Title: Introduction to diversity
URL Source: blob://pdf/c3e90e1f-c79f-42c2-8155-c225a7c784e7
Markdown Content:
1
[How to:
1. Focus on your personal best
2. Identify what you dont know;
Try to make things seem logical
3. BE PREPARED: ? yourself on material: e.g., flash cards, AHEAD
4. simply highlighting as you read & reread is less effective
5. Spread it out
6. intro yourself to peers (you need to for missed notes)
&/or join PPA, CPW, etc.]
[Education
[1. Students take an education. Teachers dont give it.
2. You determine how much you learn:
a. HiddenAns files = all of what you should know
popup files = extra practice
MemesCartoons = extra practice
b. exams sample your knowledge; know more, learn; is no short cut
c. grades = performance -based] .
. .
.
.
Long term retention; lifelong learner
Brain exercise
Logic - thinking skills
**So the process of getting to the answers
is as important as the answers themselves.
Graphs, word roots
Learn how to learn
[My goal for you:
you make yourself smarter
]
# BIOS 209
Images, examples, and graphs I use will often
represent an anecdote
e.g., a single study understandable and memorable for students.
But the overall conclusions and concepts presented throughout the class
are accepted by the community of scientists in each area of biology
because they are based on
all evidence & logic
accumulated over decades or centuries
]
omologist
entomologist Dr. King
or
Professor King
BIOS209 [Resources:
*Class : especially fill -in.pdf, Hidden -Ans files
Wikipedia : science entries are often by experts in the field
& often reference original articles ! ]
2 googling skills: ecosystem services + site:. edu
Websites likely to have truth :
Major universities, e.g., University of State : site:.edu
Certain federal government sites : site:. gov
CDC.gov Center for Disease Control
NIH.gov National Institutes of Health
[NOAA.gov =National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration]
[USGS.gov = U.S. Geological Survey]
I use:
results in
[ ] not on exam
BIOS 209 =
Organismal biology
We dont know
these upper levels
simply by knowing
the lower levels.
I.e., The whole is
more than the
sum of its parts.
> [BIOS 208, 103]
I. Evolution
II. Biodiversity
III. Ecology
> [text & organization, but not images: 2018 -2022 B. King]
1 2
3 4
5 62
OLD NOW
stasis = stay same change
species appeared over: short time long time
(few thousand years) (billions years)
no new species new species from old
species: "perfect" at origin change with environment
species exist: for humans if can reproduce
## I. Evolution
A. View of life
B. evolution =
C. proportion = % = relative frequency
e.g., = 50% = 1:1
e.g., 1 = 100% = 1:0
If 35% of cats in Lincoln, NE have long hair,
=0. 35 = = ________ 35 : 65 35/100 = 7/20
%
of different genotypes
in a population
changes over time (generations)
> CC BY SA 2.0 Living in Monrovia
> CC BY SA 3.0 Gnissah
Area boundaries may be
natural
e.g., island, pond, ear
arbitrary
e.g., DeKalb County
A population is the smallest unit that can evolve.
What unit cannot evolve? INDIVIDUALS
= individuals of the same species
living in a given area
D. population
= ma allele (+ pa allele if have pa) in an individual,
at each of the gene loci involved in making a given trait
2 alleles
(1 from
1 from )
at a
ll
LL
or
Ll
> http://sofbiology.blogspot.com/2010_11_01_archive.html
allele: = one of various alternative
nbp ( )
sequences at a
particular gene locus
____
E.
= a particular location on a
chromosome
d
homozygous heterozygous
dominant allele
chromosome pair
is NOT necessarily
most common,
rather covers
effect of other allele
genotypes : AA bb Dd
A
A b
b
D
3 different gene loci
recessive
allele
> http://www.fxtas.org/causes.htm
A single DNA strand (molecule) in a cell is called a chromosome.
[Each gene locus is often 1000s of nbp long]
A DNA nbp =
nucleotide base pair
each represented
by 1 letter [a, t, g, or c]
Draw each as a line in eukaryotes, as a loop or circle in prokaryotes.
7 8
9 10
11 12
genotypes
ma
nucleotide base pair
genotype 3
[3. or right before mitosis,
1 doubled double -helix
+ 1 doubled double -helix
i.e., double doubled double -helix ]
1. DNA exists as a double helix ,
i.e., is of nucleotide base pairs : [at, ta, gc , cg]
2. Diploids chromosomes are in pairs
=1 double -helix from ma + 1 double -helix from pa
Usually only give
one of the 2
letters for each
base -pair
so write as atgc
> mitosis fig: public domain mysid BK modified
Our DNA
involves
3 doubles:
2. Does an individual s genotype change?
3.
Can its phenotype change?
> http://picsobsession.blogspot.com/2012/10/funny -cat -haircut.html
ll
P
1. In an individual , do different cells have different alleles?
Generally,
except each & each have 1 allele per locus.
= trait difference that is
apparent, i.e., what you see; or otherwise assess.
> public domain
ll
[same
genotype]
> http://sofbiology.blogspot.com/2010_11_01_archive.html
Trait can be appearance or
behavior or physiology , etc.
Be sure of what trait is being discussed.
VP = (V P due t ) + (V P due to )
> CC BY SA 3.0 Gnissah
In a group of individuals, neither looking the same,
nor looking different, tells you if genotypes differ.
> CC BY SA 3.0 Panther
difference
VP = V E
Cystic Schizophrenia
fibrosis Crushed foot
Alzheimers from accident
Duchenne Asthma
muscular Rheumatoid TB Burn
dystrophy arthritis Heart from
disease Autism lightening
Nature or nurture? ------ X -----
> tp://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public -health -textbook/disease -causation -diagnostic/2d -genetics/basic -genomic -concepts
Instead: G & E P for an individual
Cant have a nose or speech, etc.
unless DNA & proper environment,
e.g., enough oxygen
BUT differences (V = variation, really variance ) can
be genetic (G) OR environmental (E) differences OR
______________
VP G
> https://www.23andme.com/gen101/phenotype/
d
ot
ot
F. Evolution allows us to answer:
1. Why do organisms often have
i.e., genotypes , e.g., wingless, useful
in their particular environment ?
2. Who is closely related to whom ,
and how do we decide?
3. Why have types of organisms
changed? E.g., mammal fossils are found only in
relatively recently formed rocks;
versus in oldest rocks only find
fossils
s #s
of extant (= ) species
& much known than unknown
If include extinct species,
then
#s decreasing
rapidly:
Current extinction rate is
higher than
but less than the mass extinction
that no more
# II. Biodiversity
> http://visual.ly/how -many -species -are -earth
13 14
15 16
17 18
no
sperm ____
no
phenotype difference
G & E yes, but not by evolution
V
V = variance
both.
= V P EG
E
adaptations,
bacteria-like
millions not extinct
fewer
billions!
pre-humans,
dinosaurs 4
Our view of the biotic world tends to be skewed toward
organisms that are like us, e.g., vertebrates (FARMB)
Some exceptions:
food
pathogens:
& their vectors: n
= species that are easy to study &
so used to ask basic biology questions.
Organisms
Why ask anything that doesnt help humans?
1. curiosity, love of knowledge
2. dont know which organisms
will be important in the future
> photo UZH
> public domain madboy74
____________
1. Obtain energy: from r ch
2. Obtain C: e.g., from
3. Obtain N, etc.
4. Maintain internal environment
suitable for chemical reactions,
e.g., pH, temperature, ion balance, etc.
5. Withstand external environment
a. temperature, moisture, etc.
b. predators, parasites, competitors
Biodiversity exhibits similarities & differences.
Species existence depends on
for which must:
or
contains 1 or more:
contains 1 or more
( pl.)
Classifying biodiversity: Each classification level contains
1 or more of the levels below it:
> http://lifewithmoorebabies.blogsp
> ot.com/2012/09/our -place -in -
> world.html
Classify humans.
[K ing
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Geneva
Switzerland ]
K
P
Class
O
F
G
S
super =
sub =
Super class
Sub class
order
a. morphospecies
Species : are the least arbitrary classification level
in terms of how inclusive it is
2. asexual organisms and extinct fossils
are grouped into species based on:
1. 2 part definition:
= like -looking
b. biological species = can potentially
interbreed & produce
> CC BY SA 3.0 Moussa
> Direct Ltd
> http://lifewithmoorebabies.blogspot.com/2012/09/our -place -in -world.html
[Tsuga canadensis = eastern hemlock tree
Branta canadensis = Canada goose
Ovis canadensis = bighorn sheep
Anoplodera canadensis = a long horned beetle
Helicobacter canadensis = a bacteria ]
3. 2 name naming system [binomial nomenclature]
unique scientific name for each spp.
= Genus + [specific epithet]
is written:
19 20
21 22
23 24
cause disease
transmit
model organisms:
similar molecules, evolution, pop growth, etc. are
,reproducing,
light Chemical bonds
CO other organisms or
abiotic:
biotic:
Animalia Kingdom
Chordata Phylum
Vertebrata subphylum
Mammalia Class
Primates Order
Hominidae Family
Homo Genus
Genera
sapiens Species
contains multiple
Super _______________
fertile offspring
morphospecies
Homo sapiens
Phyla = plural) (_______ 5
Species identification can be hard but is of
practical importance to pick best control.
E.g., disease
vector is
carrying a particular pathogen
> http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/files/files/partnership/wg/wg_itn/ppt/vcwg9_JPeat.pdf
[
> [
Kingdom contains 1 or more:
Phylum, which
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
population
individual
INDIVIDUALS cannot evolve!
6 old Kingdoms
prokaryote:
DNA is not
in nucleus
3 newer Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
_______
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Protist = any eukaryote that is not a
protists have a
with Hominidae or with prokaryotes ?
Cell type:
> http://teachart.msu.edu/pila/images/amoeba.jpg http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/bac_arr_cntr.jpg
[Euglena ]
[Amoeba ]
[diatom]
> bacteria
Eukarya
Protists
Bacteria
Archaea
eukaryote: DNA
is in nucleus
(membranous -sac)
_______
) Get Carbon from
Get Energy from or
Dichotomous Key
to 6 kingdoms
animal
1a. prokaryotic:
1b. eukaryotic:
. . .
2a. unicellular often, not always
2b. multicellular
. . . . . . . . . .
3a.
3b.
DNA in nucleus?
. . . . . . . . . . 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= digest outside self . . . . .
4b. ingestion = eat whole or pieces . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
____________
DNA in nucleus?
close up of leaf cells
Dry wood by mass is [~48 -50%] C.
From where is it getting this carbon mass?
# C
phylogeny = tree of relatedness among taxa;
taxa (taxon, singular) =
Taxa are more closely related if they have
= point where lines intersect if go back in time. _____________________________________________
Time is
ONLY
on one axis;
vs other axis is
e.g., Homo,
Hominidae, [Ursidae,]
Animalia
Trace from
tips to
back in time
___________
25 26
27 28
29 30
malarias
certain mosquito species
Domain
plant, fungus, animal.
more recent common ancestor)
no
bacteria or
archaea
yes
protist
____________
____________
light ___________
CO
other organisms, i.e., heterotrophs
air: CO
named classification groups
unitless
more recent common ancestor (MRCA)
Do MRCA (=
photoautotroph
chemoheterotroph
4a. absorption
Is this an autotroph or heterotroph? 6
> http://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol201648
A recent tree of life, i.e.,
a
of the 3
Here Eukaryotes share
a MRCA (= most recent
with Archaea ,
Find
the
prokaryotes .
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
[found in 2016;
unusual
biology]
[N
a
ne
Viruses : not in a domain or kingdom
but are studied by biologists
A. Lack cells
B. J ust genes [~3 - 4]
+ protein case
tiniest of microbes
C. Cannot reproduce on own .
Use cell machinery of their
which may be prokaryote or
I.e., all viruses are
D. Evolve fast
E. Human DNA: about ours was
left behind by viruses over our evolutionary history
DNA
or RNA
protein
> CC BY SA Adenosine then en:User:Pbroks13
> CC BY SA 3.0 Prof Graham Beards
=1 species
in 1 area
= coexisting species
in 1 area
= communities
+ their abiotic environment
(nutrients, water, climate)
= part of Earth, including
crust & atmosphere that is
occupied by organisms.
III. Ecology = study of interaction between
organisms & their environment
> CC BY NC SA https://socratic.org/questions/what -is -the -difference
> CC BY 4.0 CNX OpenStax BK modified
Is studied at
different levels:
The
m
p
wher
a
IV. Conservation & Restoration Biology: Why care?
A. value: just like
B. $ -ecotourism
C. moral
D. reservoir of DNA sequence s of
evolved chemical defenses
> yield, e.g., via disease resistance
medicines: found by
=
searching for valuable
organisms
> http://accessscience.com/loadbinary.aspx?name=qa&filename=Beadle_maizeFigA.jpg public domain potato blight http://prgdb.cbm.fvg.it/organism.php?id=98 (c)
> 2007 CBM S.c.r.l. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/julian/images/natu -05.jpg
> https:// twitter.com/osmawanio
[taxol : anticancer] [anti -child leukemia]
F. Ecosystem Services = benefits of organisms ecosystems to
E.g., Bees etc. pollinate
= repro. plant part receives pollen from part
pollen grows into
development of
Vs. some other seed plants are
pollinated by
Vs. non -seed plants , e.g., moss & ferns
sperm to egg via water [pine pollen]
> CC BY SA 3.0 Neutr0nics
> CC0 Ivabalk
_____
moderate
e.g., by coastal grasses
detoxification
cooling by trees
[Estimated : $44 trillion value = twice the global GNP
= cost of replacing ecosystem services if no bees, fungi, bacteria,
.]
> http://lagill6.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/p1050533a.jpg
N P K
acid
e.
31 32
33 34
35 36
phylogeny
domains
common ancestor)
host,
eukaryote.
.parasites.
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
aesthetics
bioprospecting
Homo sapiens
pollen tube
seeds & fruit
wind
storms,
decomposition
cycle nutrients