk. I won't eat tindas Then I will not eat it. Isn't it? some kids are like There are. So that resistance property Son, it is there in bacteria also. Ok? And It is present inside its plasmid. Right? So This is very important in biotechnology It will be of more use which you will do next year when You will study when you come to 12th. Right? So this is it Our whole body went inside a prokaryotic cell Whatever is written, whatever is the structure We understood through beautiful diagrams Took it. Ok? Now let's move ahead, son. Is No? And let's drink water. Ok. Now you have many more Have to read about structures. Ok Yes? Let go. Ok? gram positive and gram About negative bacteria. Gram What are gram positive and gram negative bacteria? Are they there? Look, there are two categories of bacteria There are. One son is gram positive Bacteria. Gram positive bacteria. One It is gram negative bacteria. Correct Is? One child is gram negative Bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. Now the village What are gram positive and gram negative bacteria? Do you say anything? Although we don’t take it too much You can read the details in the second chapter. when we study biological Classification. Ok? Here we are General Let us find out. There are two categories of bacteria There are. we treat bacteria Stan. Isn't it? Stan does it. Staining Through the process. how to do it? First of all We're going to add crystal violet dye. Ok? First we will use the crystal violet dye Will put. then that crystal violet dye To fix it we will add iodine. The iodine then needs to settle down Isn't it settled inside the cell wall? If you don't want to go, son, then pour alcohol on your body I will give it and remove it and then We will add Safinin, okay this is the second dye. Ok? Then we will see if the color came or not. Came? The son who will take the color The one which takes on the color of crystal violet will be called It will be called gram positive. That means this is The crystal will take on a violet color. And when we If you look at it through a microscope, it will look purple The color will appear. Now it took Stan So gram positive. How will it be, son? Gram negative. because this is violet color will not show. Why does this happen As such On the basis of the structure of their cell walls It happens. Ok? near one of them There is an extra layer, son. near one There is no extra layer. We like this a lot Let us know in more detail. when we read There are biological classifications. For now What you have to remember is that gram positive Bacteria are those that produce crystal violet attends the colour of, takes it and he Positive shows positive response. Is No? So that gram positive one, son, this It does not show positive, it is gram negative. Right? This is gram positive end son Talking about gram negative. Now comes the matter, son We will read all the organelles one by one. We are going to start with little Chinnu From the mini ribosome. With love to the ribosome We also call it beta protein factory. We love it, it is black Went. Ok? We love it with love It is also called protein factory. like us People say that someone has a little one at home hey chotu hey doli hey golu hey molu isn't it hey Piku any name is called with such love Let me keep it. Isn't it? just like that son A protein factory is kept. But Besides love, son, there is a reason for this too Because it helps in protein synthesis He does. That's why it is also called as protein factory It is said. How is it, son? Non is membrane bound. that is, all around it There is no membrane. And why would that happen, son? Protein has to be made and then thrown out too. I put a membrane outside and did some thickening Didi then how will he go out? Isn't it? So Hence it is non membrane bound. These It is present in both. this is positive is also present in eukaryotes and It is also present in prokaryotes. These Small granular structures son which are all living organisms i.e. eukaryotes and prokaryotes Son is present inside both of them. Ok? The size is approximately 15 to 20 nanometers. Size We remove it. Let us go. Let's do one thing. Let's keep it. We will check it in NCERT or not. Correct Is? Let's do this first, this first observed by George Pate in 1953 using electrons Microscope. When George Pate I saw it in an electron microscope, son So the first thing he saw was ganular there are structures and they are the ones who It was named ribosomes. all these two Made up of units. a son 70s a there is the 70s one is the 80s 70s which is Son, where will you find it inside? Can be seen inside prokaryotes. Isn't it? And where do you see the 80s? Will I meet you son? Looking Inside Eukaryotes Will meet with. The 70s also have two units. The bigger one is in the 50s and the smaller one is in the 30s, right? and what are they bound around Son? of mRNA. What is mRNA? Messenger RNA. many types of RNA There are. tRNA, mRNA, rRNA. mRNA, son, mRNA will move forward Causes protein synthesis. So to yourself mRNA is needed to synthesize protein There is a need. so as soon as the mRNA comes in Son, both these units are 50s and 30s and joins the 70s ribosome They form a formation. you will say maam 50 more 30 became 80 ma'am. Isn't it? So why did you say 70s? Son, you don't need to use maths here. Correct Is? These are 5, 50 and 30 different types of This is on sedentation basis. Ok? so 50s There is a larger unit. 30s Smaller Unit it occurs. In the same way, the 60s became a part of the 80s There is a larger unit and 40s are smaller units it occurs. And on whom is this bound, son? Binds on top of mRNA. Isn't it? Whose Is the child tied up? binds on top of mRNA Is. What shall we call this? Protein The factory will say so. Ok? Now you remember this Have to keep it. Units from the 70s 80s. The meaning of S what is it son? Sedbergh Units or We can call it sedimentation unit. Sedimentation rate which is the result of centrifugation It is done during. Centrifugation means There was a big machine called a centrifuge yes son. Isn't it? Like what I tell you Should I tell you? Like the bottle. Isn't it? The bottle is Son. Isn't it? There is water. Now I'm inside it I added sugar and started stirring it like this Should I go? So the sugar will settle down. Now Look, he started moving round and round like this. a lot like this It will spin fast. The sugar will settle at the bottom. The water will remain on top. Isn't it? Now what It happens? Although you will say sugar ma'am sugar is It will get mixed. Add soil. Soil Put it in. Isn't it? If you put soil then it will be like this If you rotate it, the soil will settle down and The rest of the things will remain on top. do you sift the rice If you put rice in water then the rice becomes heavy It happens. It settles down. which his There are peels, they get wasted It begins to float. Right? So when the thing below Anything that settles is called sedimentation I say it. So what is the rate of sedimentation It will happen in centrifugation, he tells Son. Ok? how fast particles settle It depends on son's density, shape and If it is on the size then do you understand the meaning of this S? You have side square unit, we call it this A unit such as centimeter is a unit of length right centimetre kilometer we have these units This is it, weight is measured in kg We measure it in grams. This is the unit Sedimentation unit of such ribosomes Sidburg unit. we know it as s Are. Right? Now this is one case at a time, son. That became the 70s, that became the 80s. but sometimes To speed up protein synthesis Many R ribosomes on one ribosome which are many on one mRNA ribosomes, son, what would they do Are? They get bound. Right? Too hot water. Thank you. cheers guys Hot water. Ok? Some of the ribosomes are attached to each other To a single mRNA end form a chain. These look a lot of ribosomes in a tiny got bound to mRNA. Isn't it? and a chain I made it. What shall we call this? Poly Very All ribosomes. polyribosomes or else Son, this is lovingly named Polysomes. Isn't it? Polysomes. come on then Polyribosomes or polysomes we call it I will say it. Right? Along with this, our Whatever NCERT has to say about ribosomes The topic was on both page number 91 and 98 What have I done to him? pack it I have given it and placed it inside this slide. Ok? Let's move on from this, son on cell organelles called inclusions Body. Isn't it? Inclusion body. Inclusion How is your body as well? It is nanggu pungu. That means that There is no membrane around it. Correct Is? There is no membrane. its work what is it son? storage site to store Is. what would it do inside prokaryotes Child? will store it. what will she do? Store will do it. Ok? will store it. Storage Site Inn Prokaryotes present in cytoplasm For reserve material. This reserve material It is meant for storing. where else Is there a present, son? of prokaryotes It is present in the cytoplasm. Will be present in the cytoplasm. Its Examples are phosphate granules cyanophycean granule glycogen granule Gas vacuum phosphate granules are will store cyanophycean granules cyanophycian blue green cyano word whenever Blue will come, we will remember it with blue like cyan blue is it so cyanophycean The granules will be inside the blue green alga and Glycogen granules will store food will store carbohydrates like our Glucose is too much inside the body too It happens. so in the form of glycogen It gets stored in the liver. Glucose What is glycogen? Carbohydrates. Is No? stores carbohydrates For energy reserve. gas vacuole gas The gas will be known from the name. Blue Green Algae It is presented inside. Green even within the photosynthetic bright area It becomes present. who live in the water present to provide them with byesy It happens. So the gas is present inside it will remain. Now what work will the gas do? Of the by-election. Like when you go swimming then it You take a tube and fill it with air If the Baisi remains, we do not drown. Correct Is? So it will work as a by-election. Ok? this is it There goes your inclusion body. now after this talk Let's do this, son, about eukaryotic cells. so u Because the prokaryotes became ours. we will talk about eukaryotes and what is common ganules are their other cell organelles Yes, they will come forward on their own. Isn't it? to them too will read. Eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells such as protists, plants, Animals and Fungi. What is all this? It is eukaryotic. I told you no RH Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification in Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, which of these come under? These Leave that to Monera. Monera which is Bacteria get inside. be a prokaryote Went. All the rest are eukaryotes. So all this what is it son? Royal Family of Eukaryotes Are. Ok? They have a son Their king would be absolutely beautiful from all sides No, you are not wearing a coat and long wearing a shrug and adding lots of jewellery It will be completely packed membrane bound in their house Servants will also have their own dress It must be membrane bound, right? If they are bound then what would their nucleus be like is true nucleus is true nucleus means it has nuclear There is a membrane in their cytoplasm Compartmentalization It can be seen that if I make a cell Like here it is son, well this is Shakla's boom There's a boom. Okay, here's the sale. Ok? Here it is Cell. Now what is all this inside this cell? Cytoplasm. this is its genetic material Is. Ok? This is its genetic material. Now this genetic material and this nucleus what is around it to separate it will it be? a membrane will be presented. Ok? so what did it do Son? Compartmental compartmentalization Done. Ok? let's have membrane bound Organelles. They have membrane bound Contains organelles. like what is this Went? Mitochondria. Isn't it? Right now I'll give you I will tell you all this. Mitochondria are done, There are Golgi bodies and many more No? we have membrane bond organelles We will get to see it. this is a very basic thing Is. Let's start with the cell membrane. We will start our Universal Plasma Membrane. call it cell membrane or Then you can call it sweet Plasma membrane. Ok? Plasma Membrane. let's go back to the 1950's during the 1950's The electron microscope had arrived and During this period we studied the plasma membrane Understood the structure very closely. We First of all I read about human RBC. We Human RBCs were used for early experiments during the reading and we saw that in it 52% Protein and 40% lipids were found. Correct Is? his plasma membrane It was found to contain 52% protein and 40% lipids. Questions are asked from here. this ratio You will be asked. and Singer and Nicholson two Scientist two scientist one deep thro After studying, the son found a model whose name is Tha fluid mosaic model. which made plasma complete membrane or cell membrane Structure explained in details. He said that this fluid behavior is also and also has mosaic behavior. Look, its structure is something like this It happens. That is, it has two There are layers. Ok? There were two layers Are. Whose are they? made of lipids it occurs. There is a layer of lipids. of lipids There is a layer. If I talk about a lipid If I do it this way then it has a head And it has a tail. Ok? One of it There is a head and there is a son and a tail. Joe Head It is hydrophilic. That means that He is water loving. But the one inside The tail is hydrophobic. Just like we get phobia of some thing Is phobic of. That means she is scared of water She lives far away. So it is hydrophobic. These It is hydrophilic. And this became one Layer. Do the second layer in the same manner It is presented. So they say that Plasma membrane is bi layer. lipid by There is a layer. Lipid is by layer. how are you Son? Lipid is by layer. Lipid by Layer Is. Look, this is a by layer. i.e. two layers It is present. this is a layer of lipids Two layers of lipids. a head inside a lipid It is a part. There is a tail part. The head part that It is on the outside. Outward It happens in direction. is hydrophilic Is. The inside is hydrophobic in nature Is. Isn't it? That means the tail part would be there Is. He said that its fluid nature phospholipids are present in it Are. They move sideways. And Which mosaic i.e. proteins are present. Look in between, in between this by-layer Protein is present in it. These proteins It is present. This protein is present. And Protein is also presented in two ways. One So, half of them are sunken. a whole lot of slammed Has happened. One is half sunken. a whole pile Has happened. If I talk about protein then Peripherals are present on some surfaces Protein. Go deep down and be present It is an integral protein that is partially Or fully embedded proteins. As that you can see here what is this son? It is a fully embedded protein. Fully There are embedded proteins. Ok? together Cholesterol is also present in it. now why do we need cholesterol ma'am? understand. Cholesterol Beta Fluidity Provides and structures membranes Provides stability to the structure of the Is. What else does it provide fluidity is your name? Provides stability to the structure He does. Ma'am what is the use of this fluidity will be? Work on fluidity. See Fluidity means you can easily tell from the name It is happening, right? Will show fluid nature. These Due to fluidity the cells will be able to grow. Because what's outside the cell, son? The cell has a plasma membrane. Now to the cell To grow, to break down into a new cell I want to become one, son. So the first thing is about the cell It will ensure growth. Will form the junctions of the cell. Son, all the junctions are cell plasma are made in the membrane. endocytosis no If the thing comes inside then it will be through its imagination only will be able to come So I told you inside Will she come or go out? Who will decide? This will be selectively permeable. Together with these This method should be flexible. Because imagination has to be done inside. endocytosis throwing something out from inside Is. Exocytosis And the cell has to be divided. So all this Because of whom is this happening? of fluidity. Who is responsible for fluidity? Cholesterol. Ok? So, the cholesterol All the work was completed here. Ok? This only It is completed. So in fluid nature phospholipids phospholipids which are these Like we will do side wise movement. Sidewise movement and mosaic proteins are embedded randomly so we call it Mosaic speaks. Ok? Phospholipids How are you? There are by layers. The hydrophilic and Both show hydrophobic nature. Head It is hydrophilic. It is on the outside. Tale Is hydrophobic. It is non polar. the inside It is on the side. Proteins became two. One that absolutely There is a present outside. Peripherals that are just Will be presented only on such surfaces. See Like this one is only present on the surface. It is absolutely present inside. So be it one Gaya beta integral protein. became one Surface proteins that are present outside. Ok? This became its structure. What work do proteins do? working in transportation and Working on communication. If I talk about the plasma membrane If I do that, the plasma membrane selectively It is permeable. I have told you. Passive It transports. Passive Transport What is active? What is active money? It happens? Active means where I am feeling energetic. any work from here to move molecules from here to there Energy is being required for this. Active. If Energy not being applied to concentration gradient is going along. so passive movement i I will tell you. how the movement of molecules It happens? Their simple diffusion will happen through And if there is water, it will be through osmosis. These The whole thing is done son, cell membrane of. The cell membrane is also called plasma membrane I say it. Electron during the 1950s This is the structure through a microscope Sir had found out. Studies on RBC If it was curry then it had 52% protein and 40% lipid and why it was called the fluid mosaic model Is? There is a bi-layer of lipids inside it. Hedihydrophilic Telophobic proteins may also be halves. May also be an integral protein. On the Surface It could also be peripheral. It is selectively permeable. Passive Makes transport and movement simple It happens through diffusion or osmosis. And What is the role of cholesterol? that fluidity It provides. And what is fluidity for? Is it useful? That's why it is useful. Ok? it Our cell membrane is packed. Beyond this Come on son cell wall. comes next to Son cell wall. Ok? what about the cell wall Is there a role? What is the cell wall like? what do you do Is? They also watch it. Ok? So, son, how is this cell wall? Non is living. How is the child? It is non-living. It is non-living. It is very rigid at the same time. Tough yes son. It is rigid. It's tough. Ok? And on the outside of the plasma membrane It is presented. In Plants and Fungi. Only in plants and fungi Only in animals It doesn't happen. Like I saw a plant cell I made it, son. Ok? The one that is inside it What will be inside, son? Plasma Membrane. What will be inside this, son? Plasma Membrane. Isn't it? Plasma membrane. They So everyone will have it. what is outside of it will it be presented? The cell wall will be present. There are also two cell walls. a primary cell There is a wall, son. a secondary cell wall it occurs. There is a primary cell wall. One There is a secondary cell wall. cell wall function what is it ma'am? The job of the cell wall is to shape To provide. To provide protection to the cell and Two cell to cell interaction are meant to interact with each other right Providing support. At the same time, any Harmful molecules do not enter the cell So it also works as a barrier. Elg If you look inside the cell wall, it's cellulose, Galactans, manes, calcium carbonates It is made of. Inside Other Plants Cellulose, hemicellulase, pectin, proteinans It is made of. two types of cell wall It will be. one primary cell wall, one secondary Cell wall. the primary cell wall which would be It will be flexible. it's a little flexible because She will ensure growth. Isn't it? and becomes thinner edge Cell mature. and as the cell matures Son, the primary cell wall keeps getting thinner will go. But but but it is our The second elder sister is my son, she is on the inside next to the plasma membrane and this Provides extra strength and It remains thick. How is it? it gets thick And provides extra strength. Son as you can see here. you are here You can see it. Where did it go? Yes. Look at this. This is a cell. This is a cell. This is a cell. this is a cell Is. This is a cell. Ok? what are these two is it son? What is all this? Cell. what of these Is? These are their own nuclei. What is this? Each one's own nucleus. now in lue here Look what's outside the cell, son? These Lamella. What is this? Middle lamella. Middle The lamella which is made of calcium pectate forms and acts like a cement To connect to your neighboring cell. This To connect the cell and this cell, this I need cement. What is this cement, son? These Cement is your middle lamella. of both It is in the middle of both the cells. So This will be called the middle lamella. what is it made of Son? Made of calcium pectate. Cement It works like a . Now look at the one in the middle There is also a gate. Isn't it? If the neighbour aunty I want to ask you to give me some sugar Bhabhi If you give me sugar, they will knock at the gate and If you knock, two people will come together through the gate The Chinese are interacting with a gate, right? If she goes out to another aunty then this what is the gate son this is the gate Plasmodesmata a small tiny channel which is present in the middle of the cell wall and it connects the cytoplasm of neighboring Plant cell with neighboring cell Functions of cytoplasm exchange Is. The neighbour aunty will come, right, son? so yes okay so let's go to a cell wall which will be son our cell wall finally cell wall our The cell wall is complete, two become one have a primary cell wall that is thin thins as the cell matures it vanishes and becomes ours again There is a secondary layer, it will form on the inside secondary cell wall which we will then call What is the wire connecting two cells outside this? There will be a son named Lamila whom we will call Middle lamella. Middle Lamilla Calcium It must be made of packet. works like cement Will do it. will connect neighbouring cells and There will be gates in between them, son. Isn't it? This way There will be opening gates which are called plasmodesmata They tell me where the connection will be from, son. Cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells. Ok? So what happened to us? Cell Wall It was also packed. then move on after that Son, go forward. Next is our son Endomembrane system. endo sorry endobrenus System. what is the function of the endomembranous system is it son? Membrane Membrane Bound Organelles are many membrane bound When a system of organelles is formed i.e. when They work together to make it work We speak of endo membranous system. Endo membranous system which is son every membrane Organelles have their own structures and They have their own functions. and some organelles Son, today we have come together in a coordinated performs the function. Ok? One Will work in coordination. as if i Should I make a group for you and I Should I tell you like annual function school Is there an annual function in it or not? the work is distributed in such a way that you You will decorate the board with dance from those kids we will perform this we will do this okay like this Only by sharing together can the whole work be done if If you want to decorate the room then take some stuff Someone will come and fold them and make chits If someone decorates it in this manner then endoplasmic reticulum golgi Complex lysosomes, vacuoles, all of these Let's work together beta packaging of, cooking, packaging and To transport. Right? So let's go guys Let us see its function. But Mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes are coordinated with each other does not perform the function. each one's own I work independently. but this son There is a gang. Son, it's a class gang that is together will remain. Isn't it? Let's go foodie gang. Let us go So the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic Reticulum will be the first to talk of the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic The reticulum is a network of tiny tubules Is. There are small tubules, son. What about him? There is a network. in this manner Isn't it? Presents will be like this. one of these There is a network. What do they do? These intercellular space into two parts Let's divide it. like the inside of Lumina, the extra outside Cytoplasmic area. Inside the Lumina Look, let me show you how to make it here. As like it isn't it this or take this son Isn't this it? Now inside it there is a The Matrix is done. that which is outside of The cytoplasm is a separate matrix Went. What am I saying to the person inside? This is Lumina speaking. what about the one inside Am I telling you, child? This is Lumina speaking. so this is what I wrote Lumina that it intercellular space into two parts It was divided. Lumina Inside ER Compartment and extra cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic compartment right? Extra cytoplasmic compartment. Correct? or I call it cytoplasmic I will also call it compartment. because outside What is? There is cytoplasm. What's inside? It is Lumina. endoplasmic reticulum two There are types of . One child is rough Endoplasmic reticulum. one is smooth Endoplasmic reticulum. Why is it rough Son? because ribosomes on top of the rough It is present. Like this is the nucleus. it There is the endoplasmic reticulum. what is on top of it Are you present, son? is the ribosome. then to see It looks like a granular structure The present is on top of it. Granulated Rough There is structure. But on the other hand, if I If I talk about it, then ribosomes are present Not there. What is the structure like? Smooth There is the endoplasmic reticulum. Rough What would be the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? It's a ribosome, son. in association with ribosomes What will you do son? will synthesize protein. Right? So what does it do? Protein Performs synthesis. RR is extensive end continuous with the outer membrane of Nucleus. outer membrane of the nucleus of the nucleus with the See. Isn't it? This is the nucleus inside. along with the outer membrane of the nucleus Form these in a Continuous Manner will be. And what will be presented on it Son? In this way ribosomes are present Will be. So, how does it look? Is? Rough is coming. so this is called rough r.e.r. We call it rough endoplasmic reticulum. But if I talk about the other, then the other Something like this, isn't it a smooth structure? It happens. There are no ribosomes on it. There are no ribosomes on this, son. So What does the structure look like? Looks smooth. So we call it smooth SCR smooth Also called endoplasmic reticulum. Look at smooth endoplasmic and rough Endoplasmic. Rough Endoplasmic Pay If there is a ribosome, it will synthesize protein. no ribosomes on smooth endoplasmic If so, what does it do? Lipid Synthesis He does. to these animal cells scr also Synthesis lipids like steroid hormones. But what will the RER do? this is an extensive Is. It is continuous with the outer membrane What else does it work with? Protein Works as a synthesis. So our first What happened to the endoplasmic reticulum? Pack Done. Ok? It's packed. number two comes Son, this is our Golgi complex. golgi Complex. Now the ribosomes have roughed up what happens together with the endoplasmic reticulum Did? Formation of proteins. Now he Protein is there son, cook food in the kitchen Went. Now the food that is cooked in the kitchen It will be packed. He will go ahead. going forward now Further modifications have to be done. then he It will finally be packed and go out of the sale. So Become the first One Protein on step number two now Went. Now it will go ahead for packaging. go to that to proceed to packaging He will have to go to Golgi Paratus. Sun In 1898, a scientist named Camilio Golgi Scientist studied Golgi Parietus Discovery was made. In the name of these people this The organelle was named Golgi bodies. Ok? It has some flat disc shape There are structures. cisternae yes son. And their diameter is approximately 0 to 5 0.5 to 1.0 It is upto micro meter. these parallel Are stuck. in this manner Son they are stuck parallel to each other Pay. These sisters' numbers can very much Is. Three, four, five, six means this is a variable. Ok? and this concentric circular manner are arranged in. Look I'll take you to the side Let me show you wisely. if you look from above So in this way in a concentric way They are arranged. Right? This is what we call Concentric. So the two phases of Golgi body Are. One is an outside cis face, one is a trans face Face. Ok? How is sis face? Convex. We make convex lenses like this, right? Convex lens. How to make a concave? As such. Isn't it? Look at this Concave. Look at this Convex. Did you understand? ok sir. so sis face convex forming Side means the form will be from here. Concave The maturing side i.e. it will be packed from here. That means the food that has come, ofo omfo son. Correct Is? It will come from here and be released from here Will go. Got it? So this is sis face son. These This one is cis face and this one is trans concave It's a face. What is its function? Oh it's work It is most important. Function packaging that made the food who made it ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum What will this person do? He will pack it. Correct Is? So packaging material to send inside and Outside the Cell. Now he will send it forward. Correct Is? from cis to trans face i.e. from cis The food will arrive. The end release will come towards trance. And then it will be released from here. Stay Close to the endoplasmic reticulum. collusion yes son. Ok? So the endoplasmic will stay near reticulum because many Protein from endoplasmic reticulum R Modified into Golgi. because here at what would happen? Some proteins will be modified. Ok? And it will be packed. golgi is the site for making glycoprotein and Glycolipids. Look for endoplasmic The reticulum made proteins. their Who modified glycoproteins? made? The Golgi body. Lipid made? By SCR. Isn't it? Lipid synthesis. So who packaged and modified it? Did? The Golgi body. Glycolipids. Understanding Came? So why are they interlinked? Did you understand it now? Therefore these endo membranes Is part of the system. all join hands together Meaning work together with tied hands do. Isn't it? You do this, I do this hmm, you do this. work forward in this manner It will be completed. so we've got endoplasmic Got the reticulum done. the golgi complex Took it. Now it's the turn of son lysosome and of the vacuole. Let's Guy's Lysozome and Let us also look at the vacuole. here it is son Lysosome and vacuole. Ok? In this way, there are many inside There will be enzymes. Let's lysozyme. Now look at this What is? It is membrane bound right? Membrane He is bound, son. is membrane bound. Coming inside eukaryotes, right? Most are coming membrane bound. Membrane bound vascular structures Formed by packaging in Golgi apparatus. The packaging that is taking place in the Golgia apparatus through the same process these vacuole bags are formed Like a structure gets ready. It contains a very acidic medium Is. Very hydrolytic Lytic enzymes are responsible for breaking down As lipase is a protease that breaks down lipids carbohydrases that break down proteins breaking down carbohydrates into starch There is an enzyme that breaks it down. Therefore to this It is also known as suicidal bag. If this bursts then the son is sold. everything fly Will go. Isn't it? It is very acidic. all inside is an enzyme. Everything will be in a mess. Isn't it? It works only on acidic pH. Its What is a function? to carbohydrates to digest, to digest proteins, Digesting lipids, nucleic acids To digest. and related to these All the enzymes are present inside it There are. How is the enzyme? Hydrolytic. Lytic means breaking down enzymes. Correct Is? So brother, the food is ready and is coming, it is packed modification is taking place which is waste These are things, son, break them into pieces is also there. Ok? Vacuole. second vacuole How it is? is membrane bound. That means that The membrane is present with him. inside it water, sap etc. are all waste products of cells which is of no use. The ions are, Where will all the salts gather? They all will collect inside this vacuole and this The covering around the vacuole is called goes tonoplast. what is said? Tonoplast. And you know the most important thing about the cell More area it covers. Volume Joe This is what covers it. Because all the work We have to collect and keep it. You need a fridge to big. There is plenty of food and drink. There is a lot of waste. Isn't it? Now to eat and drink So no, son. this is to collect the waste Used to be. Ok? so this is inside the plant cell the vacuole which is up to 90% of cell volume Occupies it. what is its function Son? which is present inside the plants as tonoplast It is of ions and rest of the substances Transport Against the Concentration Does gradient. Against the Concentration She is doing a gradient. So what kind of transport is this? Happened? Active transport. Isn't it? Active Transport. Now nothing is naturally high It will go towards low. Isn't it? from high to low will go. There is no energy put into it. So the No energy for transportation It seems we would call it passive transport Are. But there is no work to be done Energy will be required for this then active transport. like water flowing from top to bottom on its own will come. I am not feeling any energy. But we Water has to be brought up from the ground. So we need a pump. Us Energy has to be provided. Isn't it? so how then What would the process be called? Active process. in this way because inside it the most If there is more material, more ions then What is the concentration inside it? Hi. and concentration of cytoplasm outside How is it? Less. so from less to more It will take energy to come. An active process is Is. Ok? vacuole has higher concentration than cytoplasm. That's why it takes energy It is being arranged for transportation. So we what will you say? Active transport would have been Is. Vacuole present inside amoeba It is of large contractile nature. Who Performs both osmoregulation and excretion functions Used to be. salt aa salt and water is also maintaining the level and waste also taking the product out of the body Is. Both cosmoregulation and excretion doing. The food vacuole is formed How does it happen? When food engages. Is No? Food vacuole to ingest food is needed. Ok? So it happened What about us? Lysosomes and vacuoles. Memory Lysosome is the one which contains enzymes Are. Isn't it? It is called a suicide bag. What is a vacuole son? It's a big one, right? One Large storage area which covers 90% of the plant Covers the volume. as many things as Yes, he stores it inside. Right? So whose matter is this, son? Yours Of the vacuole and the lysosome. Now it comes Son, every child knows this. be it maths, bio, any other Everyone knows. Power House of the Cell. all by I read it in childhood. That is mitochondria. So welcome Guy's Mitochondria. Let's go to Mitochondria the Power House of the Cell is called and this is the same site where Aerobic respiration is aerobic There is no oxygen in the condition what is happening in the condition beta formation Energy is being generated through the formation of ATP This is a double membrane bond. now one Two membranes present are better than one They happen. As you can see here yes. There is an inner membrane, son. One The outer membrane is gone. Ok? One The one inside and the one outside. Ok? Outside The membrane is gone. now look at it here What is the shape like, son? Sausage shape hoti Is. Isn't it? It is sausage shaped and It has a cylindrical shape. Saw Size Diameter If it is taken then it is between 0.2 to 1 micro meter and the length is approximately one to four 4.1 It is of micro meter. which is outside There is a layer, son, it is very smooth. It is a little more porous Forms the outer boundary. which is inside it happens son look inside it like this Look at the fold on the outside, it looks like this You are looking smooth. but the inside I look at this the waves are hitting me son this is it Neither this layer has these curves nor we what are you saying sister to ye christe This Kriste is making it, son what is this christe look what is written There is Christ, inside Christ is the son presents our own matrix, something of our own Matrix Fluid is Present Right Now What is the function of this crista, son surface Increasing the surface area means increasing the area Please understand why it is there because son here Respiration is about to happen. Aerobic To perform respiration and respiration I need enzymes. to myself very much More surface area is needed. so in this way If you fold, the surface area will increase. Enzymes will be present here. in a good way He will be able to complete his cycle and ATP will be formed. Ok? Although we call that cycle a crab cycle I say it. But there is no need to read here Is. inner compartment outer compartment Space between outer and inner membrane. See here son there is some space present outer and in the middle of the inner. then inner compartment Talking about the inner compartment Look, it is full of water. of blue colour The matrix is present. Homogenous The matrix of substance is present which is a very dense fluid that we call Let's talk about metrics. of the same matrix Inside son, it has its own DNA Is. it has its own RNA, son Passed 70s Organically with in organically. Because these It is organic, right? What is this? Mitochondria themselves are an organelle. Membrane Bound Organelle. another one inside it It is organic. Which one? Protein. that RNA Ribosomes. Ofo is it ok? who are ribosomes Like? 70s ribosome. That means it is its protein The synthesis does it itself. It doesn't need it Someone's. Got it? so 70s ribosomes They are present. and enzymes present are there to carry out protein synthesis And to get the ATP formed. Both. two membranes have their own Specific enzymes. near both membranes Each has its own specific enzymes. Associated With the mitochondrial function. your own According to the function. such as the energy that The cycle will run, the crab cycle will run that inner It will run on the wall. So those enzymes are present in their inner Will be presented on the wall. Isn't it? for which We have increased the surface area. Got It? What is its function? Aerobic To do respiration. Formation of ATP To do. creating ATP. that's the energy There is currency. Hence the power house of the cell It is said. It has its own DNA It contains a ribosome. So make your own protein He makes it. I am not dependent on anyone. And how does he divide it? Binary Fuse. What is a binary fuse? As Bacteria do. There is a cell. Divide By flattening it, two cells were formed. Isn't it? By flattening it, like this is a cell. Big C There is a cell. In this way two flat cells were formed. Now this The cell will collapse further. means it's like this again The cell will collapse and two cells will be formed. this we It's called binary fuzz. The bacteria are mostly Divide only through binary fuzz. Ok? ok guys? Let go. Ok now now we will talk son. Now we will talk about water. Now we Son, we will talk about mitochondria. Correct Is? Mitochondria. o mitochondria are you saying chloroplast Of okay right plastids of plastids right plastids what are they son so plastids which are all those inside plants and euglenoids They are present. These were very large and are easily visible under a microscope There are. That is, you can comfortably You can see inside the microscope. Their On the basis of pigment, colorful pigment On this basis, we will teach them in three categories. chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplasts. First of all let's talk Son of chloroplast. inside it Both chlorophyll and carotenoids are pigments are present that trap the light and photosynthesis, i.e., making food Let's work. These are the green parts of the plant See you in. mainly which are mesophyll cells yes, we will meet inside it. Inky Shape Lens They are shaped, they are oval, they are spherical are discoidal and ribbon like in shape They have it. If we talk about length then five to 10 micrometers, it's a matter of width so do it from two to four micrometers It is of. These are double membrane bound Are. as were those of mitochondria also these double membranes bond chloroplasts also occur. Ok? Inside them, their son We read the structure inside. First we Chlorophyll is produced by completing the chloroplasts I will take it. We will get to that after that. If I talk about chloroplasts, son So look, it is double membrane bound. One It's layered outside, son. Have an inside layer Went. The inner layer is a little Sea lace is permeable. Inner layer Whatever matrix is inside, son, we what will you say? Stroma. That means all of this what is it son? is it all green Is? Stroma. I hope it is visible. No So, I will write it down, child. Stroma. Correct Is? What is inside, son? Sarah Stroma. Now inside this stroma you can see that A stuck like structure in this way It is present. We will call this thylakoid. Ok? Many of these thylakoids, Thylakoid, thylakoid, thylakoid. Here look thylak, thylakoid, thylakoid this when If we get all arranged together, son, then we will what do you say? Granum. Granum i.e. Stuck of thylakoids. i.e., just like coins are Put them one above the other, son. Isn't it? So what will he become? It will become stuck. For him What should we say? Granum. What is a Granum? A whole bundle of lots of thyme. For him What are we saying? Granum. Now like this Any number of thylakoids can be present inside the granum Are. This is a variable. Ok? These variables Is. Ok? so what happened inside it Son? Grana or granum. Ok? whose What's inside? Stuck off thylakoid. Its What is the other name? Integral Interregional Thylakoid is called intergranal thylakoid also speak. chlorophyll inside thymoid It happens. Chlorophyll is present inside the thymoid is it son where photosynthesis takes place or Where the light reaction occurs. this is us Studying photosynthesis. Stroma what is it son? It is completely light green in colour Is. Which is the fluid part. this fluid part What is inside, son? 70s contain ribosomes. such as mitochondria had its own 70s ribosome inside it. like its it also has its own 70s ribosome inside because it It is inside the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic inside and outside the cell i.e. its cytoplasm will have an 80s ribosome. But this organ It has its own 70s ribosome inside it. Correct Is? It happens son. Then Stromamili. Stromalemally look at this look what is this? Stromal lamellae. What is this? Stromalemally. What is she doing? This work of connecting the granum to this granum Have been. Isn't it? that is, to connect the granum Who is doing the work? Stroma Lemley. Correct Is? Now we know it What is the function of chloroplast? Photosynthesis means making food. Isn't it? and synthesis of carbohydrates and Protein. That is what food is. That's what food is Guys. Right? Ok? So who is this about Are you gone son? Your chloroplasts are done. Now Let's come to our second plastid. What is the second plastid? Chromoplasts. i.e. what's inside it Is it presented? Carotenoids and some fats Soluble pigments such as carotenes and Xanthophylls are present in them, right? There are. They are of different colours They also show different colours. Like yellow, Orange is red, right? These are different They are present. Parts of color In the plant. Ok? then after that comes our Leucoplasts. Brother, it's green, it's green It became colourful and it became colourless. That means this It is colourless. It has no colour Would. They have different shapes and sizes. And if their work is not color then they must have some work Will do it. What works? Nutrients Works as a store. such as three There are types of . amyloplasts, Elaioplast, Aleuroplast. from cute You have made up your name, right? amyloplasts, Elaioplasts and Aleuroplasts. Amyloplasts store starch. The elaioplasts store oils and fats. Is. Alluroplasts store proteins Is. Ok? So amyloplasts elaioplast and aleuroplast are the three what is it son? These three are leucoplasts. And how does leucoplasts work? Colorless. That means all three are colorless. So their work What is? To store nutrients. Right? So our plastid is also covered. chloroplasts became present in the plastids which It is green. chromoplasts became It is colourful. Ok? inside it In addition to carotenoids, there are also some carotenes and Also contains fat soluble pigments such as xanthophylls Are. They are of different colours. Ok? And our leucoplast is colorless. Got it? After this, let's move ahead, son. Ahead Now we are going to study the cytoskeletal end Flagella. Ok? Cytoskeletal. This is on NCERT page number 98 and 99 It is present. What is cytoskeletal? is a network of protein filaments that What will it give to the entire cell? It will give a shape. Cell will provide mechanical support to He could do well in cell division. Cell division well and motility i.e. Can do the movement comfortably. Ok? Its There are many microtubules inside. proteins such as tubulin, microfilament such as actin proteins and many others Intermediate filaments are present. So the cytoskeletal is a network of proteins filament in the cytoplasm that gives shape provides mechanical support and help in Works in Movement & Sales Div. Ok? Its functions are done. inside it What happens? That's it. NCERT is just that She speaks. Now comes help for movement of the ah parts that are gonna do. Ok? Such as Flagella. We have read it. of flagella There are three parts. The lowest basal Body. Ok? It has a hook in the middle, right? Basal body. The hook that holds the filament and the base together connects and the outermost filament that It is the longest part. But when we Let's cut it and see what's inside If you look at the structure then it looks something like this It is visible. most out son plasma There is a membrane and the area inside it what is it called? Exonym. They Exosomes with many microtubules And it is made up of proteins. Like you here Can you see, son, what is all this? There are microbubbles. Microtubules Are. Microtubule Microtubule. Now these microbes work in a different way It is arranged. Such as Like look at this. Ok? I have put these two glasses together I got hold of it. Isn't it? I won't reverse it Can. Otherwise the water will fall on me instead. Ok? So look at these two microtubules. attached together. Ok? in the same manner Remove these. so now the other Microtubules are attached together. That means two microtubules in this manner and these In which direction is it? I cut it out It is made from the front. You will not see this It will look like this, it is long, right? I what did you do now? cut it and look at it from above I have been. That is, the structure you see It is looking like this. Isn't it? It looks completely circular from the front. But If you try doing it like this then it will be long. Isn't it? So this is how it looks to you, son. Right? So Now let's see what is in exonym? These Microtubules are present. microtubules which is beta nine But he is in doublet. one two one two one two one two one two one two one two one two one two no and how many are there? nine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 It's nine. That is, on the perferry Microtubules are present. Nine Doublet Why Doublet? Because there are two, right? We Give, then give here, then give there, like this two-d Son, two by two, this will become a complete doublet one doublet two doublet three doublet four doublet five doublet six doublet seven eight nine so Nine doublets are presented on the side no, look inside like this again a central sheath is present if There are also two microtubules present There are. but those two microtubules which are also connected to each other via a linker Are. Now this doublet is united with another doublet It is connected via the linker. look at this inter Doublet Bridge I can call it a linker. that is, one doublet is linked to another doublet by a linker It is linked to help. Ok? Ok? What will I say to this? I will call it linker. These What is? Central microtubule. These There will also be a linker. because two microtubules Adding the linker. So the linker Microtubules. this peripheral How many microtubules are there son? It is nine. There are doublets. But how are you? Nine is a doublet Because two became a pair. Ok? Now How are they attached to this central sheet? These radial spokes are connected through. That means the outsiders are connected to the inside too Will be. Through what will they be connected? Radial From Spoke. Connected together by a linker. Inside Who are you connecting with through this? from the central sheet How are you connecting? From radial spokes. So What is its structure like? Exonym It is called the inside. it runs parallel to the long axis. That is, in the same way over such a long area of long filament It happens. What did I do? to the filament Cut from here and look from above and you will see Has shown. So this is about what? this is About Flagella. Ok? Flagella. These are radially arranged. Now radially arranged If it is, they will be connected to radial spokes. How will they be connected to each other? Inter Doublet You must be connecting through bridge i.e. linker. These It has a structure. This is what we call 9+ 2 arrays. Nine are outside and two are inside. 9 + 2 arrays Nine outside and one and two One and two inside 9 + 2 Arrays speak. Let's talk about Celia Son, how does Celia occur? Hair Like outgrowths that extend outside the cell membrane comes out and works like oars. so that cell can move easily or surrounding So that the fluid can move forward. like me I'll tell you how to ride a boat, don't you know? no how many of you have kids He must have done rafting in Rishikesh. If You must have done rafting in Rishikesh, Himachal Rishikesh does not allow rafting what do they all do in rafting They all sit and whip each other together Let's do it together so that boat goes ahead Let's go then whip it like an oar This is how we all will work together, son so that he could move the cell and can it push back the surrounding fluid Only then will they move forward like this If you grow right then Celia will always be one she works in direction if i ask you May I ask where are the cilia in our body? Is it presented? like trachea of breath The tube takes out the mucus that is here Always have directions together for removal works to move fluids Could. Ok? Or so I wrote it can either move the surrounding fluid or Can move the cell. Got it? Now mounting They are towards the front. Now we will study, son Centrosome. Ok? what is a centrosome Is? The centrosome is basically near the nucleus There is a small region. where there are two The centrioles are perpendicular to each other and a little bit of fluid around it It becomes present. Ok? Centrosomes Only and only inside animal cells see you. Ok? just animals You will see it inside the sales only. Inside it there are two cylindrical structures i.e. Look at that centriole, here is a centriole. Here's a centriole. both are 90° to each other Will be on. And what will happen all around, son? What will happen all around? The Centrioles R Surrounded by jelly like morphs pericentriolar material which cushions Like or works as a support. Is No? which acts like a cushion or support He does. So basically if you look at it this It became a complete factory. of this factory There are machines inside. and what are those machines Is? Centriole. Ok? so what are these two Is it done? Centriole. and whose centriole is it Is it inside? there is a whole space inside where There is a little fluid on it. So this whole What shall we call the structure? Centromere. Centrosome. of the centrosome Inside, the two centrioles are at 90°. Correct Is? Now, what is their job? their work This is done to form a spindle. When the cell If division takes place then spindle formation is to be done Will Work. together with these cilia and flagella It also forms the basal body of the cell. we had read no basal body hook filament. So the basal body Creates the . These chromosomes are in movement He will help. when you study cell division metaphase is stylophage isn't it? in all these cells The chromosomes of a cell are also used in division. will cause movement and this will improve the cytoskeletal Isn't it anchorage for cytoskeletal? microtubule microtubule what is it You have anchored them to the cytoskeletal It will work as support, okay so let's do it Whose son is the centromere of this shape Let's talk about it son, how will it happen now inside we'll also read the centriole okay Centromere this is what happens to centromere There are two centrioles inside. Now this You have to read the structure of the centriole. So centriole is a tiny cylindrical There are structures. their orientation How is it? two centrioles together are perpendicular to each other at 90° There are. Isn't it? their structure pattern How is it? It is like a cart wheel. Isn't it? It is the bullock cart, not its wheel, which It is like the wheel which is Is. look here it is like we have beta flagella I had read it inside. exactly the same there What did we read? 9 + 2 arrangement. Here We will study 9 + 0 arrangement. How? There We read that there were nine doublets. Here are the nine It's a triplet. Isn't it? Look at this. 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 It's 3, right? What is the whole of three? Set. That means 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 are such nines. Nine Triplet Present of Microtubules Is. And are there any microtubules in the middle as well? No. This time the microtubule is in the middle Not there. So then what is the center thing? Zero. Because what is this, son? Protein Hub made of. We call this a hub. These It is proteinaceous. protein is Is. and to attach the center part Obviously because it's radially present So radial spokes are also needed here. Is No? Radial spokes are also required and in between Their linkers are also present. There are also linkers to connect them together They are present. then the wheel of the bullock cart Its structure is like a cutting wheel Is. Tubulin proteins are triplets. Nine triplet microroot tubules. 9 * 3 because there are nine and how many Are? Three. If I may ask what is inside this How many total microtubules are there? So 9 * 3 = 27 Total 27 microtubules. And how many sets are there? three of three You are set, son. Ok? Its central How is the part? Dense protein portion son who is connecting with these triplets Is. With whose help? Radial Spoke Key With help. What are radial spokes son? This is the protein structure that links Taking the triplets from the hub. These are the ones No? What is this your son? Radial Spokes. Radially present, right? So Radial Spore ok that was so easy. this is it Gone are its centromere and centriole. Its Let's go ahead, son. we will talk now Nucleus. head of our body This is the quarter, son. These are mostly the ones who The nucleus is present in any cell It is presented right in the center. Because He has to control the entire cell. But It has been observed inside the plant that The nucleus shifts slightly. Because there is maximum volume inside it The vacuole itself covers it. So he should go to the side Does. Ok? So the nucleus is Robert Brown described it in 1831 and nucleus which is son of nucleus Stain whatever material is inside Fleming had told me that it was okay Material Inside the Nucleus Stained With The basic dye is fine and we used it to stain the chromatin told that which is told by whom Fleming Fleming was a scientist he I told you okay, what is chromatin, son? Now we are slowly going further into cell division If you read it, I will give you the complete condensed form I will tell you that first these threads are like threads Structures later on start doing divisions like If they are, they get condensed. Types such as The milk slowly starts solidifying and turning into curd. It condenses a little. These are the threads as the structure condenses to form chromosomes Let's make it. When there is an interface, son, then this Threads are long thin protein fibers of DNA They keep the genetic material with themselves. Is No? Genetic properties inside the nucleus There is material. What is genetic material? DNA. So these thin threads of DNA Are. When these thin strands of DNA We called this chromatin. when these Thin strands of DNA began to condense So we called it chromosome. So easy. Ok? Nuclear matrix such as new Inside the cell is the cytoplasm. This way our nucleus inside the nucleus is the matrix. Ok? nucleolus its There is another dense round body inside, son which is the RNA of the protein ribosomal RNA Responsible for the synthesis of rRNA Is. Here is the structure of the nucleus, son. The nucleus has two layers. one inside There is a layer with it. an outer layer it occurs. Isn't it? 10 cm between both layers There is a space of 1 to 15 nanometers. This The space is called the perinuclear space. And what work does he do, son? a space between the cytoplasm and the nucleus There is a barrier, just like we put up a barricade Acts as a barrier. but in some places This is not present. some place this Both layers get fused. son this Look what happened to these two layers? be fused Went. Now where it gets fused then what is there became? It became a knuckle. An empty space was created. What is this? Nuclear pore. Now Common C The thing is, a gate is open. So from there Whose exchange will take place? rna molecules Of. Isn't it? In a bidirectional manner. Inside He can go there, he can go out also. Very All proteins can come in as well as out May go. so this way here son There may be movement. It is possible. Here it is Beta is thread-like inside the nucleus Structure. What are we saying to this? Speaking of chromatin. inside it as well Son is a round spherical body There is no membrane around it it occurs. Membrane less non membrane bound It happens. Ok? Its name is Nucleolus. Nucleolus. Nucleus Inside there is a dense body called the nucleolus. What is its function? it's his job, son Performing rRNA synthesis. I told you There are three RNAs. mRNA rRNA tRNA mRNA causes protein synthesis Had been. Here the son rRNA is formed. Ribosomal RNA. You have to keep this in mind. Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus. Synthesis of rRNA occurs there. Very nice maam. Easily remembered. Ok? So what happened, son? The nuclear envelope is done. Nuclear The envelope is made of two layers. inside it is there cytoplasm inside the nucleus What will you call this plasm? The nucleoplasm will speak. where both The membrane has fused and a pore has formed there Went. Nuclear pores will do the talking. inside it There is some genetic material. Chromatin I will say it. is a dense spherical body having There is no membrane around it, son. That will be called nucleolus. his This is formed from the outer membrane of the nucleus invagination by the way means your the endoplasmic reticulum binds and Ribosomes also bind on it. Isn't it? So what does this become, son? rRNA Ribosomal end reticulum endoplasmic reticulum How? Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Why Son? Because the ribosome is present. How about ribosomes? Granule structure. Granular structure. so when the ribosome is on top of If it happens then it becomes a rough surface. so What do we call this? a rough Endoplasmic reticulum. to the outer Membrane Continuous ER and Ribosomes Bring it on. And what shall we call this? Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ok? Now Let us read its structure. Look at this What is the nucleolus like? It is dense. At once It has a round body. This is the site where Ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs. These It is not membrane bound. Ok? Then What is the nuclear membrane like? Two It is made of membrane. both of them There is a space in between. perinuclear space I say it. the outer membrane which is son with the endoplasmic reticulum continues and above it are ribosomes They are present. what is nuclear pore Are they there? where the inner fuses and of the outer membrane and there by directional movement may occur between RNA and It is the gate of proteins. nucleoplasma and What would be the nuclear sap? this is that fluid which will be inside the nucleus. This nucleoli inside the nucleus or Chromatin is present. Ok? These what do you do son? Nuclear Activity Let's support the . It is a common thing. What happens normally, son? of a cell There is only one nucleus inside. But There are some cells inside which There are many nuclei. polyunclear condition which we call such as inside the liver, inside skeletal muscle Inside. To see more than one nucleus in this has got it. But some cells are There are also such things that in childhood he had There is a nucleus. as soon as she matured He abandoned his nucleus, son. As RBC why did you do this son? because his My main duty was to transfer oxygen to my son To do this with the help of hemoglobin. so to him Hemoglobin was needed instead. He Said I will do my duty. I am who I am I will transport oxygen. so therefore I discard the nucleus. so that The cell first retains the nucleus at immaturity but when they become mature they It is understood that their duty is something else it leaves the nucleus because They need space to collect hemoglobin to do that oxygen transfer from there I will be able to do it. So mature RBC in mammals and sew tubes in plants in both what happens son? No nucleus It happens. There is no nucleus. of this Moving forward together are the chrome chromosomes. Chromatin is thin threads. Chromosomes Those same threads got condensed. Ok? So the cell Chromatin condenses during division It is in the chromosome. So the DNA in the chromatin Plus there are proteins. Which proteins? Histone and Non-Histone Proteins Plus RNA. What are you all doing, son? Pack are doing it. Why? because our dna Which is very long. That DNA son We have to keep it in short area. so to him There is a lot to pack and it needs packing to do some of our histone proteins proteins some non histone proteins all son so that we can check that DNA properly packing should be done and in small space because There is so much genetic material inside the cell keeping it in a small space inside the nucleus Is. So packing should be done in super coiled manner Needed The length of DNA is approximately equal to that of a human cell. It is 2 meters inside. and inside it About 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs of There are chromosomes. Ok? There are. i.e. as you read and not human cells What is the ploidy of human cells? Diploid. So 2n = how many chromosomes? 46 Chromosomes. Isn't it? explains ploidy. 2n = 2n = how many chromosomes? has 46 chromosomes No? And if we talk about haploid then n = 23 Chromosomes. what are haploids Son? All the games you have Are haploid. The rest of the cells are your deployed Are. That means they have 46 chromosomes inside them. Are. If we talk about the structure of chromosomes If you do this son, then the structure of the chromosomes will be something It is of this type generally. one inside of these There is a constriction which we call are the centromeres. Ok? and on the sides of there is a plate of some proteins in it which We speak of kinetochore. what do you say? Kinetocoral. Isn't it? spindle from here The fibers come and bind. So the centromere There is constriction. from where the two chromatids look this chromatid this chromatid come It is connecting. What is Kinetogor, son? These It has a disc like shape structure. Isn't it? above the centromere from where the spindle fibers It will come and be attached. Ok? these basic There is structure, son. if the chromosomes If I talk about the position of the centromere then Based on the position of the centromere There are four different types of chromosomes. As if it is exactly in the center then Metacentric i.e. centromere in the middle Off middle and make two arms equal in it Will go. Look here, this made an arm. this one Make an arm. Absolutely equal arms. look into this Shifted slightly from center to the top. So one became smaller. It's a big arm. We call this submetacentric. So The centromere is slightly off the center. This center would have been slightly off center Is. A long and a shorter arm are formed In this. And it keeps sliding and going higher and higher yes son. Isn't it? So we will call it atro acrocentriole where the centromere is near the one and and this is it. The son is near the end. Only one very long and one very short Arm. This must be a small arm, son. Ye Long There will be arms. And the son slipped so much that I reached the very corner. Isn't it? Absolutely on the Tilo Tilo area i.e. and Look at this region, right at the end When it reaches the centromere it is absolutely terminal If it is done at the end then we will call it Tylocentric there is only one arm The other arm is not visible Son, if the end has come, then there is something ahead If it is not there then there are four tylocentric metacentric submetacentric Acrocentric and tilocentric this son Based on the position of their centromere A son has two different chromosomes types of constrictions are seen and written Are. A son primary constriction who I told you that here is the centromere. these primary There is constriction. This is the main narrow region son which is on the chromosome from where the chromatid are attached. centromere chromatid It is attached. Ok? Kinetochore is present here. Kinetochore is present here. Where the spindle fibers will attach. Now its You will not need it when we move forward and develop the cell You will understand when you read it. How do we give them this We will break it and divide it into different cells. on its basis shape of arm of chromosome Have decided. That is, this is the place where because of which we have called it metacentric submetacentric acrocentric I had read Tilocentric. Ok? Then its except son as you can see here a second secondary constraint It happens. other than centromere another Constraints on chromosomes. Chromosomes Another small constriction at the end It happens. Second constriction. The first one is Second, this. then the second constraint This is called secondary constraint. These Always remains in his permanent position. Like it was sliding up and down, whose Because of which metacentric became submetacentric Was. It would be in a completely fixed position yes son. Ok? and specific to certain can be seen inside only a few chromosomes Used to be. involved in formation of Nucleolus. It is located near the nucleolus helping in formation and The nucleolus is forming rRNA Is. Son, remember everyone's role. Ok? And Contain genes for rRNA synthesis. Memory Came? Because this son becomes the nucleolus and nucleolus rRNA synthesis He is getting it done. So somewhere this too An important factor in the synthesis of rRNA Does role play. Ok? The Segment Beyond The Secondary Chromosome Constriction It is called satellite. Now secondary This is the constriction. which is above that There is a small region of the chromosome, which we call It's called satellite. this is that satellite It is not there, son. Isn't it? These who are from their own land It is moving all around, isn't it? It is inside the chromosome. these are the chromosomes It's inside. It also has a very beautiful role Son. That is not required here right now. When I teach you cell division next. Is No? or else we'll study mutations later, Will read cancer. Its role comes there. Got it? Let go. so const you just remember this Want to know what is a satellite? Secondary This is the part above the construction, right? What is the remaining part? of chromosome It will be called a satellite. Isn't it? So this is complete There is a chromosome. this is one chromatid this is one Chromatids are two chromatids joined together, right? Sister chromatids join to form a chromosome have been. Making a chromosome. so this What is in a chromosome? it is a chromatid Is. This is a chromatid. this chromatid Who are you connected to here? Primary Is it construction? Primary Construction are connecting to the centromere. And these mutually what's in it? are sister chromatids. Correct Is? So congratulations son, this too is yours Is. And the last one from NCERT is very short NCERT has written a few words. Let us understand it well. this is Microbodies. Small microbodies it occurs. i.e. some membrane bound Minute vesicles are present. Because we are talking about eukaryotes. yes child. we are talking about eukaryotes Are. so in eukaryotes they are membrane bound So it must be so. within eukaryotes It must be membrane bound, son. Isn't it? So membrane bound small vesicles There are. Ok? There are lots of them inside enzymes which do their specific Performs metabolic functions. which is its own Performs metabolic functions. Ok? As that peroxisome. I will read this son right now We will read about photosynthesis and all later. So it is a peroxisome, son, which is catalase There is an enzyme inside it that does catalysis Is. Isn't it? then there are more, son Glyoxysomes. though here at NCERT did not tell you about this but in different chapters these a These microbodies have been named. Their The functions are described. Ok? So for now You can remember the names of two microbodies Are. There is one, son, what about you? A Peroxisomes and the other is glycoxysomes. Ok? So it happened, son, it happened End. Ok? Now we ask a few questions We will see what type of questions will be asked from you are asked. Isn't it? Your NCERT What are the questions inside? would look at them Are. Ok? Questions in NCERT What is it son, let's see them. As Number one di discusses briefly the role of Nucleolus in the cell activity involved In The Protein Synthesis. Now you know it Son, if we are talking about the nucleolus then What will the nucleolus do, son? rRNA Will get rRNA synthesis done. that is that is that ribosomal RNA of ribosomal RNA ribosomal synthesis r ribosomal na synthesize ribosomal RNA What do ribosomes work for, son? Now you understand protein synthesis isn't it ultimately what are they doing This is also getting protein synthesis done What are you doing for protein synthesis son only got it done for protein synthesis getting it done What will they do together, son? Ribosomal We will arrange the unit. Ok? Ribosomal Unit like we have a small unit, a big one If we talk about units then it is called ribosomal unit. what do you do child? Let's arrange it. Isn't it? small units, large units like if we If we talk about the 70s, then it is the 50s, right? to the 30s Add to mRNA, protein synthesis I will get it done. We will export these. Isn't it? Export RNA units Ribosomal unit ribosomal unit So whose work is all this, son? all of these Whose work is it? This is all your work of the nucleolus. Ok? just like that to you Son, all the questions given by NCERT I want to see it very carefully. Ok? And we will take a little time and finish it quickly I will pack it. those small important these are the questions that I think you More attention should be paid. only those We will talk about the questions. Ok? Let go. ok guys? then you can see more questions Let's take it. one or two more I'll give you I will provide it. Ok? like if my Let's talk about this question, son. Explain the association of carbohydrates to the Plasma membrane and its significance. So remember son, we did not make two layers like this Was. Then after that I made proteins Were. son something on top of the proteins Carbohydrates were also present. Isn't it? You If you see the structure you will remember it. Wait, let me show you. Aw look at this Guys right? What is this of ours? Carbohydrates are present. So now What have you been asked? these carbohydrates What is the role of? Isn't it? these carbohydrates What is the role of? What work do you do, son? So these are attached to lipids and proteins. Because carbs are carbohydrates. So we what will you say? Glycolipids. Glyco lipid right? and with protein It is glyco protein. The glyco that it contains That is the carbohydrate part. Isn't it? Protein is protein. lipid part is lipid. Glyco means carbo There is carbohydrate. so these lipids and Attaches to carbohydrates. Lipids and are attached to proteins. this outer surface It is off PM. he is not the prime minister PM. Ok? This is the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane. Ok? Plasma are attached to the outer layer of the membrane Are. These help in glycocalyx formation Let me help you. Outer layer out Wali. Ok? It adds in sales to the Recognition. Helps in identifying cell to cell We do. because the plasma membrane It is selective. Only a few can get in. Is No? So this helps in identifying Son. Help in Sale Edition. Edition means Stick, join. Ok? So this is for the cell It is also useful for connecting to other cells. Ok? So these are its functions. To you Son, you have to read NCERT. NCERT all the lines of and all the NCERT It is very important to ask questions. Ok? Then if I talk about the next question Like justify the statement. This is it brother Demands justification. Mitochondria Is The Power House of the Cell Man. Isn't it? now you You are a bio guy, son. And this is all commerce and Even math students know this. But if you do it If you can't explain then son, it's a waste Everything has to happen. Ok? So brother Why Mitochondria are the Power House of the Cell is it called? You should know. End You have to justify it. Brother, because this MAM produces ATP. Power House Is. It is a power house, meaning it produces power. Creates energy. and for energy cells Which form is it in? Forms of ATP It happens in. And if one of our little ones There is also a small child sitting like this who is called ATP If you don't know the full form then ma'am wrote it here Di, this is adenosine tri phosphate isn't it forms adenosine triphosphate, which The main energy currency is our sales. Ok? Along with this, cellular respiration He does. Isn't it? i.e. crab cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is involved in It happens. Only then energy is formed. It creates energy and it supplies energy He does. For whom? for the survival of the cell for their functioning which we require from muscles We are doing contractions. your muscles We are doing contractions. so much hard work mam She is writing from. You write so hard yes. Isn't it? So we use contraction muscles Are you working, your muscles are moving? With his help only. so they have energy Needed Where will it come from? Mitochondria will give. Where will the nerve impulse come from? will provide mitochondria. have you seen Moving against the concentration gradient Are. Energy is needed. where is the energy from Will you come, son? Power House of the Sale It will come from mitochondria. So you have to do this son It also has to be justified in a proper way. Isn't it? When You will be asked the question: Do you have the right to do so? The Points. Isn't it? I just wrote it in short. Now you can make this basic thing longer and wider You can write in exaggeration. two or three more times Write it down, son. Mitochondria Help In Cellular respiration. Isn't it? and its making the lines a little longer Explain it to me. This is the basic thing. This And it is in your language, right? Beaded Felt Write it down with punishment. then at school That's for sure. You will get the numbers. Ok? Let go. Let's move on to the next question. next Here is the question, son. The Genomic Content of nucleus is constant for a given Species. where as the extra chromosomal DNA is found to be variable among the Members of the population. Explain Explain Do that, brother, the genetic cell is a cell, The centre of the sale, right? Nucleus Is. It contains genetic information Is. I have already read this. that every species I remains constant. But we also have Read there is an extra outside this cell It was chromosomal DNA. whom we love with love what did you say son? Plasmid spoke Inside the bacteria. and the mitochondria There is an ego inside of us called Mitochondria It was 70s inside too. Plast Ah The chloroplasts also had their own 70s inside. So This is outside the nucleus, right? Extras It is chromosomal. So, differentiate yourself between these two I want to tell the difference that brother who is genetic That is genomic DNA no no no no no no NO NO is inside the nucleus. he always Remains Constant and Identical In all cells of the organism. Accept Gamits right? Gametes How is the rest of the cell? It is diploid. How are the gametes? Haploid Is. Ok? Later on, we have to make them a baby. These pass the heredity inheritance within them Since always. Ok? these are our sons When the cell is becoming a child from the mother or the mother If a child is being formed due to the combination of the father Genetic infection is caused by mother and father characters are coming, they are going, they are in due to extra chromosomal DNA no it's because of this genomic DNA which Extra is present inside the nucleus Chromosomal DNA, which is outside the nucleus such as mitochondria and chloroplasts inside of it is mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA inside them It also has its own RNA, 70s RNA, right? 70s S RNA inside chloroplasts 70s RNA inside the mitochondria rna ribosome sorry ribosomes okay Ribosomes are present, but their own There is also circular DNA, remember, there is one inside the cell inside the cell of bacteria Extra Chromosomal RNA Extra What did we call circular DNA? Son, it is a plasmid or not, both are plasmids The words are getting fumbled. Ok? Our chloroplasts and chloroplasts and mitochondria are their It also had its own circular DNA inside. So this DNA is different from these DNA. Mitochondria also have chloroplasts I am also there. plasmids inside bacteria are known by the name of. what do they do Are? Capable of independent replication. These refer to the chromosomes of the nucleus. Not there. It replicates itself independently Will be able to do it. Mutations may be the reason From this comes variability, variation. For example, if I talk about plasmid, then this What does your son help you with? Antibiotic Bacteria have resistance properties Inside. Isn't it? then it works inside Is. There can be many variations within this Are. When we study biotechnology, son It will have more roles there. Correct Is? So this is extra son Between Chromosomal DNA and Genomic DNA A great difference in. Ok? Let's go now This is it, isn't it? this video and many more It will become much longer. So I thought so I hope you have packed the whole NCERT very well. Have done. We also ask some random questions People have done it. Now I will tell you these The questions that I have, son, are questions about all of these. Answers of as many as are in NCERT There are questions and I will give you their answers in PDF format. I will send it to you and you have the link to the PDF You will get the PDF on the PW app and You will find its link in the description. So you can relax son because now we will start the chapter If people have already read it, then you can easily You can easily see those answers, how Questions have been asked. is that their answer and in what way can one protect oneself from their Answers have to be written. Ok? that I give you I will attach it. You can go and see him. I hope you guys enjoyed this video and many more Got something to learn and quick revision It might have been done. Ok? So with this, today's Let's end the video and move on to the next chapter See you together in the next video. wish you all The very best. Bye-bye. thank you