good afternoon today we will talk about linguistic typology he how different worlds are arranged that they unites what there are between them difference Well, if you ask yourself the question, what such a typology is the first and the most the natural answer to this question of course it will say that the typology science types of languages for example biology life science living typology should be a science about types well here's a surprising way it's not quite in line with modern understanding of linguistic typology but more precisely speaking it's not that surprising because it is some movements in science that we we can observe in a wide variety of areas well let's say here is an example of a classical analogue linguistic typology which languages are divided into types in the field of biology anthropology could be considered for example, the doctrine of human races that people are divided into some quantity characteristic anthropological types which can be somehow highlighted argue what is the composition of these times she is this some vector and ideas that those people can be broken down into some small the number of shelves here is classic realistic typology began in fact, that's exactly how it is ideas what types there are languages now let's take different languages and let's try to see what they have in common and can they be called as they say now cluster backwater that is to unite in a group of similar entities have gone wild say that for example let's say Sanskrit and for example ancient Greek and let's say language American Indians such Alma it is one type a for example Chinese language and English is a different type because how they are arranged recently we understand that in chinese words are short like in english many grammar values if expressed then service words in ancient greek for example, not so, but here is this idea that everything players are divided into types in general it turned out not very fruitful not very productive because of good types that would permeate the whole essence it is rather impossible to detect the language exactly the same story that happened with meaning rovs when now in general race studies is not a very fashionable science though some scientists are studying it but after all, modern biology is more likely tend to believe that the results genetic studies show that there are no clear boundaries and what we give you zira and we eat in this way the same thing happened from mystical typology therefore now physical typology is the science of the phenomenon which are found in humans languages of his linguistic universals ah universal is clear from the word universal and some common properties human languages what is for whom universal this is what characterizes everything languages Well, here you understand that these are common properties can be arranged differently than by they can be really different in general global sense what is it some characteristic that is inherent all human language can be statements that look something like so if a language has x it has y and if there is in the language z then it has w and extra ones like you do you understand the statement of type 2 they are top universal also common which have common properties but not so much global as a type 1 statement to statements in all languages are x are called absolute universal me these are the kind of station wagons with conditions on if if there is then then that there is that one and of course you can come up with them much more and again we understand that they have much less common content in the face pull is also interesting in its own way and perhaps modern linguistics typology First of all, it concentrates on they are already being discussed, just not Versailles and because it's amazing type statements all languages have x all languages are their property is not so many non-trivial it is possible to do and most of them already It's been said for a long time, well, let's go Let's start with absolute universals first of how human beings are structured in general languages are probably the founder of the study American has become so universal investor forest hacked here you see it in front of him which in the sixtieth year released a work called Problem language universals and here he is in it highlighted never the number of different versions of his works from 13 to 18 global universal which concerns the properties of all human languages as communicative systems in general and many more private grammatical or sometimes phonetic universals here global universal khaki yes ... the main property of human language to start with, it probably makes sense to take a walk the main property of a human being is that he wants to highlight the first one as follows in turn he contrasted language with others communication systems of animals and some artificial sign systems Here you go first universal analysis of modern from a very controversial point of view, Versailles concerns the channel which the field is behind human language here he writes that for any language communication channel is vocal auditory, that is, and that means that the primary the form of language organization is sound waves that produce the speaker and the listener perceives well we we understand that now it is Firstly, it can be questioned because we write much more but after all, it probably exists written natural languages that having no sound form so in that sense it's not about Virginia but the thing is that in recent time the boundaries of linguistics are quite strong have expanded into linguistics now It is customary to include also sign languages deaf languages hearing impaired people who are also in general are natural languages too have their own grammar, their own phonology morphology and therefore this universally for example questionable but another one universals that are worth mentioning are also called scattered transmission and directed reception of those language signals are transmitted widely the broadcaster will record wants and are perceived as directed what it is so a it means that I when I pass when the signal but when I simply put I say something I can't be sure about that I transmit a signal to one to a specific addressee, well, that is, for example situations when I send to understand encrypted message I hope that no one notices this signal will read this directed transmission a when I say something, I say it it is in space that I can be perceived you can hear me from both sides on the other side with a third party I can offer some efforts towards that so that no one speaks quietly for example I will hear but nevertheless here I am I often say without so that it is accessible to one to a specific addressee but directed perception means that the addressee usually understand who the text comes from 20 understands human language where the sound wave comes from and understands who says this here are some cake is such an important human property the language is sad characteristic feature of natural language this is a rapid fading of all languages speech signals short-lived this also concerns fear eaters too you try to fight Humanity has come up with a lot for this to cope with this and writing and computers video recordings before for audio recordings in order to preserve language signals but still fundamental a property of human language is that the words sound and more not reproducible exactly you exactly in like this, if you write it down on the dictaphone is playable but still the universal property is rather such that speak signals fade another one an important characteristic of human language is alternating power wants writes that Adult members of the team for whom are alternately transmitters and the recipients of sound signals here for example, a traffic light signal reports important information the driver is not in this sense, natural language is because that there is some kind of alternation Austin shopping center the traffic light doesn't talk to drivers traffic lights to drivers all the time honking honking honking driver perceive are perceived accepts in the language of humanity it is easy to find yourself in the role of the transmitter then in the role of the receiver then there are roles of the speaker in the role listener this aviary some important property of human language full both connection but if we don't have it pathological disorder then we ourselves Receiving our messages is also not a hobby quite non-trivial idea but that's exactly how it works I hear what I'm saying is imagine that when you write for example and promotional You always copy letters to yourself and this is how it would work in in the world of internet communications and this and that really important interesting property human language now we move on to more such things to be unexpected things for example to properties of arbitrariness namely to that What human language signals arbitrary has nothing to do with the fact that they mean mostly that is you come in and write the relationships between significant element of the language and we denote it by it the object does not depend on anything physical or geometric properties the similarity between them what does it mean it means that we'll take some pepper and say words table this sequence of four sounds in the corner denotes some object class but there is flat surface often on four legs although not necessarily intended for scriptures for eating the class of objects has nothing to do with this last sound is completely an arbitrary sign is that it is arbitrary This fact shows that in other languages we can call this same object in completely different words in English the same class of objects 20 was in German heavy in Latin mensa not even a single common sound that combined all these designations and manage to find and this shows us arbitrariness for whom the sign on the characteristics of human language this is the discreteness of linguistic signs almost It is not us and words that consist of sounds and sentences consist of separate words a that is, we generally do not produce continuously some kind of flow speech still consists of separate elements portability is another characteristic human language we can easily talking about what we don't see is also not good is present directly next to us about some things that are removed from us in time or in space I can no problem telling a story that happened to me if years ago I I can talk about what is happening now happens in argentina although in argentina I am and this is also important speech characteristics how much which distinguishes and here are the languages of many animals communication systems which can be tell only about what is happening here and now Moreover, we can easily create new messages unusual because in many systems animals we have with them we deal with fixed set signal or for example the same one the traffic light that i abandoned did not work as an example of a non-natural language it of course it also does not have the property openness because this floor has some limited set of signals possible which can transmit a human language can do it very easily adapt and pass on what completely new important The Greek language is transmitted by tradition in in the learning process learning but not by inheritance is necessary when we talk about that that someone is from birth speaks some language date actually from birth it is not because here it is was born to a Russian speaker language alliance or language or spit hel and or another year of language rather it means that this person spent his childhood in some law about community and adopted these conventions which were accepted there before I learned for example what came to be called thousands if it happened in the community German speakers like these feature Of course human language has it not congenital more specifically anakin congenital is the ability itself innate use human language this is their is an interesting controversial issue that rather discussed, or rather not discussed taken on faith that before in in line with another direction of linguistics in in the so-called generative channel grammar where an important role is played the assumption is that language ability human is innate what else can we do to be able to lie to tell some false information or we can talk simply meaninglessly formation again in many communication systems are simpler than human language is an opportunity with his evasiveness and no well another one I take this as an example of human properties language reflexivity we can talk about ourselves language is actually what I am now I do I speak about human language The crow probably doesn't know how to discuss properties of your language your signal systems for how why we don't know and The important thing is that languages can be learned joy speaking the same language can learning another language is like this general properties of human languages and here universals that concern how in general, languages are arranged in a negative way systems that Charles invested wants well there are actually some less global statements of it drilling which concerns the game specific language systems for example he claims that in any human language presented element denoting the speaker I and the element designating the addressee that is, in any human language there is so special variables weakly which in the mouths of different people are designated then they then I listen to what depends on what roles these people are play in the act of communication simply put, there are pronouns and you in any human language they tried find a counterexample and tried to find languages in which there are no such pronouns but Apparently there are no pure counter examples after all there is no such thing as a language that was not there there would be such special words that would switch their values to depending on who is talking to whom would indicate that the speaker is in the section speaking address well that is easy for yourself imagine what the language would look like without such words because I can say yourself for example alexander if another person over whom I'm talking about myself will talk for example Boris on and I accepted I will speak Boris he Alexander used the best in in general, they are not needed, I can talk something like that Oleg ander today had a delicious breakfast both tomorrow where is boris and he doesn't answer no Boris didn't have time to have breakfast today Boris hope to have lunch soon well here such a language could be conceived at the time such languages apparently do not exist in in most cases absolutely all in languages even we have this here switching elements for the speaker and for the landing force there is another characteristic the sign that charles highlighted wants every human language has exactly proper what are proper names at all I would like to say that proper names such elements such names which assigned to individual objects no one else is this true for some parts of proper names but not for all for the name Alexander, for example, it’s perfect wrong because many people call me among native Russian speakers among speakers of other languages there are millions of people who are called Alexander what to do how then determine exactly your own what is the difference between alexander and stol what is the difference between these nouns the thing is that what is called the word table has some properties those properties listed to have a flat surface the possibility of four legs being intended for food or for work on the horizontal surface what was intended and so on, that's all properties of what is called by the word pillar this is what is called by the word alexander there are no common properties except one all objects that respond to the word Alexander has the property of being called in a word alexander all more we do not have anything we can find nothing in common with what stood out would be Alexandrov among all others joy but the majority Alexander is really a man but not every man is an alexander and here these are the words that are simply hung on this object claws market and here they are there is in It doesn't happen in all languages of the world human teeth tongues without names communities and again it would be possible to It's easy to imagine a situation where there is no no labels yes i will call i will be called let's say a bald man with a beard or some other way Well, there are no such languages here is another one from the station wagon still running one example his universals in terms of names it really is sensitive and verbs are universal can be found in any language two significantly different searches by conduct class of words one conditionally namely object to another car and names actions so that's how it is universal wants to formulate well yet how much well actually it's far from all that can be said about human languages from a linguistic point of view typologies are probably more interesting a more specific statement that we now let's take care of who, for example We will try to make a specific statement discuss word order in the transition to construction transition to construction we we call the offer of which there is the subject of the action is the one who performs it object of action the one on whom the action is performed and verb predicate name of this action will denote with o.v. here is a transitional structure like this we are there three elements in it for example a boy dog for boy subject verb predicate hits the tank object how much theoretically such a set is possible orders as if it were possible to arrange for breakdown well it's clear that if we will talk about it from the point of view combinatorics we get 6 orders any of the three elements can do this first place then second place any of the two remaining and the last one in one place you can still have order example boy beats dog this is subject verb object can have order boy dogs will kill maybe order dog leads boy dog the boy beats and you can have order beats boy dogs will kill dog boy 6 maybe there are about this many, well let's go Let's see, for example, how this is implemented in different languages of the world, well, let's say in Japanese and he's a bastard and kamioke he is yes this is an offer means john read the letter don read the letter in Japanese in transitional transitional construction proposal normal word order subject then object and then verb predicate for example visas tenioz it is one of the australian languages the normal word order is different here example Irina Vovk Mashka and Novgu my mom cooked the rice literally cooked it rice my mom joy but we also see that here first will be to the evil and about that addition then subjects in o s a in Japanese with o.d. Here in front of you is a map of the world's affectionate structure importance by logical resource which we will talk about much more today more details, but for now let's look at this map is not here and the map is marked word order in transitional constructions in different languages default order 6 possible orders of gray circles there is no dominant order well again for each language we have here there may be some questions, yes, do I read? we are what is the order replacing renet dominant order eg Russian the language here on this map is marked as language is considered that the boy beats in the rows dog it's a neutral order and that's it the prophets of order that I listed the boy beats the dog and so on in order already for special cases neutral order subject verb object subject predicate and object Well, you can argue about individual languages, but in overall the picture looks something like this the act that we see here we see that there is a lot of data on this map yes there are a lot of circles because for Most languages have this sheet anyway difficult to obtain Well, apparently there are a lot of interesting first ones real distributions and we see that in Europe paths many languages with in red circle in language with order be subject to predicate and object in asia almost all languages have if you count Southeast Asia and Middle East almost all languages have srb that is subject and object predicate in africa there are many reds and many blues his new guinea so many languages this you can't even figure out what's going on on this map well and the main thing is that we see that in general speaking we can make some communication about what languages what word order blog languages of the world welcomed which are not and here if we let's look there and you will see it is not a coincidence here some of the orders are marked with circles in part with diamonds but we won't now look at the grey circles where there is no dominant word order let's look at the colored circles we see colored circles and diamonds and we will see that what we have designated chickens what rum bitters handles with o b s your weight subjects complement predicate lying would say complement predicate supplement devourers and this diamond with os ios in it is called a chicken from a diamond the difference is very we just see that in the circle the circles are those where with goes earlier than that is where the subject comes before the complement and here such languages just happen to be at the top yes, there are no more dominant languages where the complement comes before the subject On the contrary, there are very few languages at all calculate it as a percentage then that's it the most numbers you see that languages that have about before with their there nusumi got there a little less than three percent, that is expired about it's almost a station wagon and almost absolutely universal well not quite yes about everything there is and where the object goes the face of the object but we still see that a huge number of languages has exactly the first three in front of God the lines of the table here is one in communication from those that you can do what else can we generalize looking at this table firstly we see what is there there are 2 dominant orders in the world all this will help to say what languages are in general the world loves that the subjects go to first place here are 2 restrictions better than subjects came first and better than that subjects came before complement yes you you see, the idea is that approaching goes 1 from it follows that adjacent will go before addition We can limit ourselves to this in the heat the statement sometimes seems to give us generalization that these are the two orders will be in the top really up to 2nd order on the first two lines it was with well It is clear that in communication I do it faster I see the other side it turns out to be before the first lines of this table and then I'm already trying to understand what are the universal principles of this manage There are of course some here fraud will give and it is not worth talking about it forget because if before the first the lines of the claim were in the ssv I would say such a degree of confidence Well, the languages of the world like things to start going. addition transition for construction well remember that in linguistics typologies we often do in communication I am starting from the data based on From this data we make an assumption about how arranged and some universal the peculiarities of human languages may to be even human thinking we speak what is better to call the subject first well because otherwise we risk if we we will proceed from some of our own prerequisites that it is better to subject or object found walked more important first to call us we risk doing something unjustified statement The beauty of these technologies is that consists of what we based on the data we understand something well like these things we can get by looking on the table with frequencies of different frequencies word order I repeat that of course Here it is also important to understand that the market of words the thing is very real definite it's predeterminedly a queue geographically easy to predict in order of where the language is spoken as what will be the word order in it but this a separate problem that we will end up with in our lecture we will discuss in general or mystical typology really often tries to distinguish faces all universal things some things that are due to a common origin genetic, that is, conventionally speaking, we we understand that if for example Serbo-Croatian language was divided into Siamese Croatian Bosnian chernogorsk That and it's already surprising that in all these four languages will be the same word order because they only recently split up here and there all people with in the nearest predicate addition She probably would like to do this somehow it is more interesting to consider if we compare time serbian language with albanian a which common ancestor was passed after all It's probably more interesting how it was a long time ago compare text with Albanian which spread next to or theres not I would compare our Skopje to Chukovsky's which were not even distributed nearby when we real influence influence geographically too excludes but here is selfish typology must constantly be aware of this remember us there may be some things you are conditioned but in reality this evening is conditioned by the trunk of languages and some things are parents of universal tendencies some number of such universal trends discovered another remarkable rican scientist joseph Greenberg actually with his name and related in many ways to understand universals these will be exactly those universals like if x then igorek which we are talking about we said at the beginning of our lecture here it is formulated the connections between word order in various syntactic constructions Greenberg produced some interesting observations on how all sorts of things are connected here are things in different types of phrases Here is an example of Greenberg's universal in order all the predicate subject and the supplement is characterized by the presence prepositions and with much greater probability more than random languages with normal word order have postpositions where we have subjects and the complement of the predicate will not be prepositions and after the logic, these are the ones who got rich the elements will come after o nouns to which they refer example irish language inside there is a phrase that literally Kate put the pistachio on the table ahura as get are on board what's going on here we have words on is a preposition before table or but there is a chip of the word table it is not here corresponds to the Greenberg universal who says that if there is order in the language words are everything predicate subject and object that what you see here will be for example, in the language of Kel it is one of languages africa languages manda family there not so easy literally p.p. gave a goat and we see with in SPC the goat gave the predicate an addition and that's where in this language we will have the last one we will have on k we get that this is the order the order is not the same as in Irish Well, if you look at this, then we let's break what really there is a clear connection between my parameters what happens in languages prepositions or postpositions and what is the word order in the basic transitional instructions well if you look on the first four lines where we have there is enough data then we can see what is in the language word order from a to b with probability ninety seven percent will be postpositions this is exactly what it tells us Greenberg if you face word order with in or in S.A. then in such a language pleasantness is 90 percent ninety three percent will be prepositions if in language rows of words There are few such languages predicate and object subjects but still in such languages but I'm going to percent, judging by the available data We have at our disposal samples from among languages of the world what language is one hundred percent collected there will be prepositions, that is, we have the result is this picture which we can even generalize a little let's try to think when we have a large number of admissions column when he has a large number to the right column hit let's add 5 sixth line okay in the end it's not a pity small clean also not very reliable you all understand yes, if you tried I came across one language with in with prepositions one language jump from right column we get it to the left right away ratio 3366 367 well nevertheless, what is, is let's look at everything we see that in in the left column we have you where there are prepositions svfs and aiz in what do you mean let's try somehow at all at least We have the next idea their own special ide what do these have in common three letters followed if you select and let's put them to three needs of letters fps V we will see what is where in our language prepositions in our case the predicate precedes the object where I tell in goes earlier than o.v. sooner than optex there will most likely be prepositions where comes before in Kosovo and both with in there will most likely be postpositions in general saying we can make something like this without relying on a large sample at all sign data and these are some interesting fact this fact we still let's talk for now remember where the predicate is + addition there is a preposition + noun and where is the complement to the predicate noun + last word he is like that order you can still give in terms of connections between variables Well, for example, the word order in The supporting structures can be tried study both the order of nouns and I define the subordinate clause here written n plus ginger diameters genitive case actually plus genitive genitive case or see it noun it pleases the hair subordinate clause and these are the orders that are called interesting thing we see is there in language parents case is normal in case goes after noun then and offer the determinative in it is normal in this case it will come after the noun Russian language example builds like this for example we say father's house and the house that built jack we don't say which jack built the house but the father's house and if the parents are dead grateful to the design it's raining indeed, there is a possible option there sometimes it's half and half for the opposite, yes if you we know that the subordinate clause in in some language there is pepper and sensitive type this language is spoken Domberg pastor says how he built it which house well that's what they'll say there father's house this is some kind of observation we have we can make some of these at all which can be obtained if we start compare different things with each other typological parameters in particular here we have the word order pretty real design and order noun and predetermine in general this idea can be generalized generalize this idea even further to get to ideas then you can like branching and in depending on the word order in most types and combinations can be distinguish two types of languages languages which we have first comes dependent a then garshina dependent word and there are also those that hide from the top a then dependent but if we consider that branch from the top from the main word to we can tell the dependent date that a where is the top and then dependent is this right and the branching branches to the right and there where we first have food that is dependent on the exchange, then it's prepared from right to left and so is your left branching here are typical examples of languages with right branching are for example Russian and English languages give me the book that is on the table we also speak Russian dike so the book to the main word let him anger words book she is more right but if we write soon from left to right in that language on dependent word follow your own tops on the main word to them what which which what does lies lies somewhere we got it from but it turns out that your proposal is unfolding for us from left to right exactly the same in English horizon cable and what about us and the world debug what to dvs where it it reached here all these the main words we have in front of us are it depends on yours, that's how typical it is example and order right branching from language in which typological parameters order predicate and object order noun and give it its determinant and so on and so forth set to such values so that we get branching into this side there are languages of the exact opposite type Well, for example, the Avar language is one from the eaters of Russia common in Dagestan or Japanese law is arranged not at all like that, here's an example from a baroque a soldier from God. I apologize for my lordly pronunciation literally translated as steel But available book give it look give me a book book what is located stored where on but than on the table yes it unfolds from right to left, that is, as if we first most frequently communicates information a then we report the main formation The Japanese 12 is designed in exactly the same way literally stood on the book that was there not that any of these orders would better or some was worse the fact that they exist in the languages of the world show that each of them in their own way effective joy if we speak as in Russian, first of all, how do we say it? ideapad general to particular if you we speak both Avar and Japanese we go from the particular to the general, this too there are some advantages because for example already we immediately understand what needs to be addressed attention to the table further in this stalin give us the book that is there, we understand right away the employee immediately understands what needs to be done so each has its own advantages I thought something what are these some combinations typological parameters to the predicate and addition possess possessor noun clauses defining main plus of adjectives Russian is a typical language on the right, with creation, here in general we can these are the kinds of things that can be deduced by looking at how ecological ones are combined with each other parameters and universal statement will predict that if it doesn't boil over from laziness and it's true then by all parameters it will be like this if will boil laziness or it is by all parameters she will be like that too it doesn't work exactly that way they will give in the second place, which means quite often It happens like this Russian language such an example where shines four things came together in one in fact we could predict so here Russian as typical language with right branching but here This is something that can be studied local linguistic typology Another typological example is a logical phenomenon that makes sense talk what are subjects I want to say this is top what is said in the sentence or what it's worth it in the mini movie, hold it we understand that for the Russian language this is true yes for Russian language Well, apply or case is absolutely correct what the sentence is talking about is definition unclear sentence it is said about the object in general too but nevertheless, in general, it is possible to give more general definition of subject which is based on what we know about the device languages of the world in general we can say that subjects are some member offers that have what let's give grammatical priority subjects such a distinguished member offers a proposal that is different from all others other members of the sentence and the highlighted one there could be a variety of signs, well let's try these signs find subject in Russian for example, the subject is touching hold this really very important highlighting subjects a sign because it is the only one a word in a sentence that can stand in the nominative case although other models may be reported offers several times but for example the genitive case is not highlighted because nominative in because you can say The girl's father is busy solving problems yes, it will just be the girls' parents gave tasks in the genitive case well not singling out anyone in particular or let's say this evening what are we doing in the pipe sport we are engaged in warm charms please do sports on warm evenings instrumental case we do sports instrumental case two at once instrumental case here in sentence 2 there can't be a nominative case although we have some such cases there for example weeds design if you we say that it's the same sentence for example for example Masha is stronger than Vasya to Well, we need to remember that there are such things things happen essays just home Vasya bought book 2 has easy holding Masha and Vasya but nevertheless still subject in Russian highlighted by the fact that only with him the verb do agrees with the verb you never never and never agree with the additions or with some circumstances of time does such a verb convey anything? number and face and mouth to derive the subject the closest is what they refer to reflexive pronoun for all sorts of break his or yours if we say that the boy bought by puppy He 1 itself can not refer to the word puppy she only sends the boy's words archives I say Vasya gave Masha her puppy then her words again it refers to Vasya this is your puppy animasha because Vasya is the subject here has some signs of priority then it stands out among others members of the proposal but further on the same subject for example, it often sends a return message pronoun each other and if you speak for free Petya All brought each other to this it means that petya presented Vasya Bani presented to sing again not Masha Elena are those who value each other and just Petya and Vasya are wondering what some constructions in Russian yes, they may have some of the characteristics subject yes well for example if we let's take some phrase Petya and Vasya would like to introduce each other friend march elena yes here Petya and Vasya will not be in the world of cinema, hold on they agree with the verb but each other they are still they still manage this harvest and this one is not subject to it works but it is important to understand that the list the sign is not complete first of all, yes we don't we will now work on making sure that it is complete list of features for Russian subjects build but the important thing is that in different languages this list may be different here for example let's take Swedish language fishing in sweden and alina's sorrows dasha and sorrows analysis to cylinders i was looking for honda Uralsk move forgive me I love you you love her andaz loves you ul a loves we love him we see from them that we have apparently subjects some that correspond Russian nearest I you anders llamas it seems like these are words which ranks first sentence judging by proper names because ndnd is repeated until the third month word order apparently subject predicate and object in constructions in these are in Swedish but there is not one here a very important feature of the subject which we are used to here the subject does not agree with the verb to tell the story is not a change at all changes else else Karelian else Karelian I you Andersen absolutely not it is important who does it, the gas changes in Swedish time yes, but here is the face and the number of the subject but does not convey it so what is this important in this important sign for Swedish DNA it turns out to be completely not relevant these are some others for example, they turn out to be quite significant let's say take the example under forward Montel Sey Anders invited Magnus to Anders invited Magus to his home to ourselves literally there we will see we will win the whole reflexive pronoun he refers to himself I can relate to Anders can't relate to a magnet can't understand this sentence so that anders invited magnus to his magnus home only subject to control reflexive pronoun also antoshka deception sindo author anders gave magnus your computer saint pronoun sender your computer this pronoun sends It was the condenser shroud that he got for Mars anders computer they are there for example Anders gave Mars a computer I can do that it is forbidden aspen give only what pronoun if necessary subject if necessary say that it is the property of any member suggestions then there will be a chance anders he became a tour this is an example for us shows that another place is less the web is consumed its value and here subject to Swedish to possess others admit in Russian have drawn chapter well and apply or support the norm Swedish can only be spoken with big questions because it exists but opposition to maintenance there is a proper addition pronouns but nouns do not to implement or for example do not differ so it turns out that this thought signs that seem to be in Russian some 3 degrees and the ability to attach, for example, the ability add a reflexive pronoun or flew ghosts reflexive pronoun in Swedish it turns out to be almost the most the main ones are almost universal and because I don't understand anything about support we can't from the Swedish point of view language and this works another example let me give this example I'll give you a small linguistic tasks tasks in Tabasaran language this is one of us to dagestani languages he was given 4 sentences on 2 Saransk with mixed up translations then pay attention note that one two three four and a b c G do not correspond to each other our task set the correct match well, in order to establish the correct one we need a lot of compliance here think when we definitely have a task First of all, it would be good to understand what kind of you Saransk in word order and how is it the predicate and the addition They are probably located in one of two places possible ways apparently either subject and object predicate or object subject I will tell you that we can understand this because that there are three words here the first two short 3 long battle first two pronouns and apparently we see that there are repetitions on the first positions on the second position are found I teach I teach It seems like they still have these places lean which is quite convenient for ours goals third place accordingly to the story the question is in what order that pronouns possible 2 we already know that it rarely happens like that the complement moors the subject but Still, we need to check this all the more what we discussed mainly before construction with nouns constructions with pronouns can hurt other properties even in Russian and have nouns in Russian say exactly by default the boy hits we already have order with the dog and pronouns rather sb on he beats her more naturally from to the Russian than he beats her although it is possible to kill her but more closely on her volume here too, you never know what might happen other laws apply in examples when we deal with gun we are dealing with pronouns let's let's try to figure it out anyway we are there offer for the soil and the barn why do you need us this is a word that is cleared twice on first position and what is this word which occurs twice on the second positions a sentence that contains a repeating phrase subject and repeating complement but repeating for russia we have it me you try to complement this you this Our offer is guaranteed means I catch you 3a and then we we see that as a verb to be surah 22 to 42 on Agura apparently Pizarro is catching it on count three a and then 2 this in we can install it but if so then you studies we understand that I already mean this the order here is still the subject and complement predicate yes because why are you sick of it, it's repeated twice with verbs offered to catch as we and you expected that the adjacent will be complement sometimes then we can easily install it the correspondence is immediately I-to 1, etc. not accordingly the remaining example 4 this is how it turns out once in a while correct matches can now be made with Let's try to work with this understand what will happen next what will happen next interesting, well, it would be good to understand how the claws are arranged like this, here is the proposal yes let's see why there is a form there verbs in different they are different and the goal agrees with the subject in addition, we see the call gura call here I highlighted it in red repeating sounds i learn what without a doctor hhhhh what will i study murder times what I will learn Agura watcha why is this interesting interesting because in such a language we lose all speech of the most important features which was typical for us we distinguish between subject and object they said that something so important would start such a main verb agrees in in Tabasaran language the verb agrees and with the subject from the complements there just about stop field person for approval with one person acting with another this, generally speaking, undermines again this is the skeptical status of the subject subject yes if the node gives us because of and in the verb vein it means that generally speaking, but there is something to think about everything is so obvious from the definitions subject for such a language and in general with the definition of the subject is not at all everything is obvious because if we start let's talk about the basics sentence structures about agent of which part 1 with the active part to situations and patient sleep thanks for participant in the situation we boy hertz dog yes here boy active dog passive the key is interesting to think about how it works in different languages ramiz as different structure in languages that what could be the difference? difference to yet particularities may manifest themselves in sentences with transitive and intransitive verbs in how these participants they are designated, let's see, here we have it there are transitional boy this menu on woman boy woman beats dog transitional sentences there agent is the woman patient herself who it is the dog who performs this action examples of transitional bare repetition can be highlighted agency epa is valued because we can it is possible to perform actions actively perform actions passively but woman runs women tangent earlier speed woman well and radio garden not to do no special action before especially she doesn't do anything magical here it is simply in some passive state condition so these are the kinds of things we can do observe and what is important here is important here so that we see that these roles are expressed in us in different ways, yes, we see that we have in case personally beats dog woman runs woman sleeps with us at the end of a ending in the nominative case woman takes the dog us accusative case other water that is, in our language there are 4 roles agency transition agent back transition for a patent for a transitional patient's back transitional we three express the same one is different and it's true very similar to many languages that we we know you many languages of europe are upset by this so the game has only one participant with and transitive verb yes no matter where goal about adsense and a gangster transition to the verb is expressed in the same way and the patient with with a transitive verb otherwise, that is, here Russian language that's exactly it she is up to that we have three examples of what is here highlighted in red opposed to what is highlighted here in blue, here's another example mom is sleeping mom is running but mom is hitting the cow you are convinced that all this works in all Russian sentences but if one participant codes like this so the active part of their situation with two participants but generally speaking it is the situation is that let's us native we are building not the only possible ones, I obviously think so it should be exactly like that logically they say don't follow anything and you can introduce the language that will be distributed differently, for example, on you again agents during the transition the verb is denoted by no special and all the other three participants are designated differently and now in a special way way lamb coming verb all the rest three cells are filled and summer cottages but imagine such a Russian language which we talked about mom runs mom the cow sleeps and beats its mother, that's also we are quite merging the conceivable situation in top world there are quite a lot of such languages languages like that called ergo-tive system the selected participants are active participant in transitive verb let's concrete example example from Avar language you could see the Avar language you vegan boy lay down i snow yes girl woke up if we talk the boy praised the girl bolsas i eat yes yes watch bass ace the boy gets some sleep that who is the performer of the action gets some special indicator to special indicator which distinguishes it from the only one unity of participant action with one participation of any kind claws in the hall of passive was not necessary here here is the second participant visited an hour 10 two participants it is coded participant data action with one s one participant, that is, here is the Avar language with these examples you are like this typical language of the ergo-tive system where The one that stands out from the four is 1s with a transitive verb maybe it's different maybe it's for example situation when one way to express yourself is you agent a other ways always expressed by cs within the measure of the Slavic language it is 12 Kartvelian languages spoken in this territories of turkey and georgia let's say grannies and steru father played baba dash world father rights father you tank for example father he will once be bang dacha runic to be a look at the active member if i play and active if I get wet then well that's it there is no activity from me assuming yes and even then only this way sad situation this is heavenly powers so ordered and it was from this situation that my father wrote letter father active figure letter in active this letter for what not does the opposite to do something with it accordingly, in this situation it turns out that we have here there will be money with the asset indicator active participant a back to be the letter will be an indicator of both activity inactive participant with 0 indicator and you can also introduce yourself like this such such systems you for as the world too we meet this typology basic sentence constructions and and built the most supposedly most obvious in the form of remarkable Russian linguist Aleksandrovich Kibrik, here he is depicted these are the schemes schemes what and how could would unite and express themselves equally in languages that we observe what can what could be unusual about expressions of its basic constructions offers from look here agent and to The first line is the only participant not transition deconstruct sentences action with one participant n on the bottom lines which is the only participant situations site only one patsies surrender this design timo sleeps you tank and so on these are tubes like played runs and so on the second line on it there is a backpack ipads and look further you can combine these elements in different ways V together you can wrap yourself in joy imagine a situation where there is nothing at all not united but where everything is perfect different expressed agency epa agent not transitional sentence transitional agent patient transition come on guys if transition this does not happen in the languages of the world visibility all sorts of other associations too turn out to be not very effective well for example, we see that the union number 12 here on one type of adsense transition once the same and the lambs are not transitional to give birth with some other in this way it is an unscrupulous activity because in such a situation we don't have lambs will differ by cs transitional sentence so that's how it is languages don't really like to do well if drop and nothing yes yes Guess for yourself, for example, by the word order or just in general according to the context here there is nothing either, it happens that languages are without pathological marking here more but still in the language where morphological there is marking, it is arranged like this yes like number 12 here it's impossible it's unthinkable it turns out that in reality it should be not too many years you see that the language with four roles with four ways marking these roles is still not I will not be effective removes why month 4 cases or there are 4 of them indicator when you can get by with less the quantity should be two or three well one sometimes maybe yes Well, one happens on a neutral strategy 2 or 3 6 don't like if possible should differ one to crumble I already if we already distinguish anything if two or three, then these are the schemes there 12 to 15 vegans patsies transition the offer for the sake of meeting next to them should be different woman beats dog if not already it's different, it's not clear why there are two whether they rub we can't even tell this one is eliminated due to this one, well and there are some things there, for example, but it's strange see agency epa adsense like this as in the sentence go as in example 9 we end up getting some here is a set of such strategies which we can imagine in languages of the world and this is in its own way an interesting fact again about how old how it works how it works the expression of the main roles is also another one of the important objects of study let's get to mystical technology now let's move on to one more specific one for example, a task in the language itself says approximately 510,000 people in the ocean here you see on the map before We will try to eliminate the language itself something to say and look at how does the language itself work and here are some Let's try sentences in this language pick up all the exits arranged and transfer into Russian and into the most to this what an interesting proposal about how it can be arranged offer on appropriate in the language of the unusual for let's see all of us device even they started eating them at that time apparently some illustrative example of the past time what next next we are good it would be nice to understand the word order so that to understand the word order you need to find repeating elements we can do that find here for example we see even you there is a word and a sum in the third sentence special sum of Christ's proposals is this apparently we see something about the mouse and the addition object is at the end and for example in the fourth and sixth we have there is there and there is a boy and boys this is before supplemented but here's the thing some kind of punitive measures with newcomers Apparently we have an add-on at the end before it subjects but before it similar verb we see 3 4 caught caught a yes u us pu pu pu pu and some similar words perhaps they are predicates then we would the word order is obtained everything is not a verb subject-object the task can be said the first sentence is transitional sentence 2 3 4 6 secondly offer transitions this application first 5 And Let's have some short words We'll sort this out for the sake of order too words and or words and appears after the predicate in all transitional sentences the second third fourth 6 and 8 is also possible add something like this there is present in all transitional structures when does the word li appear is it really just the one the number before that is we see that it is put before a noun two singular number in a multitude of numbers nothing puts the photo blindly and the pig is one piece and people kicked dogs out of agate people miley dogs don't put anything cats don't put anything mice lepse one cat and a lot of money nothing is installed on the mice or here please in the summer one boy li [ __ ] one cat secrets many girls nothing is there a volume of many boys li and the sum of one mouse well here we are figured out the grammar of the most almost I will sell completely, also with verbs good I would like to figure out that we are with you for [ __ ] Let's translate the sentence then we have not seen such a filter we saw this verb from the shipyards of Rogov in general we see that verbs are somehow often ice is formed by complex repetition 1 a word of two words from disyllabic ones in our country we have bullets in the eighth example in the second one is there here do we have the third one example emphasis which clearly corresponds to the bullet from 4 because we have the same meaning pair phi phi phi phi phi but yes there is no such repetition here but the verb means to be clearly afraid who was scared for [ __ ] it looks like one cat got scared passed the next sentence ua tul a hey amount for [ __ ] to for verb verb kick out who benefits this indicator transitional construction and the sum of it the mice drove out there were a lot of them because there was no li who they kicked out one cat mouse kicked out the cat yes please this is it translation of this sentence now we have these translations We can now do the first 8 sentences think about when we will finally have was galina is doubling we have three examples with doubling people looked dogs cat caught mice girls got scared 2 3 and 5 and in the rest you give us no let's think the girls got scared from somewhere double vision Well, there are a lot of girls and we see that in intransitive examples will succeed I hid doubling no cat scared double vision no it claims our hypothesis is that there are a lot of girls gases will double the a.v. number 3 and in example number two why is there a pupula drive doubling seemed cat 1 that there are a lot of mice in the third example and in In the second example there are many dogs that is, we see that we actually have it turns out that doubling appears in transitional a structures where there are many objects and this works where there is only one object for example in the fourth sentence or in sixth sentence there is no double thinking there is no transitional translation of the construction why are there exactly the same proposals doubling occurs when we have singular parts to plural or object transitional constructions into a multitude teachers patient in many in number that it turns out that we have a verb agreed not with active participant not with active or unity chat in actions we are accustomed to in Russian a verb consistent with the sole participation in action or passive also cranes a typical example of that unites the only segre passive in languages of the organizational structure a an active person behaves in a separate manner participant transitional sentence and it turns out computer sense dorne endowed grammatical priority because he never naked agrees with the cat caught a mouse with a cat does not agree games of those cats 1 or many completely it doesn't matter, verbs don't look at all It turns out that in the language itself perhaps it makes sense to call the subject before the word the pig in the sentence the pig hid and words dogs in sentence people kicked out dog because that's what's highlighted here grammatical to dogs may not be very active with point of view of their activities in this example, but they are grammatically highlighted let's agree with them we will do translations the boys hid yes there must be little further hidden in many numbers because unity of parts of which many lafee with doubling is done on the bench there are a lot of boys there and without any there and which are only transitional designs or which would denote singular the mice caught the dog we'll put you on the table again Puya Tolik and but Dog 1 agrees with we are different with the object of attacks was given wo wo who will not forget and the transitional sentence sharks and towers there are many of them and the amount for Miley one dog finally girl killed pigs this is ua verb must be in plural number because with doubling because pigs a lot about pathos transitional design for the secret one girl and here it turns out that this is the example what we have in this case is very interesting from our point of view presentation of the subject additions the situation is a very interesting situation with from the point of view of ideas about basic sentence constructions about languages nominative and horny were built what to blame active active participant in the transitional proposal with only participants are not transitional or passive yes that's what's needed stylishly look at how it is arranged in each a specific language and this is also like that an important object of study linguistic typology well come on I'll give you another example guys can conceive where is quiet typology and how can I it is possible to distinguish between subject and object use hold yes, our woman hits different ones herself cases can be used word order We do it too, although not necessarily yes you can say the dog beats the woman but we usually say subjects first agency transition of the patient's proposal to the second in a place where words are rare, you can use them some special means where especially important and special particles dashing and be such here is an example let's take it from Spanish let's take it a few sentences in spanish check courts speakers girls rises supplements literally girl for chico tooth climbs the tower with a certain the article not on was submitted to Madrid not on knows madrid road sara berator and teachers see tower butt rpt brother egor a clara women protects clara and added dossor places Nina drinks beer madrid clara goes to madrid bukhara mahir kara draws woman rub Clara Ebu and this is the verb she is a fly literally clara draws on a woman well if only let's look at it for example the yard draws the city burst into Russia before good above we will see that there is no none and there is no such preposition there literally that's what we'll have here it's just clara drawing the city all above she protects us and clara donors Below is the last sentence It turns out we have a very interesting one the situation turns out to be that in in spanish here is a beluga whale that got drunk the view and speckled houses must be used different designs in one case we have object the fact of the object the subject is shown simply in word order, clara is in first place and city on the third after the predicate but in a situation when clara draw a woman for some reason this won't seem enough hold it grease no music means we need to show again that the child is Varle their woman they women draws clara but we understand that it is indeed problematic chance because the city most likely is not will not draw Clara and the woman Maybe but that's exactly why Georgia still has salvation one special means indicator that we have an animate definite direct object what is the same stands after a specifically emphasizes that this is not just an object, namely our will this is animation 3 is addition arrived object this is also be called differentiated but marking an object when for example the animated behave in one way animate ones behave differently when highlighting objects in a particular language and this is of course really important because the gifts of the bar of music can be such find for example in Russian language here There is animated which is essentially an example of the same differentiated marking object yes if we speak mom sees bk and on the one hand but we say mom see you need a table, look at the evil bull blame or drive coincide genitive word table substitute for words can I tell you words bk special genitive marker case here transferred 2 of them and support old men, that's how it was, and that's exactly why to carry out differentiated marking an object so that mom sees bkb shouted who sees whom because what if you were there mom sees big data I thought there was a case even if it were not mom for example old man view bk yes, our old man sees a bull it's clear who sees whom props table Well, it's clear that the table can't see that I need a special indicator, but here type constructions then the props bk yes really good it would be nice to have some of our own special ones indicator well this is such an example that which can also be studied linguistic typology This is how I want to demonstrate the source typological data is very important the source with which I have already indirectly I introduced you to which ones today demonstrated his to the world asus century-old structures are a huge array data of different types of logical variables in different parts of the world different languages are structured this way according to different parameters Here is the wls address in front of you. info you won't really practice it's called hair and by going to this address you you will find really very very valuable and useful source well here I am I'll open this site now, Rob, a little bit show what happens during the day, here you go Here is a world atlas of languages structures and here you see what English of course but they didn't even breathe for you it's a big problem let me I'll go to Ufa cheers signs typologically pale which are marked in this office there are a hundred of these signs ninety two pieces as you can see Well, it all starts with phonology pathologically a sign that you agree vowels for now we won't do this talk about about the project for now let's talk about what it's already passed without what we had with you already as topics for discussion let's talk about order the nearest addition told the cards to you I already showed you the image of the object itself please card number and here is press and in front of us is really a map the most maps you've ever seen dow Tanya everything is marked, you can bring it to each language to know what language it is you can click to understand the source grammar book from which this data this data was received and like this this is what works, this is what we are getting that's the thing here is more text for each chapter each each picture potash cards can it's not enough to be here these are all really described Okay, here are the examples right next to each other which we partly saw with you language Japanese not from here they are taken exactly from here and this is the basic order of the slot everyone is discussing some problems that situations may arise when we are here we are in these in these maps on you the king is here it is discussed why the Russian has a basic word order with in subject to execution yes, although in general in Russian the word order is quite free yes here it is some links to some problematic on texts which problem teaser comfort all these things are like these discussions on there really is a stabilizer, please spiral noun order subject object and verb interesting thing that can do can you look at some others cards if you look for example something like the Russian Federation organs on earth before growth is something that should have already been discussed because order is ordered relative clauses the words themselves do not refer to that first it will go you open up parts type of subordinate clause attributive house who built jack or how he built it which house well let's see and here us red then question noun subordinate clause I found out that market determinant nouns all sorts of other examples other types too Yes, but if you want, then at your leisure read the chapter and you'll see what red and these ones types are the type that dominates in most regions except Asia In Asia we actually have it more often the subordinate clause comes before with its noun just about southeast asia is a transition zone we meet both papua new guinea there are also quite a lot of different ones instructions have some power beauty much more basically to the majority regions of the world we really have exactly this is the order we are used to in Russian but for example, please, in the Caucasus almost everything is blue and in particular there Avar language is not marked here picture is not yet on which you saw yes, here it is exactly the same as the previous one communion to give to define it really so that's really Can such things can be observed on these maps if we talk about differentiated object marking which we already here with you too we can observe let's think about how to find it here what will be here when will be called optics pro logic market is called by English if some some information about 1 this topic well that's it for now skoda and is located let's read some things that are here before in We'll probably find it in this list It would be good to understand where this is reaching us I probably need something like this Can anyone tell me what it could be? related to the heavy example further second in spirit well let's see it seems that cards on this topic from simple yes where would it be written how it works It looks like there isn't one here, but still let's go in, maybe we can somehow extract it from their used cards as a departure for me it seems obvious when it could be me I'm not looking well, I probably need to do more with this You can still figure it out in general something interesting robot find here for example interesting the map is the map that is called here have you seen tea With let's call tea what does this mean means what we have different words that express the importance of tea in childbirth and how to give peace let's see you carter and the lexicon section we find that in some languages once the words that came from languages from the town words like t and it turns out that you really are in it Russian this is your tea but soon English BTI and the languages of the world in this sense are arranged so that they are divided into obvious rather geographically, yes, someone got tea by sea to someone on the way and saw the results were so different yes, you'll see red, it's like ours blue track in English this is also you can see it in the topic on the route language structures, that is, another one interesting map map it will also be lexical A distinguish or languages parts of the hand we know what in russian we have a hand in which you can call it a hand and so on the long part that is above the brush English two different words are required It's not like we don't consume in Russian could have called the brush in a separate word or say there forearm all this is possible of course Marukh but also definitely here in English is a must and here we go again map of languages where the mind is not distinguished you can tell us this too, you see that red is a language like english yellow languages like Russian all parameters on maps can be combined among ourselves if we suddenly want to look at the world affectionate structures from the point of view of the combination parameters this is also possible let's let's look at an example of how they relate we have in this case the order is so that they would already discuss the order verbs and traitors complement if some connections between the order for example with subordinate attributive clauses yeah let's see I think it hurts what happens is that our map will roar of course very much A very much she all combinations are taken into account here you can see how many languages with what it turned out to be a combination, but you'll see for example go will sort by frequency we see that 293 blue circle of asio laureates 113 tree zahoor glasses orange out 87 circles what if the bastard probably will be a noun then sell determinative if especially then probably there will be a transfer of the definition later nouns if it could be the other way around yes but lord it will return like this if this it is almost guaranteed that it will be that's how it is because we have our own where was it found yes please four times up to 293 against 4 it turns out there is forex dexterity in that it's almost guaranteed that it's hiding decide not to be after if order words and myself in this it happens differently but with some advantage the lie came to light first turn the defining but here somehow this is how it works you can do all this intuitively and a third can be seen on the map numbers you can download data because Generally speaking, it is very convenient that worldwide such structures are available for you can just take all these downloads things to download to your computer to do some research just independently processing what happens in our world atlas because it is clear that there are some studies it doesn't take long to explore do it through the interface but you can read it in general it's simple some interesting textbook linguistic typology read here these are the chapters but let's open the chapter profane logical typology for example a about the film about sonority with muscular and fricatives agree that I agree to be a flow of reactive or slotted agree-agree type in same and here is where they discuss where it is are they what kind in what geographically how are these contrasts distributed and structured languages paint for language where there is something where is there such a discussion discussion of this topic and the map of course yes we can see the map time rules what v.b. the number of languages in the world in general i with opposition by voicelessness and voicedness white dots in quantity contrast and these opposition only the bow of sounds like bgp has it because but if you agree, they will be only with them in such spirit it is a rare case when in and at the same time ptk of course to me up about 6 hours 100 case when it happens to the GPC and VV these are the cards you can think about whether or not any connection between these parameters with some of the parameters which already discussed for example with the parameter hand and if there were two different names for the hand I would I expected that it wouldn't be I was waiting for you that here it will be like pretty evenly all this distributed well here you can see what we have yes this is different david hands in appearance 8 competition yes but it turns out indeed this is the most frequent type yes what is the difference between them there there are also frequency types that are not there providing voicelessness there where they are one peak at random encounters ta the same picture but no pressure there are also differences in waste there will most often be no oppositions well, just because apparently it's pretty frequency type well and in general yes if we let's look in order just the date where the order differs on 8 competition there is no deafness or sonority only in funny ones further you are clean and in receptive and then only fricative the same where you see words for the hand there also new sen contrast further only in muscular further in funny and stop in and then only in negative news in order it turns out exactly the same in fact we understand that it is rather all it means is that there is no connection between these two languages and linguistic phenomena give on how we speak voiceless and voiced consonants are an act of our hands are formed and we did not expect it see this connection this map to us this confirmed and here you can see which ones languages have certain properties You can see the list there learn more about each language to We know about him in general, but I'm just passing by capture to see some information you can leave a comment further do you think that this is wrong, for example, perhaps this will be considered and will be taken into account so this is it allows us to really know here such things this is how it works temirli atlas of language structures i I am addressing you attention to what to occupy and linguistic typology is in its own way some interesting areas of linguistics but which is suitable for people with some people who have a characteristic mindset are interested in large arrays of data the first ones who are well prepared for what is not in these large data sets will not be will look into it deeply because naturally, type varnish is a person who doesn't know 7000 languages or how many himself centuries are presented tech map for example, the order of successful attributives and you see nouns here and here approximately how many 800 Baraba languages work yes of course the author of this map is not can pro 800 languages tell them in all details how subordinate clauses are arranged a completely different type of activity something that they do, for example philologists russists on philologists which is engaged in one and linguists as one deals with They all talk about him in concrete language they know thoroughly but maybe not very much they can clearly see what this language is like against the background everyone else here is the opposite of people neglect hours of individual languages and study just the way different languages are structured globally but again it seems important that a person who chooses for himself the field of study in linguistics should think about what is closer and closer to him does he like this kind of company and care vvk corrector details 1 the object he is dealing with thoroughly or is he more inclined to scatter if I may say so, but I know a lot about everything 7 ethics such a broader the perspective here is the physical typology of this science about a broad perspective about how it should be like this languages of the world how they can be arranged how they can't be arranged and how everyone it works and it really does what universal properties do they have this is such an interesting one you have research that takes us further very far from the Russian language but it allows us to better understand what we can do see in in Russian I wonder, well, for example, hardly you thought about differentiated marking an object as some important your style of Russian language with this here is a coincidence of convincing support yes with the parent on gas nominative but here it turns out that on a general typological level In the background this is somewhat quite natural this phenomenon seems to me to be exactly that interesting in its own way physical typology knowing how it allows us see some facts the gift of his native language to the new world