Hi, I’m Mikey. Welcome to Oxford Online English! In this lesson, you can learn about syllables and stress in English. Do you know what stress means? It’s one of the most important pronunciation points in English. When you speak English, do other people find it difficult to understand what you’re saying? If so, you might not be using stress correctly. Pronouncing words with the correct stress can make a big difference to your English: your English will immediately sound clearer and more natural. You’ll learn all about stress in this lesson, but first, we need to talk about syllables. Listen to four words: fast person beautiful information Do you know how many syllables these words have? Fast has one syllable: fast Person has two syllables: per-son. Beautiful has three syllables: beau-ti-ful Information has four syllables: in-for-ma-tion A syllable has one vowel sound (and only one vowel sound) and one or more consonant sounds. Let’s do some more practice. Look at four more words: breakfast banana tomorrow university How many syllables do they have? Breakfast has two syllables: break-fast. Banana has three syllables: ba-na-na. Tomorrow has three syllables: to-mor-row. University has five syllables: u-ni-ver-si-ty. So, this lesson isn’t really about syllables; it’s about stress. What’s the connection between syllables and stress? Think about the word banana. Banana has three syllables. Do you pronounce all the syllables the same: bah-nah-nah? No, you don't—one syllable is stronger: ba-NA-na. This is stress. If a word has one syllable, you don't need to think about stress. But, if a word has two syllables or more, one syllable is always stressed: it has a strong, clear pronunciation. Let’s practice pronouncing word stress correctly. Let’s look at an example you just saw. banana Do you remember where the stress is? It’s on the second syllable: ba-NA-na. What makes the stressed syllable different? There are three things you need to do to pronounce stress correctly. One: the stressed syllable should be louder. Two: the stressed syllable should be a little higher. Three: the stressed syllable should be a little longer in time. Let’s practice. First, listen to three words you saw before: person beautiful information Here, I was exaggerating the stress so that you can hear it clearly. You don’t need to pronounce the stress this strongly. However, when you practice, it’s a good idea to try to overpronounce the stress a little. This will make sure that you are pronouncing it correctly. So, where is the stress in these three words? Listen again, and this time, repeat the words after me: person, beautiful, information. Let’s try one more time: person, beautiful, information. How was that? Could you pronounce the stress clearly? Next, let’s look at four more words you saw before: breakfast banana tomorrow university This time, I pronounced the stress in a more natural way. Could you hear it? Where is the stress in these four words? Let’s try one more time: breakfast, banana, tomorrow, university. When you look up a word, you can find the stress by looking at the phonetic transcription. The thing that looks like an apostrophe shows you where the stress is. When you see this apostrophe, the next syllable is the stressed syllable. When you write down new vocabulary, make sure you record the stress, too. You can put a mark over the stressed syllable, or underline it. At this point, you might be thinking: are there any rules about word stress? How do I know where the word stress is if I don’t have a dictionary? Let’s talk about that. We’ve got good news and bad news for you. The good news is that there are some rules about word stress in English. The bad news is that the rules don’t cover everything, and even the rules which you do have don’t work all the time. Here’s one rule which is quite useful. It’s about words with two syllables. Look at five words: picture minute money doctor water All these words have two syllables. Where’s the stress? In all the words, the stress is on the 1st syllable. There’s a reason for this: can you work it out? What connects these five words? These words are all nouns. Nouns with two syllables usually have stress on the 1st syllable. Let’s practice saying the words together. Repeat after me: picture, minute, money, doctor, water. This is also true for most adjectives with two syllables: happy yellow useful formal tiring What about verbs? Look at some examples and try to work out the rule: decide forget explain arrive repeat Can you hear the stress? The stress is on the second syllable. Let’s practice saying the words together. Repeat after me: decide, forget, explain, arrive, repeat. So, most nouns and adjectives with two syllables have the stress on the first syllable, and most verbs have the stress on the second syllable. Be careful, because there are many common exceptions, like hotel, happen, exam, or finish. What about longer words? Are there any rules you can use to find the stress? In three-syllable words, the stress can be anywhere; it can be at the beginning: anyone beautiful possible It can be in the middle: computer tomorrow expensive It can also be at the end, although this is less common: afternoon employee Japanese Let’s practice! Repeat after me: beautiful, tomorrow, employee. Let’s try three more: anyone, computer, Japanese. In words with four or more syllables, the stress is almost always in the middle of the word, not on the first or last syllable. For example: information communicate photographer Try saying the words after me: information, communicate, photographer. There are some other rules which can help you to find the stress in longer words. Let’s look together. If a word ends -tion, -sion or -cian, then the stress is always on the second last syllable: information discussion politician Can you think of three more words like this? There are many, but here are three more suggestions: situation, revision, electrician. The same rule is true for words ending -ic: economic dramatic Atlantic scientific Again, all these words have the stress on the second last syllable. If a word ends with the letter -y and has three or more syllables, then the stress is two syllables before the last one. For example: biology luckily activity possibility That means, if a word has three syllables and ends in -y, the stress is almost always on the first syllable: chemistry pregnancy robbery There’s one more rule which could help you here: if a longer word is made from a shorter root word, then the stress is generally in the same place as the root word. For example: comfort comfortable discomfort uncomfortable comfortably comforting In all these words, the stress is in the same place as the root word, comfort. However, the rules you saw before take priority. This means that the stress can move when you make a longer word from a root word. For example: photograph -> photography -> photographic economy -> economic educate -> education Okay, now you’ve learned about stress, how to pronounce it, and how you can find the stress in different words. But, there’s still one more very important thing you should know about. Want to know a secret that will improve your English pronunciation really fast? Here’s the most important point about word stress: it’s about contrast. That means, when you pronounce word stress, it’s not just about the stressed syllable. You also need to think about the unstressed syllables. Remember that to pronounce stress, you make the stressed syllable louder, higher and longer. Stress is about contrast, so the opposite is true for unstressed syllables: you need to make them quieter, lower and shorter. Let’s look at three words you’ve already practiced: banana person information To pronounce the words well, you need to think about the unstressed syllables, too. Often, the vowel sounds in the unstressed syllables are reduced to schwa sounds--/ə/, or short /ɪ/ sounds. ‘Reduced’ means the vowel sounds are shorter and weaker. For example, in the word banana, the stress is on the second syllable: ba-NA-na. The stressed ‘a’ has an /aː/ sound, but the other two ‘a’s’ have schwa sounds: banana. In the word person, the first syllable is stressed, and the second syllable has a schwa sound: person. And in information, the syllables before and after the stressed syllable reduce to schwas: information. Unstressed syllables can’t always be reduced, but they often can be. If a vowel sound is reduced, it most often shortens to a schwa sound. We’ll finish with a simple tip to help you pronounce word stress clearly and naturally. Focus on the stressed syllable, and put more stress on it than you think you need. Pronounce the unstressed syllables as fast as you can. If you do this, you’ll have contrast in your pronunciation, and this will make your word stress sound natural and clear. Finally, we have a question for you: what do you think is the most important pronunciation skill to speak clearly in English? Leave your suggestions in the comments! For more practice with this topic, check out the full lesson on our website: Oxford Online English dot com. Thanks for watching!