Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization - Heimler Review Guide

Key Concepts of Imperialism (1750-1900)

Nationalism

• Definition: Shared language, religion, or customs leading to a belief in national greatness.
• Role in Imperialism: Nationalism spurred desire for territorial expansion and competition among imperial powers.

Social Darwinism

• Concept: Applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to human societies, leading to "scientific racism."
• Impact on Imperialism: Justified domination of 'unfit' non-industrialized states by 'fit' industrial powers.

The Civilizing Mission

• Motivation: Imperialists felt duty-bound to 'civilize' conquered peoples, often through religion and education.
• Example Slogan: "Kill the Indian in him to save the man." (U.S. and Canada)

Expansion Methods of Imperial States

Belgian Congo

• Control Shift: From King Leopold II's brutal private control due to exploitation to state control by Belgium.

European Expansion in Africa

• Diplomacy: Berlin Conference (1884-1885) divided Africa without African input.
• Warfare: British-Boer Wars in South Africa leading to British control.

Settler Colonies

• Locations: Australia, New Zealand, and during the Scramble for Africa.
• Impact: Indigenous populations decimated by diseases and land seizures.

U.S. Imperialism

• Manifest Destiny: U.S. expanded westward and into Southeast Asia post-Spanish American War.

Russian Expansion

• 19th Century: Siberia, south and west territories; ideology of Pan-Slavism.

Japanese Imperialism

• Meiji Restoration: Rapid industrialization allowed expansion into Korea, Manchuria, and China.

Economic Imperialism

Definition

• Control via economic means, influencing development of global economy.
• British in China: Opium trade led to First Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing.
• U.S. in Latin America: United Fruit Company's land control for banana business.

Export Economies

• Examples: India's forced cotton export; West Africa's palm oil.
• Economic Dependency: Colonies supplied raw materials in exchange for finished goods.

Migration in the Industrial Age

Causes

• Technological Advances: Railroads and steamships facilitated migration.
• Environmental Factors: Famines (e.g., Irish Potato Famine) and job shortages.

Types of Migration

• Voluntary: People relocated for work prospects (e.g., Irish to the U.S.).
• Semi-Coerced Labor: Indentured servitude and convict labor.

Effects of Migration

• Social: Gender imbalances and women taking on men's roles in home countries.
• Cultural: Formation of ethnic enclaves (e.g., Chinatowns, Little Italys).
• Negative: Rise of nativism and prejudiced policies (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act).

Causes of Imperial Resistance

Civilizing Mission Impact

• Exposure to Enlightenment ideas led to resistance and questioning of imperial authority.

Criticism of Imperialism

• Figures like Joseph Conrad and J.A. Hobson criticized brutality and economic instability.

Forms of Imperial Resistance

Direct Resistance

• Yaa Asantewaa War: Asante Kingdom's resistance against British colonization.

State Formation

• Cherokee Nation and Zulu Kingdom: Attempts to maintain sovereignty at the edge of expanding empires.

Religious Rebellions

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: Religious beliefs led to catastrophic rebellion against British control.