[Music] okay so we're going to review from 1450 to 1750 today and talk about the main developments and look at possible connections that would help you understand the content in terms of what possible essays might be as well so remember before this time period 1200 to 1450 it's um it's the rise of or the spread of islam you have a con you have china spreading its influence you have the mongols you have all these silk roads since um trans-inherent trade routes and you have indian ocean trade and it's very important to understand the big ideas or big events that happen in each of these time periods because that's the most common way students miss multiple choice questions and also don't get points on the essays the multiple choice questions have to have answers that have some level of plausibility but still have to be wrong so most of the time they'll sound good because they're true but they don't exist within the time period that you're dealing with for example if there is a question about what event between 1450 and 1750 increased trade the most and one of them was the rise of the mongol empire well that's true of the previous time period but not here so if you don't have the big events or the big developments anchored on the timeline you might think well that's true well it is but not for this time period so uh that's the easiest way to write the wrong answers on the multiple choice if you had to write an essay about that and you brought up the mongols but the dates were 1450 on it wouldn't count for anything so it's important that that we do these timelines that we look at the big things that we have here so in a nutshell what we have here is an age of discovery an exploration and colonization and then when we get to 1750 the next time period all those places get independents and those are the 13 of north american colonies it's mexico and latin america there's the french revolution haiti gets its independence in the caribbean but then a whole new wave of imperialist imperialism starts all over again between 1750 and 1900 and this one is based on the needs of the industrial revolution this one's about markets finding people to sell to and getting raw materials that used to not be really worth anything until machines were invented that can turn them very quickly into valuable things so you have like a cycle colonization independence then a new wave of colonization and then those places like africa and india they get their independence after world war ii so it's a good way to think of the changes and continuities and the main developments so to begin with right around 1450 have two very important events one of them is right on time it's 1453. in 1453 you have the fall of the city of constantinople and the fall of the city is very important because europeans used to trade with merchants in the east by goods that pass through there constantinople is part of the byzantine empire the byzantine empire collapsed in 1453 when the ottomans came in and they took the city and that's very important because now it really bothered europeans that to trade now and get all those cool things that they were first exposed to during the crusades they had to buy them through the muslim middlemen now constantinople will later be turned it will later be named istanbul and it's part of the ottoman empire now and it really bothered christians in western europe to have to do trade through there so they're going to start to look for different routes here you have columbus and vasco de gama and many others but those are the two important ones so the fall of constantinople in 1453 is pretty important the other major thing and it was a process but it kind of culminated around this time period is the unification of iberia and iberia is that most western part of europe that today is spain and portugal and they became two of the newest kingdoms and the unification of spain actually uh well ferdinand and isabella were married but this is called the reconquest of spain because they're conquering it back from muslims that actually culminates in the year 1492 when they defeat the last muslim kingdom and they're going to take that whole process of conquest and after 1492 they're going to aim it at the americas and do the same thing there so those are two things that are very important here and they're related as well so you have um all these things coming in to uh europe uh new navigational technologies you have spain and portugal brand new nations that want to prove something they want to excel and catch up with the big boys you might say like the british with the english and the french and the dutch and so they want to get a jump on things so they really start exploring they're right there kind of jutted out into the atlantic ocean anyway and so they begin to take these new technologies um the astrolabe and so forth and they begin to go exploring remember they had the means to do that with these tools but they had the motive to get around the muslims that are now there where constantinople used to be and so in this process they're going to go two different ways and i i made a video on maritime empires that will give you more details about this but basically what you have in the 1490s is your europeans going this direction and that's columbus and then they went this direction and that means around africa and that is vasco de gama so columbus goes obviously to the west vasco de gama goes to the east and here's a great possible essay topic comparing european imperialism in the americas with european imperialism in the indian ocean following the round of gamma because they're absolutely different the europeans this is at first portugal then spain and then later the british and the dutch when they get into the indian ocean remember they have these big ambitions to take over the whole region but they can't those kingdoms are still pretty powerful and they already have a system of trade so what the europeans end up doing is just adding to the volume of trade and the dbq you did recently may have had may have i think it dealt with that so the portuguese and then the spanish just end up adding to the volume of trade and they kind of have to play by the rules that were there they they attempt to take these kingdoms but they're too strong um the mughals are too strong china is strong and robust and there's not really much of a dent on africa on the east coast um there's not a lot of colonization remember the the original plan of the europeans is just to conquer the ports and create a trading post empire where these tax the things that pass through those ports and kind of leech in a parasitical way off of the wealth that's being exchanged there but there's no big cultural impact in the indian ocean in this time period now if we jump to the next time period this is when india does cave in china caves in after the opium wars and there's a great scramble for africa that's all over there but at this point the europeans go in there and end up just becoming merchants like everybody else the europeans that follow the hills of columbus to the new world completely different experience there's absolute domination and conquest of of the americas so that it first the portuguese but then the spanish of course the big ones that come in and they colonize over here so i'm going to break down this again and do a really quick comparison so you have a comparison here of the two directions columbus and vasco de gama now i want to do a comparison of the different areas of the new world or the americas that were colonized so over here first of all you have the um south america and this is colonized by the iberians and of course i mean by iberians i mean the uh the spanish and the portuguese mainly spain here portugal had brazil and most of the things i'm going to say about spain are also true brazil but you have this colonization and then you have north america which was colonized by the british or england yeah it's gonna go with england here of course the french are there too but these these two make a really tight contrast if you think about it for a second um when the spanish came over to iberia they're going to use the same practice that they used for the reconquest of iberia in spain they're going to send over conquistadors all right conquerors and they're going to allow them to enslave people that they take over claim the land for spain and then use it for their own personal wealth so you have a lot you have the elites the upper class you know the the they kind of came from the old class of knights and they're going to come over here and they're going to set up systems of labor like incomienda which there's that's explained in the video haciendas and then they also adapt the mita system and the media system is really like conquered people pay tribute in the form of labor and you should associate that with what's going on in the silver mines in the colonies of mexico and bolivia and so forth so you should know those three types of labor later it becomes a plantation system when sugar and the later cotton are brought over so that is what you have here in iberia and because it's mainly men coming over they take wives and they have children with the indigenous people and with the slaves that they bring over and you end up with a race based class system that starts at the very top with peninsulares who are europeans people who live in europe and spain on the peninsula and they're here just to administrate for the king then you have creels who are usually there they're spaniards or portuguese if they're in brazil and they come over here they they kind of made the americas their home and then you have different mixes of these races all the way down to indigenous and slaves that have no rights whatsoever so the closer you are to being a pure european and even still have a home over there the higher you are up in this uh hierarchy um the king that this land was claimed for the king and the king micromanage that land as best he could from across the ocean by using um people called viceroys viceroys were sent to rule on behalf of the king and they were obviously people the king trusted very much they would come over and they'd rule they did decisions that would please the king the king took 20 of all the profit so what was coming in from the sugar and later becomes molasses and rum um the silver that comes up the king is taking 20 of that and kind of managing things the best that they can so you have uh that that's the nature of things here it's conquest in enslaving the people intermarrying with them creating a new race-based system that really helped them rule and the king trying to control as much as possible what you have here is something quite different from england come you know there are some commercial enterprises but a lot of the people who come from england to settle in the americas are outcasts they're people who they're not the elites they're people who disagree with the way religion is going and they want to come over and create their own little perfect little religious communities something they cannot do in england that's what the pilgrims were coming over for and the puritans came over that in other words they brought their whole families they were settler colonies remember settler colonies like the french and algeria settler colonies were people who came over to live and to make a place their new home um and this is for religious reasons and what happens is um because it wasn't just some adventure or men coming over because families came over they created almost a secluded society and had very limited uh contact with the indigenous people i mean there was some but as their colonies grew they just kind of pushed those people back and a lot of historians see the beginning of segregation the mindset of segregation separation by races in that kind of strategy there with settler colonies pushing indigenous people out and you know that continued and continued until now indigenous people were sent way out to reservations and some of the worst land in the united states so there's a process there however one difference here is that the colonies of north america basically rule themselves and you'll learn this when you take u.s history there's something called salutatory neglect that means they were part of the king's emperor but the king just didn't bother with it they ran themselves they elected their own representatives to govern themselves and they ran most of their economic affairs there were taxes on them it was really wasn't worth it for the king to collect them so the irony here is that south america was founded by elites but controlled and managed by the king north america was founded by kind of the dregs of society or the outcasts but they quickly learned how to rule themselves and to manage their own economic affairs which means over here after 1750 when these areas get their independence south america has no practice whatsoever of self-governing and they don't they have very little affairs or very little experience managing economic affairs and they they struggle with independence a great deal they just don't have the practice whereas north america is just simply want to continue their legacy of self-rule and they've already been running their own economic affairs so this place that was started by kind of the lower class people of england they fared better and that's kind of an ironic development there so this is what you have here and these colonies south america north america brazil spain you know the french are here too but the french are after they still want to get across north america and still get to china the french made their money off of the fur trade and that will play into u.s history that you'll learn about next year so these colonies discontinued through the rest of this time period and you know this that next time period starts off with a bang 1776 the 13 colonies rebel then the french we'll have a revolution haiti will break free all the stuff that we'll talk about on wednesday when we timeline that time period goes on here this is all in the context of maritime empires all right and i kind of glossed right over a whole bunch of topic pages maritime empires new technologies how they administrated their colonies how they ruled them and there's another i think it's 4.6 that topic is about resistance to colonial rule and most of that is really pertinent to unit 3 which is land-based empires which we'll look at in just a second but there's one example here of resistance to colonial rule and that is the slaves that escape plantations right plantations began in brazil with the portuguese and sugar was the cash crop a lot of them escaped some of them escaped and they they fled and went to the highlands of the northern part of south america where they formed communities up in the hills where they were kind of out of reach those communities were called maroon communities and some of them are still there today they have their own you know they have their own communities they carried on a lot of their traditions and they just escaped the whole mess of slavery that is a form of resistance and that satisfies topic 4.6 all right there are things that we could look at on the land-based empires that do as well so i'm just gonna there's um maritime empires that is topic or unit four okay now what i want to do is just briefly sketch unit three and i taught those i taught four first and then i taught three it just made more sense historically unit three has only really three topic pages um um empires expand uh um empires used religion and how empires were administrated and basically what you should do here is look at the required land-based empires in the topic page in the historical development it named empires and if they name them if they call them out by name in the blue box called historical developments it means you're required to know them if they're in illustrated examples you can kind of choose which one so the ones you have to know are the ottomans the safavids the mughals and the manchu which is the the ruling people in china they're called the qing dynasty so these are land-based empires i also teach the russian empire and although there won't be a multiple choice question on the test that requires you to know anything about russia if you use any of the information about russia when you write an essay it counts for you so uh that that's not a bad thing to know so the story of these land-based empires over here really begins with the fall of the mongol khanates remember the mongols come over here and they take over everybody they take over china they take over russia they take over um northern india they take over uh the ilkan8 takes over the where the abbasids used to be well they all crash before this time period and now you have land-based empires being restored all right you have the um the russians break free from mongol rule and they begin to expand under ivan iii and ivan iv and then peter the great does the most work i it's interesting because in the illustrative examples in 4-6 for examples of resistance they use the cossacks in russia so you can pull information from the russian empire but since they're not listed as a required one let me just kind of give you in a nutshell the ones that they do list all right two of them have a major similarity because they are invaders from the outside who come in they have a different either religion or ethnicity than the conquered people and they constitute a minority in these massive empires they're ruling over people who are much different from them and those two empires are the mughals and the manchus all right mughals are muslim mongols who converted to islam and took over india mainly the northern part of india and so their monotheists um they're ruling a massive hindu majority and they have to negotiate that very carefully because islam says all your gods aren't true and you know they have to rule these people and we looked at akbar as a great example of um of how how that worked out and he practiced tolerance he he brought in scholars from christianity and islam and judaism and confusion buddhism and he allowed them open free discussion to do that to do that um so there was a time under akbar where you had uh um kind of a peaceful coexistence and he he even married hindu princess princesses to kind of appease the hindu subjects so that was successful and um that is the the nature of the mughals they did they did painting that and we're going to see art in here and and how it administ how empires legitimize the rule many of them use art the um moogles and the ottomans use what's called miniature painting they're small paintings but they show great things that the the uh leader did like famous victories you can imagine the ottomans had many portraits of the fall of constantinople that was a reminder look how great we are look what we did the moogles had miniatures too of famous battles and also they drew pictures of genealogies who descended from whom and from whom and from whom and sometimes they weren't always real genealogies but they were meant to show that the leader followed this long line of powerful people that might even go way back to some you know people who were mentioned in the bible in the quran a lot of the there are a lot of the same people in the bible and in the quran so the mughals being muslim would want to do that so you have painting used to prop up themselves and to legitimize their power now the ottomans remember it begins in 1453 here when they really expand the ottomans take over a portion of the world that used to be the byzantine empire so they bring in a great deal of christians what you should know here is the deb shermy system of it's called the gathering where they would take sons from christian families bring them up in islam away from their families turn them into the military and they became the janissaries so that was one method that the ottomans used they created janissaries who were given the firearms and the reason they did that is because not knowing who their families were made them completely loyal and dependent on the state on the government they had no family to fall back on so that meant you know it secured their loyalty so they're the ones trusted with new firearms you should also know the um millet system m-i-l-l-e-t that the ottomans came up with and that was how to deal with christians and jews and their empire other monotheistic faiths it was kind of related to islam not polytheists by the way which they did not tolerate but they created millets for christians it was a community like a county let's say where most of the people there are christians and they're allowed to remain christian so the ottomans tolerated that they could even live according to their own christian rules they had their own christian holiday so they were created they were celebrating christmas and easter while a jewish millet was doing hanukkah and having bar mitzvahs so they were allowed inside their millet to retain their own culture however they were never able to rise up very high in the government and they had to pay a religious tax okay the jaisia i believe it's spelled like that that it's a a religious tax that you had to pay if you weren't a muslim and it purchased your religious freedom you know this is not again this is not offered to polytheists but um that's in any of the textbooks that religious tax that they paid so that was kind of a way of accommodating them and you know the ottomans spread by military expansion and they granted land to the uh military generals as they expanded that meant as long as they were expanding they were healthy but when they stopped expanding they ran out of steam and that was going to be a problem for the ottomans all right again religious art we looked at that already the other one is the qing the chang are there manchus they're people from the steps like where the mongols came from a little bit north of that they're people that the great walls meant to keep out the manchus raided the ming dynasty that we saw over here that was going on here up until about the 1600s the manchus came in destroyed the ming and they set up once again foreign rule the second time china has been ruled by foreign invaders the first was the mongols now it's the manchu and they established the qing dynasty and this is the last dynasty in chinese history and it's also the largest the most expansive dynasty in chinese history so the manchus they identified themselves with the q it's that looked like a braided ponytail that they wore to differentiate them from other ethnicities the chinese hated hated that but um remember that the qing used imperial portraiture to legitimize the rule so when they conquered mongolia they would have a picture of the emperor painted riding a horse like a like a mongol and that was meant to show them what the emperor looked like remember this is before tv no one no one knew what the emperor looked like so the emperor was going to show you what he looked like and he had him painted in a way that would make him um less seem less foreign to the people he conquered so for the chinese remember he was not chinese he had a picture of him painted in a library with a book remember confucian scholarship and being academic is what gave legitimate legitimacy to chinese politicians and then when he conquered tibet he had himself painted as a buddhist to assuage their fears that they're being ruled by someone who doesn't understand our culture so that is exactly how imperial portraiture was used to strengthen the rule of the qing um these are all gunpowder empires gunpowder was a central part to all of their expansion um so that's kind of a nutshell some of the bigger elements of the land-based empires that you need to know the the safavids there's not a lot about not a lot about them as you remember when you did one of those topic page things um the safavids were next to the ottomans the biggest thing to note about them is that they were shia muslims the autumns were sunni muslims and those two empires look you could be a christian in the ottoman empire you could not be a shia muslim they thought that the shia were extremely dangerous because the shia were not true muslims and so it was very dangerous to think you're a muslim but not be one is worse than being a christian who knows they're not muslim and so the shia and the ottoman they battled it out and uh there's a very famous battle the battle of sheldoran where the ottomans crushed the shia and sunni continued to be the dominant form of islam ottomans thought that they had protected the true form of islam from this disaster of shiism just like the russians will claim after constantinople fell that christian city felt it's on us now and that's what motivated them to spread their empire and defeat the mongols who ruled them so uh there's a lot going on with these land-based empires here more details you'll see in your reading but i think in sketching some big ideas um that's probably a good thing to know uh possible essay topics here how did land-based empires legitimize the rule um military elites gunpowder they legitimized their rule through art i gave you some examples the russians built saint basil's cathedral our basilica to celebrate a victory over the mongols who'd converted to islam another possible essay topic is how did empire land-based empire building change social structures and it did obviously in this well even if you use maritime empires the spanish it created a whole new uh structure of costas all right there's peninsulares and creoles and mixtures all the way down a race-based system in the mughal empire akbar had to weaken the landed aristocracy and so they were called zamindars and i explained on ap rotopedia how they did that they just used the tax system that went around them because they they used to be the ones who taxed the people and they kept a lot of it for themselves so he created a cash system where you pay with cash to the government not through these landlords and it just circumvented them and weakened them and that changed the social structure the russians did the same thing to their land owning elites called the boyers and just ivan the terrible alive and the fourth just kind of uh dismissed them completely so how empire building changed social structures and you may have written on that something but those are possible ones comparing the maritime empires in north america and south america is a good possibility for an essay but any any essay coming from this time period is going to deal with empires or massive exchanges because after columbus the entire exchange system that goes on through here is called the colombian exchange the climbing exchange which many essays have been drawn from the column exchange there's a lot of things you can ask about it but uh you know it's diseases coming from europe going to the americas it's religion coming from uh europe catholicism blending with the indigenous beliefs of aztecs and other indigenous people it's pigs and cows and horses brought over and then it's corn and potatoes and peanuts going to china and europe and this look this whole collective exchange that's just two halves of the world meeting each other and just kind of spreading things around that's called the colombian exchange know some examples of things but what you have going on the actual economic trade route which goes from europe boat sale to africa and from africa they sail to the americas and from americas they sell back to africa this trade route replace doesn't replace it becomes the most lucrative and most important trade route in this time period all right it's called the triangular system or sometimes it's just called the american um the atlantic system manufactured goods and guns leave europe and go to africa those boats are unloaded and traded for slaves slaves make that passage called the middle passage across south americas their auction there sugar molasses rum tobacco is loaded up in the americas and those ships go up here to europe and the whole thing happens again it's set up toward a ship never runs empty doesn't go sell something come back empty load up it was an economic route despite its the morality the horrible immorality of the slave trade in the previous time period the indian ocean trade was the most important network in this time period it was the atlantic system the triangular system of trade indian ocean didn't end but this became the dominant trade route in the world between 1415 1750 and the items that went along with trade and just happened to spread around the world that is called the colombian exchange so you should know some things about the climate exchange there's a whole topic page in unit 4 called the columbia exchange look how the historical developments are phrased because that has formed essays leqs and dbqs on the ap test all right thank you for watching and i'll i'll do this again for 1750-1900