hey there bessies welcome back to nurse Chung we picked down the science so well you might actually remember it for your exam today we're talking stem cells the kind that literally make up everything in your body and because I love a good ranking system we're going to be ranking these babies from the most powerful the goat the all time to the least powerful are Bench Warmers let's get started so let's get into the backbone about all living things stem cells these bad boys are the OG cells of the the body AKA they are the mothers of all mothers because they have one most critical job making all the other cells but here's the deal not all stem cells are created equal some have Superstar level Powers While others well let's just say they are very niche in their skill set there's two things that you need to remember when it comes to stem cells all stem cells have two major superpowers self for null and potency when it comes to self for these cells can keep making more of themselves like a copy machine gone Rogue they never run out unless they differentiate into specific cell types when we talk about potency we're talking about their power level how many different types of cells they can become the higher the potency the more cell types they can create think of potency like a career path some people known as totipotent cells can do anything be anyone go anywhere they're like the multibillionaire entrepreneurs and then we have others called uni poent cells only have one job and one job only it's like an employee stamping the same specific form all day every day now let's rank these stem cells from our goats to our Basics first up we have totipotent the ultimate goat of stem cells a pneumonic I like to use is totipotent totally can do it all so these are the most powerful stem cells in the game they're literally making up the entire human body if stem cells were superheroes totipotent cells would be Superman no limits no restrictions just raw power so a great example of this would be the zygote yes that tiny little single cell stage where sperm meets egg think about it that one cell alone makes up everything your organs tissues and even the placenta because we can't forget about the baby's life support system so how does it work zygotes are going to divide into two four eight 16 cell stages before they ultimately become a blasto site once it hits that blasto site stage that power level is going to drop and it's no longer a totipotent cell next up we have plur potent the almost gift a neonic remember for this is plur poent means plenty but not all plur poent cells can become up to 200 plus cell types in the human body it could be our skin brain heart muscle you name it but here's the the deal they can't make the placenta so they can't form a whole new human on their own you can think of them like Doctor Strange still extremely powerful but with some limitations an example of this would be the Inner Cell Mass found inside of our blastos site which eventually forms the baby's organs plur poent cells specialize in three germ layers we have the ectoderm which is the outer layer the mesoderm which is the middle layer and the endoderm which is the inner layer starting with our ectoderm layer it can become things like our skin cells our brain and spinal cord cells like our neurons as well as pigment cells like melanocytes so when we move on to our mesome layer this makes up several different kinds of muscle tissues like cardiac muscle skeletal muscle and smooth muscle as well as our red blood cells and kidney cells and then lastly we have our endoderm layer where you see things like our lung thyroid and digestive system cells if you're looking for a study tip think of these like Neapolitan ice cream there's three layers each of them with their own specialty next up we have our multi- poent cells the semi Specialists so multi-potent cells can create multiple types of cells but only within a specific lineage you can think of them as highly specialized doctors a cardiologist isn't going to stop doing Cardiology and then suddenly start performing brain surgery that would be crazy no they're going to stick with what they know so an example example of this could be our htic potic stem cells homematic potic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and they're ultimately responsible for producing all of our blood cells but they don't just make any type of cell they're going to follow two distinct blood cell lineages our first lineage is going to be our myoid progenitors this lineage is going to develop all of our blood cells so our red blood cells also known as urethro sites which are oxygen carriers platelets known as thrombocytes that's our blood clotting Squad we have monocytes known as macrofagos they help clean up the body from bacteria as well as debris neutrophils that's our First Responders when it comes to infections and basophils and asops which are allergy Warriors and then we have our lymphoid progenitors these cells give rise to our lymphocytes so we have our B cells which are antibody producers our tea cells which are cell killing Specialists they def defend the body against disease and infection and then we have our natural killer cells which hunt down viruses and cancer cells another example is our mesyl stem cells mesy chimal stem cells are found in our bone marrow fat and umbilical cord tissue and instead of making blood cells they're actually Builders of the body's connective tissue these cells can differentiate into bone cells known as osteoblast that's the foundation of our skeleton cartilage cells known as condra sites which make up our joints trachea and intervertebral discs our fat cells known as atpo sites that's the body's energy storage tank and then are muscle cells known as meiocytes which is the skeletal muscle formation think of mimal stem cells as the construction crew of the body they're making sure that you have strong bones flexible joints and enough energy for survival aonic that I like to remember is MSC which stands for muscles skeleton and cartilage and for our last example we have neural stem cells neural stem cells are found in the brain as well as the spinal cord and they help form and repair the nervous system unlike the others neural stem cells are very limited in what they can become they are still crucial when it comes to brain function and regeneration these cells can differentiate into neurons which are the brain's electrical Messengers we have Astros sites which help support and protect our neurons and then we have alod dendrites which create m the insulin for neurons that speeds up our signals and you know how much I'd love to give you pneumonics and stni AES for this one I like to remember NSC which stands for nerves support and communication for our fourth level of stem cells we have oligo potent which are these small Time Players I like to nickname these the part- timers because they can make a few specific types of cells but not a whole range remember that root word aligo stands for only a few so these stem cells act as subspecialists they can produce multiple related cell types but within a very tight restriction so here's a few things they can create first up we have lymphoblast that's the immune specialist so lymphoblast can create three major types of immune cells we have our B cell bodies known as B lymphocytes we have our T lymphocytes also known as te cells and we have our natural killer cells also known as NK cells myoblast are another example of these types of stem cells they are the white blood cell producers so they can differentiate into three major types of granulocytes those are our infection fighting white blood cells we have our neutrophils our basophils and our asops so here's a fun fact if you're into science being discussing neutrophils die after fighting infection and they create pus so the key difference between multi poent and oligopotent stem cells is that multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into multiple related cell types within a specific lineage while oligopotent stem cells are more restricted and can only produce a few specific types of cells so multi-potent stem cells serve as precursors to our oligopotent stem cells by giving rise to different kind of blast cells which generate into more specialized mature cells and last up we have our bench warmer known as our uni poent stem cells are one-trick ponies I like to name these the one trick ponies because they have one job one task they can only make one type of cell but what's cool about them is they can still self-renew that specific cell a great example of this would be our germline stem cells also known as sperm production they are the one job wers they can self-renew and only produce one type of mature cell sperm and think about it boys can create Millions upon millions of sperm cells in their life other examples of this could be basil cells known as lung stem cells they only make lung cells we have our epidermal stem cells which make skin that's the only cell that they make too so if you're trying to remember this at the end of the day when you're taking your exams just remember uni means one they can only make one type of cell and that's a r besties we just unlocked the Secrets when it comes to stem cells from all the powerful toy ponent cells to the hypers specialized uni poent cells if this video helped you give it a big thumbs up make sure you drop a comment down below with your favorite pneumonic or study tip or if you have any questions head over to nurse chunk store.com where you can snatch the PowerPoint or any other goodies that we may have to offer in the store stay awesome stay learning and as always let's pass those exams baby bye