what causes a sports performer to become violent in their activity let's see if we can actually address that question before addressing actually numerous others within this tutorial well the first one and if you've studied your aggression theories in sports psychology you'll know a little bit about this that one of the biggest answers to this is the notion of frustration now i'm not going to get into the exact aggression theories here but we're talking specifically about a blocked a blocked obstacle to a goal now you probably know i'm referring to the frustration aggression hypothesis there but if somebody's trying to achieve something sport and that thing that goal becomes blocked by an obstacle they may well get frustrated that frustrated can lead to aggression and violence there are specific theories theories that describe that we also find that athletes will sometimes retaliate in the sporting situation often uh the temperature is pretty warm and they will retaliate to for example an aggressive act by someone else we could also be talking about an anger at a ref or an empire or an official they're they're sort of indignant about a decision or something like that it could bring violence from a player you've probably seen that we'd also have something like the nature of the game now you might be thinking well okay boxing mma but i'm talking about things more like rugby ice hockey physical contact sports where people are going to come into direct contact with one another and of course there tends to be cultural and historic aspects to this as well but the nature of the game could do so another one and this is where it gets a bit insidious i guess is where violence increases chances of winning you know if you can effectively croc the opposition star player then that can give you an opportunity to do better in your performance now i don't think that's particularly common but certainly being assertive physical demonstrating sort of that power of an opponent is not unusual linked to that might be the aim to injure an opponent now i've kind of touched on that already but somebody might be going out to do harm right that's what we might specifically describe as violence and if i just come back to the last one the last one links to this as well and it might be the desire to intimidate to kind of psychologically affect an opponent so that their performance diminishes as a result so those are some if not all of the reasons why a performer might become filed in the sporting context and i encourage you to reflect on whether you've ever experienced or even witnessed some of those now we'd also like to address what are the causes of spectators being violent of course these will have overlaps with what we've done already but they will be different so for example we do have the notion of frustration again that's absolutely reasonable but frustration here will tend to come at this about the score or the result now that's not completely different it's just with the performer we're talking about it specifically being a block goal block goal sorry we also sort of suggest that sometimes spectator behavior is ritualistic and we can describe this as hooliganism good word hooliganism although it's a horrible thing it's a good sounding word hooliganism or tradition we've got this tradition masculine male environment sometimes and it can lead to violence perhaps we've also got the notion of importance of the contest so for example we might expect something like a grudge match between two teams or a derby match might be more typically likely to lead to a violent encounter classic example would be something called alcoholic would be alcohol or drugs and of course we're going to look at ways to prevent violence at the moment and we're going to obviously look at aspects of that but i also want to bring to you another cause which might be imitation if the event the sport is violent or is broken into violence the actor crowd may imitate limitation of an opponent here's what i'm trying to write invitation of an opponent and finally i think this is a really interesting word for you both to record and learn and also reflect on and it's the idea of deindividuation d in david you asian hard to say and spell that so this is the idea that in a crowd people will kind of lose their ethical moral sense of what's right and wrong they will get absorbed into a crowd atmosphere and that could lead to some kind of violence now where we want to go with the rest of this tutorial is we now want to address what might be implications okay so i'm going to sort of look here implications if we have violence in sport what does that mean implications and i'm specifically initially going to look at implications for society so if we have violence in our sporting context what does that mean for all of us well first of all it's got costs it's got the cost of policing i guess that specifically refers to spectator side but i suppose it could be um it could be the performance side as well but we've also got the negative reputation internationally you know if the uk or let's say england where i happen to be sat recording this that if we become known as a violent sort of sporting nation this damages and tarnishes our reputation international it could lead to all kinds of potential problems off the back of that um the society would suffer what we might loosely describe as an l by the way a loss of respect some people tell me my elves and my haters are the same and i think that's probably reasonable criticism actually but there you go loss of respect people don't respect this kind of behavior we also might as society experience damage to property now yeah that could be say the football stadium but it could also be that this violence from the spectator spills into the into the local environment and the town of city centre becomes damage say as an example let's just look at a couple of others we might also have a fear from local people so if for example you're living very close i don't want to name specific sports but i'll just give an example if you're uh living very close on ice rink where an ice hockey team there tends to be problems at their events if you're living close like that could of course uh lead to fear from local people now what i'd like to do next is i'd love i'd like to look at implications for the performer okay so we'll look at implications for the performance so if a performer implications performer you know what effectively what is the outcome of this actually happen if this happens in a performance experience and they become violent what's going to tend to happen well classic would be loss of sponsors so financial benefits are lost let's say through sponsorship because they become linked to this kind of this kind of this kind of behavior they might also experience lengthy bands okay so they might experience lengthy bands and of course that's going to be a problem that's it affects their earning potential affects their reputation and that's my next point they're also going to suffer a loss of reputation and of course this is not a positive outcome for a sports performer who really is like a media sort of representative in professional sport we could also be talking here about becoming a poor role model and especially for children talking there they become a poor role model that's going to be linked to the reputation of course and we could be talking here about this particular individual maybe they've been involved in a violent altercation people have seen it they might experience online abuse so let's refer to it as criticism i mean obviously we don't condone online abuse but it seems like kind of normal in this particular context that we're describing the athletes family might be affected you know you can imagine that if a football player becomes violent in a televised football match and her parents witnessed this that's going to be a negative implication for her parents this person all these people that do this they might lose their job of course that's going to affect earnings as well and we would also say that they might even be transferred you know a particularly insidious incident i can think of a couple of that i think of i mean you guys won't remember this but there's one about there's one from diego amanda maradona at the end of his barcelona career which was horrendous and they and they sold him to napoli immediately and we might also argue that because of that reputational damage if it's bad enough nobody wants you so you might not actually get signed uh elsewhere now where i'd like to finish this off is to finally look at the implications for the sport so if a sport becomes linked with violence or performers or spectators uh become violent what does that mean for the sport now there is a bit of overlap for what we've talked about already but let's make sure we cover it well guess what we get a lot of sponsors i just said that for the personal sponsors of the athletes same for the sport if they become sort of tarnished this way we get the cost of policing will go up and that's of course a negative it becomes sort of a cost that sort of i guess restricts profit we also get the cost of cctv you know looking for retribution at retribution retroactive uh punishments for people who maybe have been violent on the terraces we've also got the cost of stewards okay cost of stewards you know make sure that uh incidents don't occur this is expensive for let's say a rugby team or a football team or a hockey team or whatever it happens to be we've got fewer families attending events you know the sport becomes less and less linked to family atmosphere fewer families attending the events that's a real negative actually it shouldn't be undermined and they will spend money families so even on the commercial side would also have fewer women that would attend okay so i'll specifically say attend here now i'm not suggesting that women are never violent but i think we can also make a general point in our society violence tends to be linked to men more i mean i think there's a lot of fact to that although there are of course lots of exceptions the sport might experience something like an international ban um a team being a national team being banned from olympic games or football teams being banned from european competitions the sport also generates negative role models and we've mentioned this even from the individual performers perspective but this is a really negative aspect it's hard to shake as well of course they would lose media revenue so a sport might not be assailable although that's an interesting one because some kind of what is referred to as spectacular sports do include a bit of violence ice hockey is one that sort of springs to mind and finally well actually i think that is all of my points so what i've covered there for you guys is a lot of content i accept it's a lot for you guys to take to take it on board but we've got the causes players the causes of spectators and the implication of that violence for society for performance and sport very comprehensive i hope that's useful thanks