[Music] hey guys we warm welcome to this session i'm ankana your master teacher for social sciences at vidcon hoping all of you are doing absolutely amazing welcome to the first session of climate let's quickly get started and i will discuss the falling today so today we're going to discuss we'll just have an introduction to indian climate and weather and what are the various uh you know conditions and contrasts in the climate that exists across the whole span of the country and then we will also discuss about monsoon and its mechanism it's basically onset of monsoon one part of it in today's session so let's start with a quick introduction climate of the country but yeah uh one thing first we need to understand is what is the difference between the climate and the weather of a country see when we uh of any region for that matter so when we talk about climate climate is actually kind of a sum of total weather conditions but before that if i'm seeing weather conditions what do you mean by weather so weather refers to the state of a at atmosphere in a in a given area at any point in time but this area has to be comparatively small it will not be very very large like it you can talk about a particular city or town or district or maybe state at max but you cannot consider the whole country but climate refers on the contrary to the some of the total weather conditions okay and it's variation over a very long period of time and this time is mostly considered somewhere around 30 years for a very long for a very large area of land okay for example for india okay so that is the difference between climate and weather now what are the conditions with which helps us determine the weather or ultimately the climate of any area so there are few things that affects it they are the key elements which helps us in determining the area i mean like the weather and the climate of these areas it could be the atmospheric pressure it could be temperature the winds flowing over there the humidity the precipitation and all of these things okay so these are basically the key elements which helps us understand how does a weather can be determined or a climate can be determined of a particular place now guys always remember the weather will kind of fluctuate in update itself okay for example the mornings can be hotter however the evenings could be pleasant so weather in a given day may fluctuate but overall it will definitely have some common pattern and that is what helps us determine the season okay if there is a common pattern that does rain every day then we may say that it's monsoon so monsoons even in monsoons a particular day could be hotter or cooler in the evening or in the morning depending upon how the conditions are okay so that's basically the key elements which helps us determine now if you talk about the particular uh you know relief of the country of the nation of india and what its climate is greatly influenced by there are two factors which really really affect the climate at most that is the tropic of cancer and great himalayas you might already be aware that tropic of cancer is the latitude that passes through uh india and it kind of divides the country into equal almost equal halves which is the north temperate zone and south tropical zone so when we go ahead in this we will discuss what do you mean by tropical and temperate in terms of climatic conditions but as you can see over here so as you can see over here this is tropic of cancer okay and this is what is dividing the country this is the northern temperate zone and this is the southern tropical zone it kind of divides the country in two regions okay and that is why uh the whole country is also kind of divided into weather conditions which we will dwell into in more details going ahead now the great himalayas also himalayan ranges also have a great great effect on the climate of on the weather climate type of climate that we have over here but india is actually india has a monsoon type climate climate and we will see why it is that so what happens that entire world has been divided into number of climatic regions so when you talk about the climatic region that india is it is it has a monsoon type of climate and we'll see why so if i talk about himalayas the himalayas have a great effect on the on the climate of our country why number one central asia okay so if you talk about central asia which is above okay if you imagine that this goes above in the world ma'am this part would be central asia and here we have the himalayas so central asia gets a very very harsh winter season okay it's very cold in the winters and these freezing breezes are going to flow these chilly winds are going to flow they flow towards india also but himalayas let them go back they do not let them enter india that protects us from these chilly winters and that's why we do have extreme winters uh but it is not as bad as it is in the central part of asia okay so it separates the indian subcontinent from the rest of the asia in terms of weather and also protects us from these cold winds which come from central asia to india not just that but it also makes the climate of i mean like in determining the monsoon climate of india himalayas have a great role to play so just like it does not allow these winds cold winds that are coming from here it does not allow it does not allow the monsoon winds which are flowing from the side to go outside and they come back they get deflected and come back and then cause the monsoon over here otherwise if that would have not happened india would have been a dry land now if you talk about the variation in the temperature or climate in the nation itself there is a huge variation why so if i talk about the extent guys if i talk about the whole stretch where we have i mean like of the nation of the land of our country it goes from eight degree uh you know north to 37 degree not so naturally the stretch is a lot it is of around 3 200 kilometers as a reason of which there are a lot of regional diversities okay there are a lot of diversities in terms of different different weather conditions okay and you will see these unique climatic conditions existing as you go from north to south or south to north you all of these areas will be very very buried even the monsoon is very diverse okay it is not the same for the western cards for the northern plains for the north east it is very very it is very variable but at the same time monsoon acts as an element which unifies the entire country and we will see how does that happen when we dwell more into the mechanism of monsoon in the in our country in the nation okay now as i told you that the climate of india is tropical monsoon type now guys this in general uh if i take broadly it is the tropical monsoon type however there is a lot of diversities not every part of the country as i told you receive equal amount of monsoon so based on that we also have something called sub types of monsoon climate okay now let's talk about the variation and contrast in the climate throughout the country now it depends on three things okay it depends on the temperature conditions it depends on rainfall and of course there are few more factors with which affect the temperature which we will understand so which are north okay see you remember the tropic of cancer is dividing the country in two parts where in the first uh the northern part is the temperate zone and the southern part is the tropical zone see tropical zone is the area which is kind of between the equator from the two tropics to tropics and in between equator if i take in the northern hemisphere it would be between the equator and tropic of cancer now tropical character is that it would basically have a moderate i mean like it would mostly be hot throughout the year it will not have a lot of variation its average will become somewhat hotter but temperate if i talk about the northern part it is slightly different so if i talk about the area that is the north of the tropical cancer it kind of has a continental type of climate which means that it is very it is infiltrated with you know winter air in the winter and warm air masses uh in the winters so here it is inflated with a winter air cold air basically in the winters and during the summer what happens these cold air changes into warm air basically determining the area to be cold during winters and pretty hot during the summers okay and that is the variation that a continental type of climate has however if you look at the temperature uh in the tropical zone you will not find so much of variation in this area you can see this is the temperature also so but if you look at the temperature of rajasthan in summer it goes up to 550 degrees celsius however the summer in drastic near cargill during winter goes up to minus 45 degree celsius so we see that the variation is almost 100 degrees and that's what we are talking about that the temperature conditions is absolutely different however if you look at the tropical zone so if and if i'm talking about the tropical zone it is a certain part of the country so thiruvananthapuram has on an average 22 degree celsius most of the part most part of the year so that is what i'm trying to tell you that how it varies okay so exactly as i told you that the southern part of the topic of cancer will remain hot with average temperature of 25 degree celsius to 27 degree celsius most part of the year okay so generally features like uh you know cool summers so this is what determines a tropical uh uh weather which is like it will have comparatively cool summers come for its latitude for that latitude it should have more hot summers but it will not be as bad okay and it is cool but not colder in winter so it's not like it will not be cool at all it will be maybe pleasant but it will not be absolutely cold like the northern part of the country uh and also the temperature variation is kind of narrow it's not so much as you see in the northern part we just saw the difference was 100 degrees celsius but if you see over here it says average for 25 to 27 degree which is hardly 2 degrees so that variation is not as much okay now places on the well on the vast east west line coastline experience equable maritime or oceanic type of climate so this oceanic type of climate butcher is the climate that i just described for you where the summers are hot but not so hot which it should have been because of its latitude and also if you talk about the winters they are cool but they're not absolutely like cold and why is this happening this is happening because of the sea effect of the water around the land but what happens with water is that the heating and the cooling capacity of water is not as high as that of land as a result of which whichever area is near the sea near the water will not be having so much of extreme weather conditions or so much of variation in the temperature because the the sea will moderate okay it will basically keep the conditions moderate over there but as you keep moving away from the sea the effect of land starts taking place and lands capacity of heating and cooling is very extreme okay it's very vast i mean like it's it's quite high so it cools down immediately and it gets heated immediately and that is why you will see huge amount of temperature variation as you move away from the sea towards the interior of the land much if you look at the you know if i talk about how india is so this is uh i mean like this is the northern region and let's say this is the tropic of cancer so this part this entire part is actually c so this area i would still not count but if you move inwards this words okay towards this side away from the sea as you keep moving in the temperature variation will start having more and more difference okay it will be more higher so if you see the annual range of temperature it clearly sees is at least up to 22 degrees celsius okay now if you talk about the rainfall till now we were looking at the temperature differences now if i talk about the rainfall even the rainfall is very very erratic it is it's like it does whatever it wishes to because of which the kind of monsoon that we have is something which is not known to people okay unprecedent basically attempted basically means that something that is not known to you so every year the monsoon in itself will surprise us you cannot predict that okay this year this amount of monsoon is going to happen exactly in this range no it's not so fixed it's very erratic when it comes to the rainfall that happens over here and if you look at the variation it again is huge so uh more syndrome which is in uh meghalaya which receives the highest rainfall receives somewhat around 1180 centimeter of rainfall and when and whereas in tha in rajasthan it receives hardly 25 centimeter of rainfall and the same goes for lay also so a lot of areas hardly receive 25 centimeter of rainfall whereas there are areas in northeast which is receiving above 1000 centimeter of rainfall so you can see that the annual rainfall variation is also huge the west coast gets the heaviest rainfall in the month of june however if you talk about the eastern coast they do not they more have the winter rainfalls okay so west coast and the north east butcher gets a lot of rainfall and they mostly do this during the monsoon season only okay uh which is mostly around may june that part of the year but when the monsoon is retreating or basically when the different trade winds are blowing from the north east that brings monsoon for the eastern coast so that variation is also there like what part of the year is going to have i mean like which part of the country at what part of the year will have its small suit so that is a different variation at the same time uh if you think about precipitation if you are talking about that rainfall happens it does not happen in some areas for example of the himalayan regions because snowfall happens over there but if i'm again saying that it's a mountainous regions because of where which the snowfall is happening it should happen in the different mountains also but if you look at the mountains in the southern part of india they do not have uh snowfall they never experience snowfall they rather have the rainfall and why is that because but the himalayas are away from the equator okay and that is above higher in altitude but if you talk about the mountains which is in the southern part of india is closer to the equator is near to the sea so the effect of the sea and equator makes no snowfall happen on these mountains now we will see what are these factors that affect the temperature of course the location location is a very big factor in affecting the temperature of any place where the land is located see if any land is located on the equator let's say naturally the directory of sunlight will be there throughout the year so it has to be kind of hot if it is towards the poles of the of the globe of the earth then naturally it will most part of the earth stay absolutely away from direct rays of sunlight from good amount of solar energy that will not be received over there so over there the temperature will tend to be more cooler right and it will be colder most part of the ear so the same thing is what i'm trying to tell you that the location determines the kind of weather that a country has the climatic conditions that a country has now how is us so you see the tropic of cancer is uh passing through right it is dividing the country in two parts it is dividing it in temperate and it is also dividing it in subtropical not and tropical south temperate or subtropical not much subtropical uh continental all of these things temperate is somewhat the same which means hot and humid summers and cold too cold i mean colder to mild winters okay so the variation has to be there so that is what we see in the north however in the tropical south tropical season is basically where there's not extreme amount of i mean as you know as we just saw that the summers will be hot but not so hot as we see for its latitude but the winters will be just pleasant not really cold okay so that is the difference that we see okay and then of course the north most part uh it is occupied by high mountains continental type of climate is witnessed over there but in the southern part and the peninsula region which i just drew for you which is below the tropic of cancer it has sea on boar on all the sides it has to be of bengal it has indian ocean it has arabian sea and because of the effect of the sea this part mostly has a very moderate climate throughout the year and it does not have so much of temperature variation unlike the northern part of the country and we understand this why because the if it is because of the effect of c and c does not have the capacity to heat or cool down so fast right that is what causes an equal temperature throughout the ear then of course influence of himalayas we discussed in the beginning itself that it will not let these cold winds from central asia enter which protects us from very bitter winters and of course it does not let these monsoon winds you know the southwest monsoon winds which actually cause monsoon in the most in most part of the countries in our uh in india uh floats towards the flow towards himalayas but himalayas do not let them escape from the from there from our country and they actually interrupt it as acting as a barrier and reflects it back to the country causing monsoon otherwise our all our rain would have gone to china okay and we would have been a dry region but we are not okay then if you talk about altitude but as you go higher in altitude as you keep going above the sea level the temperature the atmospheric density decreases okay and that causes a decrease in the temperature also so it keeps getting cooler and cooler so for every 166 meter that you go higher the temperature that drops down is by one degree see guys it's a very simple logic no matter how you go away from c okay in terms of attitude or in terms of distance the further you're from c higher you know vertically or horizontally the further you're from c the better are the chances for it to be the variation temperature uh the variation in the temperature to be there the moderation is decreasing okay now because altitude the higher the attitude the lower the temperature is the reason why mountains have lower temperature they are mostly cool compared to the planes okay then of course distance from the sea we have already understood that if you go away from the sea the interiors will have more extreme continental type of climate compared to the area which is closer to the sea because of the water it more dry it just it just moderates it just makes sure that the moderation is maintained on the land okay now much of western disturbances and tropical cyclones now what are these western disturbances which causes monsoon event in the winters so in winters what happens but shame that and you will see one thing that i want to explain to you before i move on with this is uh how does air pressure work see whenever a land gets heated or it doesn't matter what part of uh uh you know of of the land uh or the relief is getting heated whether it is the water or the land the thing is whichever is hotter be it the sea be it the land whichever is receiving more solar energy will be more hot and whatever is hotter be it land or seen the air pressure over there naturally will be low and the air pressure in the cooler area will be high so the air will flow from low because i'm like from high pressure to low pressure why because the low pressure will keep rising up and then the high pressure will come to replace it and once it gets replaced the low pressure gets pushed off okay so that's how the cycle keeps on moving but how does this happen so in summers what happened the tropic of cancer receives direct sun rays why because the northern hemisphere of the earth is facing the sun as you know that the axis of the earth is tilted so the northern hemisphere will be facing the sun and as a result of which tropic of cancer will be receiving direct sun rays okay that causes heating in the land in the northern hemisphere which which makes it low pressure land and that is why we receive monsoons in the summer but if you talk about winters it shifts to topic of capricorn so naturally the northern hemisphere is not so hot now so if it's not so hot the land will have cooler region which means it will be a high pressure area so naturally high pressure areas does not really receive a lot of winds coming in and placing it like it does in the low pressure areas but it still does because there is a cyclic uh effect because of the pressure of lands right now what happens is when studies flow during this time so if you look on the world map towards the western side west western side of the europe and away from asia also western side of uh asia also there is mediterranean sea now in this mediterranean sea what happens is that there are cyclones because of the jet streams and we will quickly understand what jet streams are jet streams are very uh our winds which flow at a very high speed in the upper region okay at higher altitudes this mean these winds will blow so because of these jet streams there is a cyclone caused in the mediterranean sea okay and that will make this area kind of low pressure and also there will be a lot of moisture in this air this air again by the jet streams the westerlies which we know as because it is coming from the west is brought down in the northern part of the country okay and because of this it causes a winter's uh winter showers during this part of the year so during winters there is an inflow of low pressure depressions called western disturbances in the northwest of india if you talk about the summer okay the whole of the eastern coast of india comes under the influence of tropical depression so during summers what happens equator and tropic of cancer is receiving most part of the sun rays a huge amount of solar energy is being consumed so this entire part is really really heated up so naturally it will cause a depression it will cause a very low pressure area being brought up being born up so that is what is happening over here there's a shift okay there's an influence of tropical depression okay so the whole of eastern coast of india will be facing this now if you talk about see this is the jet stream that i was telling about telling you about that these are basically upper air currents these are air currents which flow at a very high speed only in the upper altitudes also known as jet streams and they actually uh determine the onset and departure of monsoons we just saw how it does for winters okay now if you talk about monsoon and its mechanism basha how does the word monsoon came into existence see it was given to us by uh the arabs okay so arabs basically used to come to india for trading purposes okay and there's a whole story which is very interesting so uh mossam is the word that they gave uh like monsoon came from the word muslim which basically means season and it was given to us by arabs because these arabs used to come by ships to for trading purposes to india now you see uh when they started coming earlier these ships were not mechanical they were manual okay the people were supposed to operate it maybe they used to come on small boats for trading purposes and they noticed that some part of the year when they're trying to enter india it is very easy for them because the winds are in their favor but some part of the year when they're trying to enter it's very difficult for them because the winds are blowing in the opposite direction now they notice that this is kind of rhythmic it's not like it it happens in a very erratic manner that some part it will be different some part it will be different it happens in a very rhythmic manner and that is when they realize that there is a proper seasonal reversal reversal of winds which also causes the monsoon and these are the monsoon winds and these arab traders is who identified this and they named it as monsoon which the word comes from awesome which is i think an urdu word for season okay so these navigators have determined that we have a system of seasonal reversal of winds and these reversal of winds is what causes monsoon and they are periodic winds okay they are they actually happen in a rhythm in a cycle it's not random because of the indian ocean and the arabian sea also it is affected by all these water bodies okay now let's see how does monsoon originate so one simple logic of this is butcher land and sea breezes what happens you have read this i think land and sea breezes is something that we have discussed long long back in some previous sessions in some previous classes i think maybe in sixth or seventh standard itself you would have read about land and sea breezes see what happens because of this temperature variation and this air pressure variation we know that low pressure uh air will rise up and high pressure air will come to filling up so whenever in summers in india this entire part what happens right from thar till chota nagpur in south uh in the southern east and patna in in the eastern region this entire area is becomes a low pressure belt okay because this land is getting really really heated up because of the tropic of cancer is receiving direct sunlight now this entire belt has a very low pressure so naturally winds will come from this side which is comparatively high pressure to fill in now the winds which are blowing from this side are naturally growing from the sea also because the sea is comparatively cooler to the land now when they blow from sea because of being above the sea they're carrying a lot of moisture with them and these are the winds because they have a lot of moisture in them they cause the monsoon to happen and that is why you see tropic of cancer receives most amount of heat during march to me and after this these winds go to replace these high in low pressure low i need to fill in for this low air pressure bringing in the monsoon and that is why end of may is the onset of the monsoon that we see in most part of the country okay now this differential heating uh between the land and the sea that is what brings out the uh this low pressure trough as i told you this is the low pressure trough that is caused and these lands uh i'm like these air high pressure gradient they build up between this okay so this part becomes high pressure gradient now why is this becoming high pressure gradient because of the sea over here these lands are comparatively moderate but this part is really really low pressure okay so because of the sea the land around this would have high pressure and this will have become a high pressure gradient and this will become a low pressure gradient now this air will flow from here to here to fill in and these air will be carrying a lot of moisture in it okay now these low pressure areas are attracting all of this wind butcher but it is coming from two places and you have to understand very carefully now over here just below this we have the equator so let's see this is the equator okay and this over here is tropic of cancer which is now basically have become a low pressure pressure trough now this is becoming low pressure it is attracting air from the high pressure areas high pressure gradients so what happens they actually attract south east winds okay from this side all of this is water but the moment they cross the equator because these winds are going to uh you know occupy the space in this lower pressure trap they get deflected and become south west and that is why we have southwest monsoon winds okay so these are going like this but because of the movement of the or the rotation equator and a lot of other factors it gets deflected okay changes its direction and then they blow as the south west monsoon winds and why are we saying monsoon because they are crossing through sea throughout this area it's just water below the mass of uh land of our indian subcontinent you will see it's just seen so they're just passing through the water and they're carrying a lot of moisture and you know uh humidity and all of those things the monsoon clouds along with them and this is what will enter india and will ultimately cause uh rainfall and when they blow from this part from here to here they pick up a lot of moisture from arabian scene and in fact they will get divided in two branches which we will discuss eventually of arabian sea and of bay of bengal okay and that is why these are named as southwest monsoon winds as they blow from south west to north east this is the direction now guys if you are confused that how do we determine the direction of the winds you just have to look at the bottom okay the end point of these arrows in which area is this so you just you can draw this quadrant and if this is you know north this is uh east this is south and this is west so this is how this is where they are so you can see this is southwest okay and this is flowing towards the north east over this side okay so with that we have come to the end of today's session we will discuss more about monsoon and more details in the next session i will see you guys then and there guys please make sure whatever questions you have whatever doubts you have because this chapter is a little bit complicated that you put it in the comment section so that we are able to pick it up for the discussion in the doubt and the mentee session now let's quickly look at your homework question which out of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world sinjar mohsen ram assam or guhati guys i just want to take a quick moment to share this 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