Brother tell me one thing that Digra sir has done in science why didn't you take this friend, I also want to know this I was thinking that I have developed my chemistry The subject is so lovely, would you enjoy it? hey friend brother you are so interesting This is the subject, I feel this is not it would have understood Dira what is the subject there is nothing in it Sabat Chemistry Bo Dil this is the chemistry of the heart what is your mistake Was it that you did not understand my basics? Listen, the chemistry is full Wherever you look there are exceptions If there are more exceptions in the subject then what is the subject then to miss exception call miss exception be called and a At that time the teacher was not a good little thing please what are you talking about is this any talk yes its a simple thing because chemistry If you follow the basic terms of the If you don’t make it clear, how will you understand? There is a point, you should get it done obviously friend is this something to ask okay so look at it It's a simple thing friend, you should have the basics clear If you do it, you would already have flow So if we talk about chapter one which is our basic concept of Chemistry so in this we will discuss basic terms You will read it as if it is a mole concept molality normality mole fraction stock meter limiting reagent this is the basic These are the basic terms, you will get these only from 11th not in me actually you will get it in 12th also If you are going to do this then Diraj sir should make this mistake It was said that small bases were left Only humans make mistakes, It happens with humans only, it's ok, it's ok Now you teach and show me sir you sit down. read it, sit here, sit here, this is ok yes all right so with this we start we will do our chapter one watch is some basic concept of chemistry all right so you guys will get the introduction The rest is done, those who know the rest yes you guys will know those vid videos Friend, let's start this chapter right now Let's get started with chapter number one which is some basic concept of chemistry So look friend, in this chapter you will get to know as the name Suggest, look, mostly this happens in chemistry It would be that the name is the work, then you will get the name A lot will be understood from this but this name I am not going to understand that much from Because basic is written but too much You guys don't expect this to be basic in 11th Do Let's Get Started With This Chapter First of all let's start with this What is chemistry ma'am it is the one which we I don't like it at all yes I can Understand, but these don't come in writing, right? Understand what you write in the exam so what do you understand by chemistry You define chemistry as a From the branch which is the branch of science Who else will know you better than you? 10th I am a thin book in which you guys have four You feel that you have read the chapters Our chemistry has become very strong And then your illusion is broken 11th class I do just that type of work so this is related to science it comes to the branch as well as deals with the composition of the structure with end properties who owns all this Maam matter is the same maam that we used to use in school come no no there is another matter which You have read in 9th and 10th about which We will still learn more about it later What is chemistry basically? You define a branch of science What is this deal in the name Which thing matters how much from the composition It is made up of things which are composed of It is made from that composition structure That is, what kind of structure does it look like? And what kind of properties are there as well What are the physical properties and chemical properties? How are the properties of all these things deals with a matter of right Now the changes which take place in the matter under different conditions and the laws which Government changes, we read all these things By which law in chemistry is this something is happening suppose i told friend a + b I am not getting it now, it's ok ma'am I said I know the mass of A and B what is the amount it is coming equal to the mass of c so what is this, will you understand Basically which laws are being implemented, these things also It will depend on this, now know one more thing that Chemistry is divided into three parts Chemistry also has three branches It happens, okay, there will be three branches What are the three branches of chemistry? may be ma'am there is one thing called physical chemistry Physical chemistry is one in organic Chemistry And there is one organic chemistry so this This chemistry is in three branches It will be divided into 11th and 12th in your case Not many chapters in organic but after going to 12th this portion of organic is available it will increase okay so yes let's go rest dilvil So it is there, if it is not in chemistry then Yours will come for sure, let's move ahead Next After all, the importance of chemistry What is it maam did you know what chemistry is It happens but why is it important, its specialty Is it just for passing 12th you don't have to write this again You will gradually understand in the exam I tell really good jokes I understand you guys are moving on What is the importance of three chemistry You can remember the importance here very well What is the importance of keeping it number one? Brother, this is actually used in medicines I think that dude knows about medicines Biology seems complete to me if we study bio If we are students then we know everything about this but we all know that Medicines happened, all these things are going on There are chemical reactions involved in this too, right? It has the chemistry formula Excessive use of composition of structures it happens so it is very much used in the medicine industries along with that It is also used in agriculture industry It happens when the soil becomes acidic and basic Which soil should be used for this to decrease its acidity or basicity Brother, we also learn all these things from chemistry We get to know that next is ours Chemistry in Industries Chemistry is also used a lot Actually I still remember that whenever I I am teaching 11th and 12th class students. Students definitely get a question from me hey mam what is this chemistry work now Maam I have read methane then where is the use Ma'am this is going to come to us somewhere in the world It is of no use where does this theta seem to be All this means there are many such questions So let me tell you guys that you just because I'm not in it doesn't mean that he You are looking for a sense of humor, not a field I told you about how nice it was In between I would say the lines like this hmm anyway don't deduct 50 for my over acting Right now that is my current salary Basically it doesn't happen like this brother Chemistry is not used in many places p is used just because after that you I have decided to become a Vada Pav girl or what do we call it so and so tea If you want to become a man then it is not that its There is no use of it, of course if it is used then It is used in different fields If you change the field then you think There is no use of this but it is very very very useful okay so let's go this is very The basics are done, let's move ahead Nature of Matter Now let's come to what matter is Look what we just read is a got an overview of what chemistry is and what It has been made and so on but from here on It starts with what the matter is How many types of matter are there and Whatever it is we will know about it So look, you guys do matter in school you do the same, there is another matter behind it Along with that, you see a lot of things in Ninth and 10. I have studied well that any thing If you keep someone, he may take some months take some sorry space and something for it Everything that has mass is the matter of the world is it again anything that has some mass which Occupied is no matter what matter is that thing which will take up some place and its There will be some mass now brother the mass will be less It is not defined anywhere that the mass is more it will just be this thing is defined okay so anything that is mass and that is occupied is no as matter okay so a this this this this Example: your wood is booked, water is booked Air Patrol Plastics Iron Eights Eights We are examples of all these matters and You are also an example of the matter so yes now Let us come to the classification of matter has been classified i.e. broken down okay how is it classified The first method is physical classification and the second method is The way is to look at the chemical classification one shot So we feel it like a one shot While doing this, we will keep doing it, which means we have to read everything Getting everything done in just one class and then when you sit for the exam you Tell me whatever Tapur ma'am has taught us We know everything, so that's all I know my name is a bit weird but Slowly you people will get used to it ha so yes physical classification and chemical Classification There are two classifications Yes Physical Classification of our Matter If we talk about physical classification If you classify the matter then there will be three very Are you a little girl? Classification There are solid, liquid and gas, solid My thoughts on Liquid and Gas from you all know everybody knows for For example, take ice. If we take ice, then ice is found in a solid state instead we see liquid here So what is liquid take it liquid is another The state is done and this is the third point that has been created This is a gas so these are the three physical states States of You Can Matter Turned into Solid What are the three states liquid and gas solid liquid and gas is perfect yes mam can we interchange them yes You can convert a solid into a liquid liquid to gas gas to solid Everyone has as many things as they want can you convert it, let's convert it I give it to them, if I tell you that I have to convert solid into liquid If you want to do it then convert the solid Now you can understand by the ice in the liquid, I have said that ice so what did i do to her If it melts then this is the name of this procedure It happens melting, what is its name brother Melting so the solid turns into liquid We can also convert liquid to gas It can also convert liquid to gas Which procedure will it be? Think it is liquid. mam i want to do something after converting it into steam vaporize it right i.e. evaporation so this is the procedure this procedure is known age Evaporation is ok brother do something else converting gas into liquid When you convert liquid into gas it evaporated then now we have to get the gas We have to convert it into liquid, that means we Sorry the liquid was turned into gas that was Evaporation of gas into liquid It must seem like the opposite of evaporation ma'am condensation yes so it happens here Condensation Condensation Perfect Liquid into Solid I want to do it, think about it, Mummy said there is water for it Go and make ice, you will make it, right? How will you give it to me ma'am, by keeping it in the fridge, very simple so what will you do you can freeze it so this is Is it ok to freeze solid ma'am Can be converted directly into gas Ofcourse you can do it, you say it Sublimation is when you directly You will convert that which is sublimation gas you will convert directly into solid this is The deposition is ok, there was a bit of hotch potch it's not hot pot it's hotch pot but I hope you can understand all this So this was a very easy conversion I would have given you your homework in a comment. yes you guys should do something, why don't you comment I want to write that in my comment, as many The more likes you have, the closer the person will be You will love your mother, right? So like and comment, why write all this It is better that you write your answer in the comment Do ok tell me Rath na sense of yumr is very ok so yes so basically in the comment you I have to answer that there are two more types of two more types of matter are there which you You have to tell me in the comment that what was the class You must have read about solid, liquid and gas in ninth Apart from this, there are two states, I have to tell you Which is that state whose comment It will be correct ma'am, please like his comment for sure let's move ahead so we Know physical and chemical classification In Physical Classification we have understood that Brother, this is our solid liquid gas There is physical classification so in physical Classification Matter is Classified as Solid Liquid End Gas Free State of Matter R interconvertible we can inter convert them can mean that we can change through different procedures that I tell you it may be done by changing the temperature and the pressure now you see what are you doing ma'am nothing i am waiting for you are you studying no no what did you do here We just converted a solid into a liquid When we did it, maam told us to melt it Raising the temperature to melt the two yes, so basically whatever You have interchanged all those things, right? were you able to do all this because of the temperature and you gave the change under pressure, okay So this is a perfect physical change It's clear, let's move ahead, next is Look at the chemical classification, the name is useful Mam told me that it means physical, physically I have to do some work, brother, I picked up the gas I put the vessel in the fridge after picking up the water I kept it in my mind that it is physical work and chemical work what is work chemical do something go inside its composition and do something which happens due to chemistry we all know that You call it chemical classification, come on Let us understand that these chemical classifications matter Classified as Pure Substance and In mixtures physical classification we have It was broken down into solid, liquid and gas In chemicals you will break down as a pure substance What are the two things that are end mixtures? Pure Substances and Mixtures Materials found in nature are each a single substance and Consists of too much substance now look friend whatever material we have or so he is single Ma'am you must have put your hand on a sore nerve further on, reduce your emotions a bit or He might be single or he might be with someone You guys must be understanding, hey I know you guys You are understanding it okay but what you need to understand is that too Understand that either he will be found single either he might be found with someone maam what are you saying this is from chemistry have you moved away, is it still in chemistry I will explain it to you, if there is any sample which Contains only one substance any such sub sample that which is made up of just one substance You say pure substance as the name suggests He told me it is pure like ma'am If it is from the heart then it means pure substance which is made up of just one thing there are no impurities in it we can say that's not it bro 10 things like man Look, someone has a heart, now I'm speaking So friend he is a very emotional guy We say that he is a very pure person, friend The poor guy is emotional but he is pure, isn't he? He said he is emotional but at the same time he is very he is a smart guy so what is this this is If the mixture is impure then use it in the same way This is what happens here if any substance is If it is made of cheese then you will call it Pure substance if it is more than one that is, a combination of two or more things if he goes then you will not call him impor it's a mixture what is it it's a mixture from back Sample containing only one substance is called Pure substance sample containing more than one If the substance is not pure then you will call it that Everyone understood this about mixtures The guy is reading what I'm saying You must be reading it, my friend, see, move ahead ok let me tell you one more thing So basically class 11th and 12th which I feel like there is chemistry Meaning a lot of children are totally depressed are in a state that friend this is It is very difficult, we won't be able to do it and it's very boring so I I am teaching this way because I don't want to look into this subject If you think something is boring then it is boring If you want to make her interesting then she will go It will become interesting so consider it interesting If you don't understand this subject any more then I will I will definitely explain it to you, I want to make it interesting This subject in a boring way otherwise If you study then it will be boring after seeing the marks The one that will become meh is not interesting If you find the expression interesting laana hai so you have to make this subject edge an interesting one so or let's do it matter But we came to know that if we use chemical If we do classification then it will be of two types There is one pure substance, there is one Mixtures Let's Know Pure Substances When we talk about pure substance It contains elements and compounds Pure substance consists of two things Elements and Compounds are fine or Mixture which you cannot use without import word Speaking of mixture, there are two types of mixture Mixtures are homogenous mixtures and Heterogenous mixture is one thing I'll tell you more about Let me tell you that the elements are far divided There are three different elements in the three parts are divided into parts Metals Non Metals And Metal ids okay so these are in three types this also There are metals, non-metals and metalloids ok now we will learn about it let's understand both of them in a detail Manner first we will do classification We have classified pure substances in this way did it and we knew that elements will come in it What else will come in it, compounds will come in it, right? Let's understand the elements. What are elements? ma'am it is the same as 118 in the periodic table yes exactly but what is the element in it you define the element as a pure Like substance it is such a pure substance In which there will be atoms of one type, look What did I explain to you about the meaning of pure? When I say pure, it means there is no there are no impurities means there are a lot of them all things are not mixed together then if any material is composed of one type of atom If something is made then you call it pure substance i hope you all know atom Don't say what is happening now, I don't know Atom If you know, you must know this much people atom is a small particle so What is an element? You define the element what do you do this is a pure substance which contains only one kind of atom such that Substance that contains only one method the atoms of are mixed let's understand it with an example Suppose I said hydrogen is an element Hydrogen is an element you will say okay Ma'am hydrogen is an element but hydrogen when will you call it an element because why You are saying this because this hydrogen It is made up of hydrogen atoms Chlorine anywhere in the hydrogen element No, Fluorine No, Sodium No magnesium and so on and so on and so forth Elements saved are none of them This element is made up of similar atoms That means only and only hydrogen atoms it is made from so we called it one of our own element is i hope so element meaning Have you understood? Let's understand the definition once again an element is defined as a Pure substance which contains only one kind of atoms which are one and only N must be made up of many types of atoms Elements Can Neither Be Broken in Too Simple Substance nor Build from the Simpler Substance by any method it is not that you Will you take any element by yourself or You will break it into simple substances, right? you can't break it with any method, okay It is not that hydrogen is an element What do we need in the reaction is hydrogen We need an atom, if we split hydrogen then this can't happen by any method its ok neither Be Broken Into Simple Substance Nor Build from the simpler substances not the element It can be fixed again if you break it If you add something else, it will become an atom and then it will become a compound but what will be the element that will be It will be presented in actual reality, okay That is, which is made up of one type of atom will come to perfect compounds now not good first compounds first We understand classification of elements only So if we classify the elements If you do it then maam has just done it in three types I told you we are one Metals are the gifts our non-metals are metals well it is written here If given then brother metals nonmetals metal ids I think you guys know me Let me explain it to you again, what are metals? which have a positive charge What are nonmetals that have negative valency? The rest of your physical properties are charged How do you define malleability? Metals Are Malleable Metals Have Ductility do you have property right that means they can be Beaten into two thin sheets they are malleable can be converted into wires ductile all this melting happens isn't it biological high happens and so on okay so These are our metals what are nonmetals it is just opposite do they are not a mail able they are not ductile in any of their tensa This sonar does not have much strength Do not show property with unsold A melting bowling point is low So all these things are ours, right? Poor conductor of heat and electricity And metals are good conductors it happens ok there are some exceptions as Well but yes, this is all you need to know that these are our metals and nonmetals what are ids brother which contain metals and Both nonmetals have the property that is metal id as you can see this This red portion in the periodic table all of them are metals you are thinking ma'am you are misinterpreting hydrogen why did you make it blue then look Hydrogen which is present it shows dual nature Dual Character of Hydrogen Hydrogen O He also shows his positive valency It can also be negative i.e. we can say it can act as a metal as well as a nonmetal okay so that's why he is called other wise of blue Blue can show both these properties the portion which is they are nonmetals and which The yellow portion is there are metal ids to When you're moving from metal to nonmetal If there is any interference in it, then whatever changes are there You are coming from metal to non-metal, right? The changes that will come while going towards that side the elements which are in between this transition Some of the elements that are coming in The elements that are called metals ids so when we became metals these are our metals yes it is ok now there is a change in it because nonmetals are going to be here So the elements left in between are metals ids ok they are metal ids mixture of metals and non metals type is happening It's ok here so yes let's move on Now what is a compound in a compound Look, I understood the element, a small element There is one thing in an element and a compound Remember, many people get confused Everyone thinks that the element is pure The compound is a mixture but this is Both are not true pure substances Both of these are pure substances by classification no matter what element you look at whether you look at the compound okay so yes to and more atoms of different elements two or More than two atoms got mixed and different two or more elements matched Atoms of different elements were found and if they are combined together then He made a molecule compound okay i took one molecule of the compound The composition has been formed in Compounds are also pure substances and These contain more than one kind of element Confusion has started, maam please tell me this now You said you must not have got anything, so it is pure Now you must be mixing something in it Understand what I am saying here This is written for fixed proportion It happens and that is why you can also consider it pure Do you count the substance once again Two or more atoms are found different Combine Elements to Form a Compound The molecule has become our compound pure will come into substance because these elements have fixed portion by mass in the compound now if I talk about h2o then it Always in the ratio of 2:1 i.e. 1:8 it will remain in the ratio only because it h2o is in fixed proportion we can convert it to h3o I will not say anything to water, it will remain h2o only in such conditions because Fixed proportion is coming that is why you Remember this also comes in pure substance only If yes then I hope I understood the pure substance There are two types, one is ours elements are our compounds now You will find two types of compounds, either organic compound is obtained either you may not have heard of it or else it may seem like this It doesn't happen that you don't eat outside food Do you eat organic food or outside food? don't apply things on face, apply organic gram flour apply it that is organic so in short it is like this what happens here is not organic Organic means hydrocarbon compounds containing carbon And there will be hydrogen, you will call it organic compounds are hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon And they will be made up of hydrogen B organic compound good only carbon Don't remember, many people think only It is made up of carbon and is organic no yes it is true that the whole you know of carbon you read things in organic but only is made up of carbon so you can Do not forcefully say organic The correct definition is that hydrocarbon it's ok to be made up of something so Compounds Containing Carbon and Hydrogen carbon hydrogen so you can see in the Examples are also carbon and hydrogen mixed together If they are made then they are hydrocarbons and organic These are called organic except organic compounds all the elements all the Compounds Are These Organic Compounds Right Anything other than hydrocarbons All of them are compounds of their own inoffensive So these remaining ones will come under the category The examples are in Gani, now see Carbon dioxide is made up of carbon No, but we did not keep it in organic category I said it is only carbon so don't consider it organic Saying that is not a correct definition There will be hydrocarbons here The slide has also been cleared, let's move ahead. the next slide Yes, now let's come to the mixtures, right? I can understand something from the name of the mixtures To mix something is to be mixed These are mixtures, do you understand what it is? Mixtures So mixtures are not pure substances brother In the first line you are told that What you have just read is pure substance Only that is pure, you can call the mixture pure If you understand then it is not pure, right? We have such confusion in real life it goes away isn't it the emotions are not straight he is a human but he shouldn't be here There should not be pure substance here There are different mixtures There are different mixtures if We talk about mixtures pure substance There are absolutely no two in the mixture Two or more substances are always present would be okay elements and compounds in any way proportion if any It is fixed in proportion There is no proportion, any proportion if I am involved then you call it Mixtures Mixtures Do you understand what this is? It is not a pure substance, it is made from two or more it is made up of many things and here There is no fixed proportion for anyone If anyone gets involved in any proportion then he You say mixtures, mixtures, please give me two There are several types, okay, right now it's a mixture shows the mixture shows the property of its concets mixture which is made from compound mensa will show his property You might have noticed that it wouldn’t have happened, I suppose He said if hydrogen and oxygen are mixed then water will form It is done but water has its own properties It is a compound, isn't it, from which it is made butt not following his property in mixtures mixture shows the property of it consists of ant particles which together mixture will show the property it has been made may be separated into its conciet ants by physical and any of the chemical means you can use it by breaking and joining and doing such and such work you can convert it back into what it was it was already fine there are two types Homogeneous and Heterogenous Now Again In chemistry, if there is a name, then there is work, so homo What does homo mean? It doesn't mean homo. no homo means home no homo means same ok homo means it happens to be beans ok and you guys are geniuses Homogeneous are you looking at how good I have What a nice word it is made by breaking it down so what is homo and hetero What does hetero mean? different hetero means Different is okay so we are one Homogeneous mixture means same mixture And one is heterogeneous i.e. different Now what does same mixture and different mixture mean? No, it is not made from the same things No if through out the mixture same composition same means here if through out the If the mixture has the same composition then it is homogeneous and if there is a difference then that It is heterogeneous. Now understand this a little more. And understand a little bit when I say homogenous mixture these are the mixers which have Uniform composition through out example Sugar in water is okay, I'll explain it to you this is tea tea tea tea tea okay so I said, go ahead son, I'll bring some tea I have come to your house, you topped it Suppose it's okay, I have come home for a visit I said go and get the tea, you brought it I said do this, your tea is not good you have made tea from this take out the leaves then you Will you tell me ma'am then I will say ok that's fine it'll do but sugar There is too much sugar, remove some add-ons I don't want to add milk etc. If you take out the sugar then you will say maam tea Have you had any other drink before this? you guys are saying it was the same thing right so yes So here if I say that its if you separate the particles then you won't be he is able to do that because he is mixed a homogenous mixture has been formed Is it there then the tea you gave me tea leaves sugar milk ginger whatever inside whatever things there are, all of them Mixed and a uniform mixture is formed she took it so they cannot be separated by any of the physical or you can say easy means we can't separate it easily Similarly, sugar in water, salt in water etc All of them are examples of homogenous mixture because in these through Out of the mixture the whole composition is the same If I drink this tea in a cup Should I tell you that there is more tea here and more sugar here There is more ginger here, there is more ginger like this it cannot be through out the composition which it's the same okay particles are everywhere yes it is in an equal amount so this is Homogeneous Mixture Again Homogeneous Mixture It is a mixture whose uniform Composition happens through the whole mixture out like example sugar in water tea salt ind water and so on ok hetero Talk about Janas Mixture just the opposite of Homogeneous mixture hetero means different so These are the mixtures they do not have Uniform composition through out suppose for example sand in water or a very lovely as an example pizza is ok red alch then you guys must have got it ok so pizza that if we talk about it then there is no different different things suppose now you mean i don't know who is how but what about me happens when I go out to eat pizza I will order the one with capsicum but then I remove the capsicum from it, there is a small If a little bit of its flavor comes out then After that it seems useless to me So suppose I told you that it was pizza Now eat whatever someone did to his capsicum Someone has removed the olive from it, right? I removed the olive oil, I would never do that It is very expensive, right? If you remove the onion then what are you doing with it? If you can separate it then what kind of mixture is it It is a heterogeneous mixture right? This is the meaning of homogenous and heterogeneous There is another example of this is water add sand in it okay so that it is a separate It creates a layer and you can separate it from the back You can also do this type of mixtures I Hope you all understood homogeneous hetero Genus homo means same hetero means different Moving Forward Next Is the Properties of Matter will have two types of properties either physical properties or chemical Again you must have understood from the properties name Physical means physical appearance i.e. above It is like looking at this, how does it look like this that kind of properties are physical properties inside it what is that is Chemical properties na so yes so yes jab Even if you make friends, they should be physical Don't make friends by seeing them physically Understand the chemical nature of this thing. It was not just about her appearance I want to know how, I will also give you life lessons In between I move on to physical In properties you can see physical properties you can measure, you can observe without changing the identity and the composition of the substance without changing it at all You can recognize it by looking at it, you can measure it neither is it your physical substance For example density of anything you Can you find out the density or the volume? Melting point, boiling point, all of these Physical are your properties such as you Look, there is an example here, oil If there is water honey then we want to find its density if they are one is denser one is less one is denser one is much less denser then the density We took it out at different levels so this is a physical property of something can we find out by looking, right? we are major can that is a physical property If we come to chemical then the measurement and observation of a chemical property requires a chemical change to akar for that You will have to make some chemical changes you will have to make some changes, only then you You will be able to understand it not by seeing it physically You can understand that you generally cannot do a major like this If you can, you can call it chemical properties i hope physical property and Everyone understood the chemical properties well Know more about chemical properties from here is an example now you can see the flammability Solubility is done, heat from combustion is done You can also use the heat coming out from combustion will you add it here The radioactivity has become typed off Which type of chemical bond is being formed? hey brother now you will know like in any Someone is becoming electrovalent What are the Kovalenko Ordinances of Bond do these also count in this ok or has there been acidity of something or there is basicity If you go, you will not see it immediately Will you tell me that I cannot measure by picking up a scale like this you have to make chemical changes only then you can You will be able to know okay so like doing some combustion yes we have combed it then we will burn it Are you able to do major, so this is what There are properties which we can see from the surface We can't go into its depth You will have to know and there are some changes in it you will have to do them you call them chemical If you are doing property like this generally If you are doing a major then you will tell him Physical Properties for Shore Moving Forward Next is measurement of physical property Now ma'am said physical property is like this Just do the major work for him, right? If you have all the weapons then you can use them as Major If you can then what is the weapon? We need to know if it is physical or not How do you use measurement for properties? what do you do and what else do you use Know the International System of Units you use it means what you call it You use SI units, okay now? SI system is a modification of metric system and has seven and has 777 base Units Pertaining to the Seven Fundamentals Scientific quantities seven units you You have to remember one marking very well I ask you this question Let us understand these first. What is Length Length is a physical The property you can sell is physical property So you can also find out the length in that Length has become one way of measuring it Can you find out the length? Meter is its unit. it happens in abbreviation, you write it in it m mass is how much you can calculate from kilogram to kilogram Is it SI unit or not? Unit of mass is gram also but you are talking about SI unit okay so kilogram you can change it from KG to KG You denote time in seconds You count it and note it down If we talk about the amount then the price now What is this value ma'am, we will read about it later Because it asked a lot of questions If we go, we will discuss about it now we will do this you note it down from MO okay then temperature so i still remember there I was a student, so I read something one day so I installed a unit mole six Mol Ao would say that maam what is the problem you also write thi, you mean it so much why were you lazy so the thing is his si it becomes unit if you remove e from it so that is it's SI unit okay means thats right this is the abbreviation okay so yes that is not laziness yes we can say that The person who made the unit must have been lazy so yes this is ao temperature you kelvins I count from K, everyone will know what is 273 degrees in kelvin sorry If you add 273 to any degree So he turns into Kelvin, guess? I told him it was 5 degrees Celsius. If you want to convert it to Kelvin then what If you do that, you will add 273 to it, okay, so 278. he will come so that is it what do you say him si unit so yes let's next is You can denote electric current in amperes. you can measure with amperes and MP is its unit luminous intensity which you use with candela candela its unit whose short form is is it CD or you can its abbreviation Or you can call it a symbol, it denotes CD ho you so yes so these are seven units that can measure physical properties remember this very well because These are SI units and whenever you If you ask any question then you should solve it with these This is the formula for units, use it I have to do it, okay, moving forward Next slide is about fundamentals Droid Units The units you just viewed Neither are those fundamental units among them Something is fine, understand fundamental units good Let us understand a little about the name again I am not able to understand the fundamentals of this name ma'am We are not able to understand anything from this You're my student's next fear What does units derive mean? You have to become something by meeting someone or come from somewhere that is afraid if it is derived from this Droid unit means the fundamental They have come from this unit, they are Droid units The fundamental unit is the base unit from which you can not do you know form by yourself end derived units from that fundamental unit They are made together, understand the fundamentals units are independent units I am independent and don't depend on anyone I haven't met anyone yet, okay it's off Measurement and Dividing Units are the Combination of these fundamental units if you If you add the fundamental units then You say that it will come as a unit Derive fundamental units as I said We cannot derive the fundamental unit he is already present he is already you no has been made and given to you you can do it again After that the units you are making from those units ho that are scared units okay so The fundamental unit remained the same – the kilogram It's done, it's meter, isn't it a centimeter? All these units are of your length the unit is done now, whatever you have done You have read all those units in the previous one, right? All you can do is get fundamental units that's the seven okay now the dry units You know, like suppose area has become area Now what is area? Area is length if it is into breath then compare the length with breath Multiply is the unit of length The unit of area breath is meter It becomes a meter square so what is this this is a droid unit because this is our It is made up of fundamental units Fundamental unit i.e. meter * meter We had to read this, what happened to this One of our Droid units has become perfect Volume area into height or bolo length natu length into length hai na to cubic meter Done Cubic Meter or Cubic Centimeter It is possible that this is also a derivative if you talk about the density it has been done second is the third is the density mass upon Volume density is mass we read It is a kilogram or a mass upon volume is what volume you need in terms of liters If you can, buy it in kilograms per cubic meter isn't it or if you are buying in litre then in that you can take it so that is volume velocity that if you talk about velocity Ofcourse it is equal to displacement mass * time you do sorry length * Time is what you do, time is ever sorry my bad my bad m * second ever so Basically it is meter/second sorry length a a Whatever distance you have travelled, the time taken in it when you divide from that is Basically your velocity is meter per second Here is the momentum per meter per second that if you talk about kilogram meter The second one is coming so what is all this It is derived, you can see the acceleration second square is coming on meter then this What is a meter? It is a fundamental unit What is a second? It's a unit of time, right? These are being formed by combining fundamental units Something is forming from the combination of both that is known as your dried unit so you can C Further Further Force Pressure Energy Surface Everyone's units are written here in front of you. Isn't it true that remember the force is Newton? is it right and yes there is pascal of pressure So you will remember these few units extra. Always move forward, next is something Your Prefix and SI Units Multiple Times In SI units we use pr It has to be done because the powers are coming It's too much isn't it? 10 to the power -3 is here 10 to the power 3 something came up for this we use one prefix for all You don't have to learn much but you have to learn a lot They are important and there is a trick here too I have created a way for you to learn you can do it, okay so suppose you see it first First it happens, ta, zeta, exa, now what is all this By the way, all this is very useful in you. It is not there which is used much will mark them out ok then yes for now Ta means power of 10 is 24 or you denote it as jata meaning write z two 10's to the power is 21 okay actually it's jata pronunciation jata is of course jata whatever you use this is zeta okay Then one is 10 to the power 18 peta is 10 to the power 15 Terra is 10 to the power 12 Gaga is 10 to the power 9 Mega is 10 to the To the power 6 kg is 10 to the power 3 this one is important kilo is 10 to the pa 3 ok infact mega is also important 10th 6 to the power but hecta hect is 10 to the pa 2 deca is 10 to the power 1 deci is 10 to the power Power-1 Maximum Number of Times Deci I all get converted and get confused They do not convert, so for that you Remember it is 10 to the power - not 1 one it is 10 to the power -1 is ok centi Ofcourse very important 10 to the power -2 A Next Is Milli 10 To The Power -3 Micro 10 to the Power-6 Nano 10 to the Power-9 Very Very Very Important Nano do you convert something into power of 10 -9 has to be done right for you pico is 10 to the power 12 a fameo is 10 to the power -1 atto is 10 to the power -1 zepto is 10 to the power -21 and yet is 10 to the power - 24 Some units are very important those whom I have shown with the arrow Too much is asked and this questions also come okay so yes this Is prefix in SI unit prefix Whatever seems to happen first, we move on to the next is Uncertainty is ours, uncertainty is ours What do you do many times, you are doing some major there are in it Uncertainty so for this you need two terms we have to know that one is ours Accuracy is one thing, precision is another thing Not much in precision and accuracy I am confused ma'am what is this what is precision what is accuracy Understand when we talk about precision So the precis describes what happens How Close the Different Measurements of Given quantity agree with the other one ok Accuracy is the close of a single Measurement of a single measurement to its I did not understand the true value Tell me if you don't understand anything They tell me to wait a little, be patient, so see red color se na maine hindi version It is written down, which you must remember for now Do you know the basics, what do I suppose happens? He said I measured the length of something I told you I know it is coming to 4 centimeters. If the centimeter is coming then you will say this her truth happened The value is okay, I measured it So if I measured the length, I said you know it is coming to 4 centimetres so the length I've told you now it's not like I If you told me something wrong, it will be correct, only then will you speak If she looks at something of 4 cm, If it is length then you are telling it to her that it is hers true value is okay general of something if the length is 4 cm i it could be anything 3 4 5 and so on so on I have a let's assume the XY root value okay so that What is our true value now? What is accuracy Accuracy means How close is the value to the true value? What did Bamne say? Accuracy means true Getting the value close to the value is accuracy That means maam, suppose your value is 3.9 3.99 so this is your accuracy value you can know about accuracy Why will it come in A portion because this is true See how close it is to the value, right? this is accuracy precision kya hota hai Now pressure means same among themselves Value Aana Four people took out the value Four students went and did value measurement he has one maiden 3.8 one body 3.7 one body 3.5 Come on only three people can come here So only three people have come, okay so what is this is due to their closeness with each other if they are close to each other then what is this it's done it's done Preseason ok here it is preseason again from what is the true value the true value is that Value is what actually means something We have measured and found out which is the real one has a value that is a true value if that If any value close to true value is received then that is accuracy and if a lot of people The closure came in the answers of that value is true It is not close to the value but four people You can find the answer which is close to yours. You say Precious, let us understand an example are you guys still going to remember me How will you remember me? Give me an example I will give it to you okay so precision And let us understand an example of accuracy Suppose Ramesh Suresh Mohit Rakesh are watching Some students from Shash came to us okay so here we have four students There is one thing I said, suppose it is well written here we have guessed something true value three was coming three something that the true value was coming okay now Ramesh Suresh, Rohit and Rakesh, this looks like that No, the one with Hema, Rekha, Jaya and Sushma no then just accept that if you people are like this then Round one happened, the output of these people came in people did measurements with a you can When the value came, Ramesh calculated the value as 2.8 Suresh took 2.91 Rohit took 3.01 and Rakesh took out 2.90 ok then In the second round we said that we will come back with one more If you calculate the bar then in round two The output was 3 and the second one was 2.90 Third came for 2.99 and fourth came for 3.10 I want to tell you, let's find out the meaning too We have found their mean value, right? The value 2.9 2.90 3 and 3 is our mean The value is here, okay, now we know it What is precision and accuracy if we pressa is talk is it pressa yes or no Let's see 2.80 came and 3 came preseason What does preseason mean It happens that we want to get close to each other Let's see in the preseason, let's see each other How close is the answer then you can see it 2.80 2.91 3.1 3.01 and 2.90 in this if we If you see, our mean is coming to be 2.9 There is closeness between them, look carefully 2.8 came, it became 2.9, then it became 3.1 again 2.9 how close is the relationship between you two there is not much closeness so this is not process next dekho 2.91 2.90 2.90 Are there some closure between them? hey yes there is closeness coming in this so yes this is preseason this is not this is not Look at the next value 3.01 2.99 3 What Is there closure in the press there is absolute closeness we can see that so yes this is also a pressa is unit next Let's see, it became 2.90, then 3.10 and then Is it three or is the closeness too much? I did not come so this is not a process When we talk about accuracy, we mean Who watches Precious from True Value has nothing to do with the true value But we find true value in accuracy have to see let's see the accuracy 2.9 aa and these three are coming a little farther right 2.90 5 and this three again a little bit this I couldn't get too close so these are not Accurate is accurate or not accurate meaning is closeness to the true value okay Next is three and three of course three and three are very close If there is a direct answer then that is its accuracy There will be confusion here, confusion here maam it comes 2.90 199 something also It may actually be accurate but understand this 2.9 something like 8 happened or not, this happened If you have such values then you can check its accuracy I can count but if it's only 2.9 It is written 90 or something small like that. If there is value then you call it pressure So it could be meaning ofcourse depending on Are the values coming from others or from each other? what is coming in but this is in accuracy It will not count so this is the preseason end Moving Forward Examples of Accuracy with the next slide next is scientific notation okay let's understand now let's see Sign notations actually these are very useful for you you do it easily now what do you want to keep here I suppose I told you 0.00001 so this is zero zero which is our There are too many zeros attached If we have to do this in short form So we come to scientific notation Understand, understand and understand about it Understand so scientific notation is a way of expressing numbers these numbers are way to express what is it it is the way of expressing numbers numbers is a way to express that are to large which is very big now I have two I will not ask for scientific notation 0.0000 can I ask about 00002 which is very It has great value, isn't it? can you remove the scientific notation ok So scientific notation is a way that you you express the numbers which are very There are big numbers or very They can be small or very small too ma'am Very small means one ma'am zero not very small means suppose you can say 5 up to a 100 zeros, so many zeros are there so that is also very small value ok so you can can either have a very large value or a very If the value is small then for that you Do you use scientific notations? so yes like you can say 10 to the power-8 So that's a very small value, right? do you use it for that also b a to Why use it to be convenient written in a decimal form so that the smaller Convert it to decimal form in a convenient way Just write it like I said 99.8 * 10 10 To The Power Mine Not Exactly Right Now don't remember gravity then you people You will feel that mom's value is small, suppose I said 3 * 10^-8 meters per second So this is -8 or else 31010 to the pa 8 meet But in both cases 10 is in power 8 times From zero you can get 1 in 10 to 1 in 10 10 time 0 or 8 time 0 or something upon 8 times 0 should be applied, this is very small or very big If the value is large then we can change it to -8 or If you are only doing a show by doing eight then what is this did we give it a shorter form remember It is ok to do this, it will be easy for us too In writing we will now write 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I wrote something like this, three, so this is a lot Is it a very time taking process or not then 3 / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 so instead of this we We can write 10 to the power 8 or -8 When you write it down in that way, it will be Our method is to write in scientific notation ok so since i have to do so what would you require Written Out in an Inconvenient Long string of digits okay now this This is the formula of how you write remember the rest of the blue line right now Let me explain, you will write n * 10 to the power n This is how you take notes n10 to the power n this capital n is this lies between 1 to 10 not the small n small n could be anything naa positive negative something It could be any value Is But if we are talking about capital n then one Its value will be from 10 to 10 hey now look now suppose I give you an example I gave it to you that 27 it is written 27 I guess You may be seeing 27 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 0 is marked, the point is marked like this, so okay If you have seen such a question 27600 00 if you see a question like this Now we know by looking at it that we it has to reduce its zeros to reduce What to do and more to do Understand this blue line and what to do for it The decimal moves left if you want to round the decimal If you are moving on the left side then always use power There is an increase, suppose 2 points If I have written something then I have to leave that decimal at the left You have to move to the side, this will be the left side If you want to move to the left side then its power Decimal will increase, power will move to left side Decimal will increase, right side move will decrease power This will happen by moving the decimal to the right side move the decimal to the left side You are doing it, let's suppose your power will increase This is the question, there are 10 units here 10 units towards the left side if we move then 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 That means we have to make something two point hey Maam why are you making 27 points? I had to make it but what did maam tell me The value of Kapil n should be between 1 to 10 If you want 27 then the value is more than 10 It should be less so we chose only two It's done here, okay, so we chose two. do i have to put points here I counted brother 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 then 10 more values are written so I told him I said Write down 2.76, you have taken all these values I converted zeros into powers So this is your value, okay we left Look, I moved to the side, that's why I don't have any power Increase seen increasing while moving right power always goes down let's understand the one on the right side too 0.0007 what we need to do is we need to multiply n * 10 by n Now we have to convert it to power n, what is n I mean brother, look, I don't agree with 3 or Sen Ro. can be between one to 10 right 73 Take it ma'am be careful if you say this 73 cannot be from one to 10 ki value le diya we can choose three only ok i took three in the middle I put a point I put a point now go ahead Let's see what the value is, ma'am 7.3 I have taken it, right? Yes, son, take the 7.3 now look what is it 1 2 3 4 5 five There are five zeros, we move to the right when we were writing So we have to move the value to the right side I had to go to the right side because the value of n was coming from there so the the power will always decrease so this the power of minus will come to five so it will be negative The notation is moving to the right negative export and if moving to the left then If there is positive export then it is a basic The way to use Scientific Notation you can do major, okay you must have understood my Think carefully about why it is used and how it is used moving forward next is significant figures this is very it is important isn't it very important in the I feel like this is a very cute concept due to which a question arises then we have to solve it You don't have to leave it, if you leave it When it comes, it does not happen that one searches for each one Will you beat me? I have to answer this correctly. I mean I don't want to leave you at all the rest may not actually do the wrong thing no let's come here scientific After notations, next is significant figure significant figure in a number is the Whose sum is equal to me, sum is certain digits one uncertain digit or what you You also say doubtful digits, that too here It may be present, understand it through an example 25.6 Suppose This is your certainty here Value certain digit this is doubtful Digit or you can also call it uncertain value If you can, then when you see their smoke, what do you think? You have written 25.6, this is a summation Na 25.6 Two things meet three things it is made together actually so here is one The value is 25 and there is a six after the point the value containing and the value before the point So this is about certain and uncertain things yes mam it is made together so you can have such a figure You say that it is significant, actually its rule It happens, suppose I told you how many There are significant figures, let's go for 3 seconds tell me inside 1 2 3 i hope so you told yourself You must have told me so there are three in it There are significant figures, three is okay but How do we find out about this? For this, there are some rules let's understand The Rules to Determine Significant Figures The first rule says rule number one rule number one all the non zero digits are significant Never write any value that has If it is not zero, then brother, it is Significantly confirmed ma'am example suppose i say 2.98 7 is such a significant figure because there is not a single zero in it All the values are significant so total four If there are values then here four significant You have figures and can you take some other example? Let's take it Let's assume I told you that 63 989 89 suppose I wrote anything, it's okay so 2 3 4 5 6 7 because there are seven values and if there is not even one zero then all seven are Those who are ours will become significant 2 3 4 5 6 say yes all of them are Significant to know here significant figures are there you can say rule number one clear all the non zero digits r What does Significant Rule Number Two say? ending jaros listen carefully ending jaros In the Right of the Decimals Are Significant Figures if a zero comes at the end And after the decimal point, that's the last one, meaning It's not just that he's coming in last There are two conditions, any zero which is a decimal place it is later and it is always in the end Significant will be the ending zeros in the right of the decimals are significant figures on the right side of the decimal point and it is at the end, then it You say that those are our significant zeros here for example a 5 6.0 is a zero at the end followed by a decimal In this you will count this as significant and Of course non zero would be significant So here are the overall three significant figures are done okay so ending zeros right of the decimals are counted are considered as a significant figure Moving forward next is the third rule all the Zeros between two non-zero digits or between two significant digits are always What does significant mean ma'am suppose it is I said two we have values and There is a value in between which is The values are right corner and left corner in both of them are significant ma'am how Only the above two rules will be significant Understand it friend, it is simple, either it is non zero or So if the ending is zero then it is significant So the values in between will always be Suppose the example will become significant I told you 500 x 7 is it okay or you tell me okay let's take it so what is this this is a significant value Both have significant value is significant because it would be non-zero if the first one is significant then the middle one too If it becomes significant then it will happen here also Overall there are three significant figures and one Take the example, you suppose I said 2.0 2 0 take this then look at this The ending is significant right off the Decimal is always significant right? The two values in between are If it becomes significant then it is here Overall four significant figures are okay There are total four significant figures if I said and then you can say all the Zeros any zero is the thing about zero here She said, I took two and you take zero also You can, you could have written it here as well Even if it is 0 2 then there are four significant There are only figures because this is what it is significant this is also significant beach even the zeros will become significant come on So let me go back to all the zeros in between two non zero digits are always significant actually has two non zeros instead of you can also write between the two Significant Figures Two Significant the values in between or the zeros which they are always considered significant the next initial zeros are not significant suppose i told you a 0 A F So there is only one significant figure This is a significant figure, it is non-zero The one with 0.005 would have been the same If there was a significant figure then if the initial it is zero, it is starting zeros, so that Exactly are not significant numbers have infinite figures now if I I told you that to How many significant figures are there in bottles So this is the exact number and the exact number I have infinite figures so I said two bottles and two books na five balls 10 You Can Say Lights Anything Anywhere of this thing so what will you say in this Number of significant figures in it suppose to bottles to bottles then it will consist of Too significant a figure, it will not consist of infinity It is ending with zero but that zero is a decimal if it is not placed after then it is significant it won't happen for example i told you 2 0 0 How many significant figures are there in this ma'am Not three, actually there is one but Both of these are not significant because The ending is definitely there but they are not right to the decimal so there is only one significant If the figure present is clear then this thing I think everyone must have understood it too power of 10 is in significant means I I told you 210 to the power of 8 is ok 310 to power 8 meter per second speed we are straight 310 power on 8 meters Seconds so this is 10 to the power 8 significant There is not only one value here There is one significant figure only ok i understood it , significant Meaning significant and non significant significant in significant, tell me friend I'm not an English teacher so whatever yes brother did you understand the meaning of significant You can determine with the Hog Rules are you significantly bored are you bored You drink some water friend, I have a glass It's not okay but you can drink a glass of water. hi let's move ahead next questions let's do it if you're bored Ask questions whenever you feel bored Do it, if you ask a question then what will happen to it It doesn't happen, no one is giving any motivation If you get bored with it then what happens is that it takes a little bit and then rest If you can do it and then come back then it will be like this goes ok as i said jokes chokes Sometimes there is a class of 2.34 1 let's go Let's see our 2.34 1 in questions Tell me how significant figures they all are All of them are non-zero brother, ma'am told me all of them are non zero so all of them Significant, should I directly write this? I will do this, I will write it above, its ok have you to tell me your number Off Significant Figures ok count the number of significant Figures are ok how many are visible here I saw four brothers 2.10 * 10 to the power 5 Look at this, it cannot be significant There is no one with powers 2.10 2 so There is one but is there zero or no ending there is zero after the point yes this If it comes in significant then you will say three Significant figure is 6.95 43 any Ofcourse all of them did not seem zero If it is significant then there are five values 10.00 7 Dekho One Significant is Seven The middle sign is significant if two If you talk about the significant ones then everyone everything becomes significant then that too so this is significant 2 3 4 5 five ok here let's see starting zero is Not Significant Ending Zero to the Right of the decimal is always significant ok So this will be significant, it will be five it will happen because it is a non zero digit Whether the starting point has two zeros or not not ok look starting zero are non significant yes if there is any value here If it had been there then the zero in the middle would have been significant It could have happened because that rule comes into effect nothing between two significant is always significant but it is not here so that both will not be counted so there are only two values which are significant five balls now of course this is a ah normal The number is done, right? Keep the direct value We've seen infighting can't figure out what's okay 800 Now how many significant figures are there in this is this yours Don't let your homework be so easy I will not give you homework, give me one homework already I am done, so there is already one here This will be considered a significant figure of mine why is he dancing so much why is this one dancing hey hey hey hey hey hey there is only one significant figure okay there is only one significant figure because brother There are ending zeros but they are after the decimal point no so they are not significant moving Forward next is rounding off now brother In maths you often read round off you will read the same value here also When we talk about round off, if the most The right digit is five, look I am one I will explain this directly with an example We will not read so much, we should have understood it first yes I will read it then, okay let's take it For example I said 2 p a 2.22 An example is this: there is a 2 p or here write it on it do this 2.23 okay then 2 39 okay then the third one is 2 p 2 p a 2 5 and the next value is 2 p 35 i These four values gave you the round off of this it's okay to understand from this let's understand first Look at the value, suppose I have to round off I have to bring two significant figures to Round off to a significant figure ok i told you round off to a significant figure ok let's see let's see so most First two significant i.e. 2.2 now What needs to be done if you round off to fives If the value is less than then there is no If rounding off is correct then the answer will be 2.2 correct is rounded off because when there are less than five If the value would have been equal to this then it would have been rounded off no ok done 2.39 5 plus greater than f Next one will be added and it will round to 2.4 it is off right if it is less than five then you If there is any point in rounding off then you No changes need to be made as it is Write down the value as many significant figures as you want You have been asked if the value is more than five if it is then you put 'v' in the prefix or Speak it out Presidia is when the confusion begins So if there is a five and there is an even before the five If the value comes then keep it as it is if you keep it as it is then the answer will be 2.2 if There is a five and an odd value comes before it so you will do + 1 then this will become 2.5 this It happens round off ok now listen maam Now understand what he said brother if it is the most right Digit is greater than fi if someone is right Digit which is more than five is the proceeding number is increased by 1 before that write the number by adding one okay if the The rightmost digit is less than five if right Proceeding number whose digit is less than five is written as it is note kar do if the most The right digit is five if there is only five digits then the proceeding number is not changed that it won't change if it is an even number So that won't change if it's an even number if the number before it is even then It will not change but it is increased by one If it is an odd number but one will be added If it is an odd number then simple rounding It goes off, you can understand this from these four examples only You can, okay, it's done, let's move on comes under the Laws of Chemical Combination We understand some loss and after that a little bit And a little bit remained, meaning as much as I taught This is what is meant by as much and a little It's been so long since I saw you, my friend You have to understand how much time has passed since this thing Baba, it is not showing time in this it's been an hour, look it's looking very good Your one shot will be done soon, you are not tensed don't take it, it's one shot and it ends in one shot I will finish it, trust me I guarantee You guys, I am not a false Surjit I am not a liar Tapur I am actually very Honest person, slowly slowly you people Please understand that this is also not a joke come on this law of chemical combination Let's understand what happens in this and who is who lodges come from okay so chemical reactions So it happens in chemistry, brother. On whose basis does this happen According to the lodge this is happening at some lodge It means if you say hydrogen plus Oxygen forms water, I suppose I said Hydrogen plus oxygen formed water I became the water that became water This water which is formed must have some law in it There must be some law only then hydrogen and oxygen It means that you are getting it through some law There must have been a reaction, any of the reactions There seems to be some law going on in it Only then would that reaction be following these laws are being proceeded You talk about the law of chemical combination The law which is required for combining There is the law of chemical combination, you know it all I want to know the Six Laws of Chemical Combination Number one is the law of conservation of mass Law of Definite and Constant Proportion Law law of multiple proportions recipe Procal Proportion Law of Combining volumes and avo g drose law so if you If you are an ICSE student then study these two I love IS ICSE student what is the reason mam because i am the same I am also one of them, that's why yes Actually look, this is not any discrimination yes but actually this is very true that Books for ICSE students They become a little older even in 10th They come and that's why be afraid 11 12 So everyone thinks so but there are many such terms which the ISC students studied extra you guys know more than me There will be more CBSE students than CBSE I have studied a little bit of ICSE Because in their books they told him from 9th to 10th It is only explained to us that look at your eyes, brother It's not easy to open it but you guys have to Lal you know what do you say Lal Dulal what They say they treat him like a barber 10 I would have been a very small ICSE kid yes there are small kids of CBSE he is told hey son no one no one I want to read a little bit, read a little bit If you want to leave a little, leave it a little like this It happens again with CBSE people they are woken up with a slap I woke up in 11th and read the whole book, so little Are you people being tortured or are you sleeping yes so those are six types of loss each One by one we understand the first law Your favorite law which you all like very much yes that is the first law the law of conservation of Mass is the eternal law which you read It seems that the rest of the laws are also easy hoga let's see sola chemical or sorry law of The first law of chemical combination is Conservation of Mass Mass remains unconserved Mass is always conserved in a chemical reaction it remains conserved means ma'am means It remains as it is, it increases or decreases no it remains the same ok understand In a physical or chemical change any In a physical or chemical change, the total mass which the product is always equal to is the total mass of the reactant means if I said a + b is matching c + t so the time of its mass and whatever the amount of its message will be It will always be equal, this is the law of conservation of mass means the second definition is a don't write matter here, write mass Mass can neither be created by the draw navigator Count it and its mass will be 32 + 12 only that is 44 isn't it 44 and this also comes as 44 so Look, the mass of both is coming out equal then the mass of the reactant is It is about the product, it always comes equal to ok then this law is due to e = mc1 You can eat little by little and it has some limitations They are coming but yes, you don't need it that much right now If you want to know then you can say that sometimes so that my ring can be shared with you people It should be highlighted if you buy a new one now then you no it gets a little bit physical and chemical change if you are doing total mass of the product equals total mass of The Reactant's okay so this is our Simple and basic law of conservation of mass So the mass remains conserved in any Perfect in a chemical reaction let's rest So you can take any other examples Look brother the answer is just this that the reactant The mass of and the mass of the product are equal If it is the first law then this is the second law But we come in seconds, our law is of Let's take definite or constant proportion Let's understand from the name Again Definite and What does constant mean? It means same It's the value will remain the same, nothing will change What is happening is that the value is not the same, it is definite value is constant we can say that then What does this mean and what is in this law it happens let's understand this again Let us understand the examples, then the definitions etc. keep reading okay so I have three called the students ok there are three students called one two three ok i told all three of them to drink water Okay, bring it, he told all three of them to bring water okay so there were three students our three The students said, ok maam, it is okay, name it Give Into Pintu Chintu look because my name is strange then I see others names also as strange I want it I like it very much Strange names, okay so I kept three names So I gave it to the three of them - Intu, Pintu, Chintu He said, brother, go and get some water, okay? so into is like into is very into a Purity and you can so he said maam It is very good to take our aromatic water We will come, okay Pintu said no Bhai, we drink the normal tap water I will bring it and Chintu told maam Who knows if some maam's name is strange then maam If madam's choice is also strange then it is gone Is it okay to take water or river water? Three people brought water, now three people brought water bring water what is h2o water is what h2o now intu pintu chintu bhai their water There might be changes in the test which we It might seem a bit salty or a bit salty We feel like drinking water or filtered water But after testing, the composition of all three is What is there is definite, it is constant, that is that when we look at h2o there will be two Times of Hydrogen and Oxygen our age is 16 so ratio is 1:8 and this Ratio can be either Intu or Pintu Chintu bhai we can see in anyone's name Ratio will remain same and you can say constant So here also the ratio would be 1:8 here also 1:8 and here also it will remain 1:8 only so this 1:8 ratio is we can say constant also you can say it is definite ok so there is a simple law that says that brother no matter what is the source where does it come from It doesn't matter that it is being brought up it will just mean that whatever you When you calculate the ratio, its ratio is always will the constant come or you can of course a the same will come ok definitely it will come let's read it out a chemical come a chemical compound always contain the same elements and there Proportion by mass is always definite and What is Constant saying about this law? A chemical compound always contains the same elements hoga and its j you proportion by mass Look, we have also seen meat, right? We have determined that there is a mass of oxygen there 16 and hydrogen has one two times if there was hydrogen then we would have multiplied it by 12 which is so it is always definite or This law will remain constant, Proust told you. okay so into Pintu Chintu's You can always remember this by example are moving forward with the third law law of Multiple Proportion Let's understand the Law of Multiple Proportion means multiple things At least someone here understood this much of a compound, so here of an element There is no point in talking about it here, right? Let's understand what this suppose is. Suppose I told you to kill off multiple Proportion means two elements Combine When to Combine Elements to form two more compounds if two combining elements together to form two or more Are you making more compounds than this? it could be possible absolutely it could be for Example: Carbon combined with oxygen dioxide is also formed and carbon It also forms monoxide, an example of this So there will be many questions in your final exam. asked what happens with nitrogen Nitrogen is combined with oxygen to form four or five types of compounds can be made, right? no2 n2o 3 and so on so on okay so this types of compounds then it can form two or more than two elements combined together or by forming more than two compounds are then the different mass of one element which will be the different mass of an element which combining with the same mass of others You can calculate the element by a simple whole number ratio can you define what it means Let's understand with an example suppose Carbon meets oxygen and then carbon again Once carbon met oxygen it formed carbon dioxide and carbon once created monoxide is fine how much is the mass of carbon it is 12 mass of oxygen is 16 and here also it is 16 okay so here what is carbon is 12 32 and what is here Is 12:1 ok look what he's saying Elements Combining two elements to form two and more compounds with two elements combining two or more There can also be formation of compounds it's been ok now then the different mass of One element, any one's mass look different You can get oxygen from 16 and 32 it's different which is combining with the same mass of other element this mass which is this if it is same then the two months are different and the two The mass is the same, so when you see its ratio If you take it out, it will come in a whole number ratio So if I do 16 32 this is 1:2 so This is a simple whole number ratio again Understand this law, if two elements are mixed together combining two or more compounds If you are making it then take two elements one or the other which will have different mass and the rest Whoever is there has the same mass then combine with the other mass whose mass is different different masses combine with the elements which has the same mass so whatever your ratio is in it The different ones will come, they are always simple Whole number ratio will come as simple whole number ratio I think you know what happens 1:2 It's 2:3, 1:4, right, up to five Living up to Value Is a Simple Whole Number Ratio okay so yes so this is what you call it Your law of multiple proportions works like this: it just happens that there is an element that is two or would have been forming more than two compounds ok there will be two types of elements Why am I saying this here Why am I highlighting this because next In the next law there are more than two If elements are present then in this I am also highlighting this law to us dalton gave it john dalton okay so This is the law of multiple proportion ok let's read it again Let's combine two elements to form a More Compounds Combining Two Elements are forming two or more compounds there are different masses of one element which combine with the same mass of other The element bears a simple whole number ratio to one another is ok so this is the law of multiple Proportion is the next law of recipe too much in this proportion There is confusion now it is explained very well It is okay to understand, again let's take an example Suppose I said sulfur oxygen hydrogen okay here both of them are together we will combine and they will form sulphur dioxide let's understand this law now Suppose when two elements a and b are given by a and b Two elements are combining separately and making the third element c to element a and b combine separately with the Sorry combining it with the third element if with the c then the ratio of a and b will be of the message which is combining with the Same mass of sea will be a simple multiple Ratsho you guys did not understand this Let me explain it with definitions, I suppose said a and b are combining a and b with the same mass of c ok a and b Separately combining S with A and B is separately combining with C A and B separately combine with the third element c then the ratio of the mass of a and b which would be the ratio and mass of a and b which is combined with the third mass third Bur a simple multiple ratio with mass is fine so if I look at this it's coming 2:3 which is you can say 1 a 16 right and This will be 1:8, so this is our ratio Now you are coming, if you look further, what is written is if a and b combine together now if a and Combine a and b with each other If you combine them together then this too is something Someone must be making a compound as well must be making a compound, let's find out its ratio too Let's find out what the ratio will be Sulfur is 16 sorry sulfur is 32 and oxygen is also 32 this is It is 1:1, right? Its ratio is coming to 1:1, so if a and b combine together they will react in the same and in simple multiple of the sum ratio so if you look at the ratio of this If you look at the ratio of 1:1 1:8 then that equal to this i.e. 1:1 now if you buy this If you calculate the ratio then this whole thing will be a Simple whole number ratio will give this is no Known Age Law of Recipe Procal Proportion Let's go back to understanding when two elements a and b are two elements were separately combined one was a was b separately these people combined c He combined these elements separately from What is the ratio of the element containing c to the mass of a and b then the ratio will be the mass of a and b which is combining with A beer with constant mass c will have a Simple Multiple Ratio A Simple Multiple Ratio must be making it as you can see in this example also react in the now if an and b Combine them together and find out its ratio also can you right its ratio 1:1 and write it like this 1 16 / ba is 1:8 so this is 8 * 2 16 So how much will this cost, this will be 1:2 right 1 2 comes here so this is a simple ratio aaya yes ma'am now if a and b combine together If a and b are combined together They will react in the same and in simple Multiple ratio with the above ratio i.e. If you find the ratio of this and that now it is 1/ 1 and 1/2 so how much will it come on to oo It will go 2:1 so look this is also a simple hole The number ratio has arrived one last time I will see this I will define you in a very simple way walk if a and b look they will stand here hmm if a and b are combining with c okay one is combining them separately I don't care about the other one right now brother A C combined with b combined with c separately okay so what happened here third Now he has combined it with the elements If we are saying that when we calculate their ratio If you calculate it then a simple ratio is coming out which we have taken out 1:2 okay brother This thing is confirmed now see if I He said that if I combine them together If I give it, then some proportion will definitely come from these too will come, we have found out their ratio The ratio came to 1:1 Now if I multiply this ratio by and what we have of the rest The ratio was calculated between the two If I calculate it, it will be a simple whole number ratio it must have been as you can also see so it is 2:1 which is a simple whole number ratio then this The way its value comes from is here Always remember more than two things the elements are presented as we What were you looking for in multiple proportions There were two elements that were making things happen and There were more than two compounds here You can have more than two elements You will always get at least three compounds from we will see okay so this is your law of RECIPE PROCESS IT IS EQUIVALENT You also say proportions is the next law our gaylo sex law it is you law of Law of Combining Volumes or the Law of Gaseous of course you can say so this is gayle sax law or you can also say it law of combining Volumes Let's understand this, look at this law So brother it is very simple as I said that if You have become an ICSE student, have you studied? This will happen in class 10th, let's understand it When Gases React They Do So In Simple Ways Multiple Ratio Let me tell you one thing, this You can only use law on gases A works means any solid or liquid It does not mean only gaseous state I feel that this law is there and It will not be imposed in any state, so when Gases react so in simple multiple Ratio Whenever a gas reacts, it She is reacting fine in simple rash is of volumes in terms of volumes and if the product formed is also gaseous assume that the product came as Ours is also gaseous, so whatever You must have taken out the volumes, all of them are one Simple whole number ratios will be formed provided all the volumes are measured at Understand the same temperature and pressure again In the same temperature and pressure if we If you want to find out the volume of gases then the reactant We added gases in it and suppose the product I also came as a gas, okay so their The volume that will be produced is always a simple There will be number ratio, you must be thinking ma'am if If gaseous state is not formed in the product then You can also just talk about reactants. okay you can go ahead but remember one thing You have to keep the temperature and pressure the same can't change other than course The values will change, okay Applicable on gaseous only suppose for For example, I separated hydrogen from oxygen. It was combined and water was produced, now you will say Ma'am water has become a liquid state but we You know, water can also be vaporized Isn't it present in the Vapors category as well? If possible then let's take the gaseous and suppose H2 one is in gaseous state o2 is in gaseous state and it became water which again became gaseous h2 and o2 are in the same state when we When combined, its volume came to 2:1 Where did I see the volume next to this You can call it stock metric by value, right? You can tell the value of coffee in future can you okay so you called it volume okay here so two and one came to h2o When you have balanced, basically balancing The value I am investing is your volume She is doing a show here and this too has come Look at its ratio, what is coming 2:1 2 is it a simple whole number ratio yes it is the ratio between 1 2 3 4 r simple whole number ratio only then u can see that this value that has come is a simple hole Number is ratio, this is Gail Sachs Law what happens when gases combine they do so If these volumes of gases are mixing with each other then They will be available in volume only when gases combine they do so in volume then their When you prove the condition a temperature and The pressure is same so the volume of this is The ratio will come that will always be bare simple Whole number ratio what will it always make a Simple whole number ratio will make you think ma'am please ask questions of all these laws look a lot ofcourse because it is a one shot so we are keeping it as a one shot we are clear i am going to make you Clear all the concept questions I will definitely bring a separate video for this So you can understand all the questions from that. if required you are looking i will do some I am going to ask you questions so if There is a requirement because tricks etc. If I explain it to you, then every one of you will know the concept it will take a lot of time to explain so let's Keep it a very simple and crisp one short Video ends with your extra questions of course these are important questions You will get videos in it next Let's come to the next law, the next law is Our Avocado Law which is the last law Ofcourse what about the avocado law Do you understand, let me again give you an example First let me explain to you that I have not given two containers take this is container a this is container b ok now look at what I made Accordingly it seems that both the containers They are of different sizes, right? But suppose everyone Look brother both are of same size, size is ok What is it in the sense you can tell me this is also 1 litre There is a container of 1 litre and this is also a 1 litre container ok i suppose its in 1 litre container He said that I did not put hydrogen gas in it put h2 gas okay and hydrogen in it Na 20 molecules of gas okay so if in the same 1 liter I If oxygen gas is to be added then how much of it Molecule How many will come? The answer will be actually 20. Molecule We will come okay, now understand about this law What does this law say, the first definition brother its saying equal volume of all the gases what did maam say equal volume Equal volume of all gases The gas condition should of course be kept the same temperature pressure otherwise the values change Reduce the amount of molecules you contain let's go ahead and volume is direct proportional to number of molecule this is your agro law kya bola maam said equal number of or say equal The volume of any gas is Equal number of molecules are present are equal volume equal number of molecules equal volume equal number of What conditions does the molecule provide? the temperature and pressure should remain the same so equal volume will contain equal number of molecule you can simply write the Write down the formula and relation mentioned in simple language Low next definition volume of a gas at a constant temperature and pressure is proportional to the number of moles of r molecules of the gases which are present again remember that I am talking about molecules yes you can also write it in terms of moles you can say both things are the same Moles and Moles, okay, let's see the example quickly. So suppose I converted hydrogen into oxygen again we combined it and it became water which we I have seen the same example in Gelo Sax Law Understand okay so here there were two moles here I was paying one mole here and am coming back as paying two mole okay so here equal number of There must be molecules, that's all, look here 6.0 what is this evo gado number You guys should also write it down evo gado's number you denote it by A ho this is 6.02 * 10 to the power of 23 ok this is what happens Your Avocado Value Avocado number that you If you say so then as you can see look here If you have moles then you can use terms of volume. if you can see it then look here we can find out the molecular number of the molecule yes you are on its basis right then in this way You write the avocado law, what happens? The volume that would be there if there is equal volume then there will be equal number of molecules in any A gas vapor is a solution of any gas Next slide next topic is dalton atomic Theory So John Dalton told us about atom I had told you some things which you can do in class ninth I have also studied John Dalton, right? How did he tell about the atom He said that what is there in the atom things or what does that atom look like How big or small is its size John Dalton told about it like this So look at this atomic theory, it is 100% correct It won't happen in the future but this is one in itself It was a huge achievement for John Dalton Because somewhere about atom Nobody said anything at the time when the matter There was talk about the atom then, right? It was a big thing to tell myself so yes Let's Get Started with John Dalton Atomic Theory So Dalton Atomic Theory According to John Dalton, the matter which is that what you are talking about All the things in the world have some weight which is taking up some space when something is kept If it was our matter then John Dalton I told you about the matter you are talking about He has been with someone for so long now With whom it is made, it is made with their according to very small particles Which he named atom meaning of atom what did he say he said atom that It is a particle which is very small in size In fact, if we talk according to them So it is the smallest and together with it, our the matter is made up, he said that he Then he told me many things about atoms What does this atom look like? things can happen and so on so they Give the complete bifurcation of the atom in one way According to himself he said atom of the Same elements are identified in mass shape size Atus means if I talk to you about hydrogen According to them all the atoms are of hydrogen all the atoms will be the same Their shape will be the same, their mass will be the same The size will be the same and any amount They all have the same properties if I tell you atoms of oxygen So according to them brother all the oxygen Oxygen is an element and it has as many atoms as They are all atoms, their mass is the same size will be same shape will be same and everything is goin' be the same all the properties According to him, is this true today's time? This is absolutely correct I guess the answer, you know it but We will tell you about that in the next slide. We will discuss next if he says There are atoms of different elements such as Take an atom of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen Brother, take all these properties It is going to be different means very simple if you are talking about some matter or If you are talking about an element then present all kinds of atoms are same but if instead of the same one there is a different Will you take two different elements or any one Different atom or any sorry different you can say You can take any compound, it will be different If we take matter then its particles will be That for sure according to them being different So they are going to tell you this about their atom I told you a few things, then he He added points and said that it is an atom nor is it such a small part particle that Only then can it be created, nor can it end maybe it can neither be CreateDrawNavigator Isn't it atoms of the same and different Elements Combine to Form Compounds That whether it is with the same or different elements Atoms are what they are, combined together make compounds or of course you You can also call it molecules, atoms Combine One With One Another to Form Compounds But here he said one thing that when this You are saying let's combine them To make compounds, according to these These combine in simple whole number ratios it's like very simple we look at h2o Or if you look at any molecule compound According to them, the ones with fixed proportions The thing is that it is due to very small ratios They must be made together, like 1:2 became 2:3 It's 3:4, it's 1:4, it's up to 45 You can simply calculate the ratio of You can consider the whole number in ratio so According to them it was also that whatever you do with atoms And compounds are made by combining atoms of elements. You are making them very small Only when they would be together would this form have happened So the simple whole number ratio here would be If you wanted this then John Dalton's atomic It was a theory, that is, he had given the theory about atom I told everything in this manner Was all this true, actually not? These were several of the points that I was wrong, say it was wrong or say it was limited That means he had some limitations, many Everything was going well till the extent but the whole if it was not happening properly then let's Understand the Limitations of Dalton Atomic The very first point of the theory says it could not explain why atoms of different different elements differ in mass size valency atus means you are talking about hydrogen The hydrogen atoms inside the element all their properties are same but one second when we looked it turned out that this is also happening in many elements that its The properties of atoms are not the same but how is that possible this is why It is possible because discovery was made What is an isotope? So you guys have read it all but look Friend, don't you say that the night is over and the matter is over, you in Chemistry for People and many more This happens in the subject, doesn't it ma'am? When the class went, that topic was covered, now you explain it to me Next, learn about isotopes isotopes are two isotopes are atoms of the same element having same atomic number but Which are the different mass number isotopes? Elements are those elements which have the atomic number will be the same but whenever you If you look at the mass number, it will be different. Like you know a very common example Hydrogen has three isotopes of hydrogen there are hydrogen 1 h1 then 2 h1 and then 3 is A1 right so what is three in it The atoms of hydrogen have atomic number So everyone's atomic number is one but mass is the same number is different protium duty and tr Do you know them a little as treats? Let me explain, understand this is hydrogen is it hydrogen is it hydrogen or a little bit let me show you the comma correctly okay because one If I put it then you will understand that comma is one hydrogen atom same atomic number same atomic number but different mass number its one Its two is its three you can call it You say protium this is duty and this is treat what is this ma'am these are isotopes Actually some such atoms of hydrogen were found Some such elements were found from you can in which atoms of same element are same are atoms of an element whose atomic number So it is the same but their mass number when we If you calculate it then it is coming out different You call them isotopes so this one is Dalton's point was wrong which he He said according to him brother that if if they are the same elements then their atoms are their All the properties are going to be the same here so it became totally different because The mass number itself is different, it would have been a mass number what is the sum of protons plus neutrons neither brother number of protons neutrons different ones are coming for the same element so they the point went wrong at 200, then its mass size because of what happened valency, everything can be different, so this This point proved Dalton to be wrong. Second What was the point of discovery of nuclear weapons? Reaction shows that masses can be converted into energy and vice versa which is mass You can also convert this into energy Ofcourse it is a matter of the past that Now I have come to know some things, so these Discovery that would have been about nuclear reactions This tells us that the mass can be converted into energy and energy can be converted into mass so what he was saying that you know the reactant thing that the smallest It is an atom and you cannot destroy it You can't do this, that point is wrong here Pay next point and atom is divisible Actually the biggest failure was Dalton Atomic This was the theory of the atom according to Dalton What do you think about an atom? Atom is the smallest particle. the matter is over okay according to Latan Atom is the small particle, I mean I said it Diya, if you are a student in class first So the youngest kid is the butt of the school now We did not know that in school we played There are group classes as well so the main thing from there it would have been wrong if according to them the atom was We will say that it is the smallest particle So of course that cannot be a separate division But then it was discovered that atoms can be divided into sub atomic particles Search for protons, neutrons, electrons Their discovery happened and it was found out that this The point is wrong which is the very very very major defect of dalton atomic theory okay so this was one such point who said brother that you are talking about you're telling him about you're telling him yes it is the smallest particle but it If we break it, we will get all the atomic particles You are getting it means whatever you Many of the properties mentioned would have been wrong from this one point so this was one point it could cannot be explained why two atoms combine to form compounds now you are telling me that atoms are combining and forming compounds We are making it but why is it happening Why is this compound being formed? Dalton will also combine this in a way did not explain okay atoms of one element can be converted into atoms of other element it is called Transmutation of an element is an atom which is Meaning, in a nuclear reaction the atom which is what happens to the element you can convert it You can have atoms of other types of elements I thought even this point of his was wrong Atoms of different element have same mass now what does this mean ma'am like you said isotope did you read it, isobars exist in the same way what are isobars it is nothing but just the opposite of isotope what isotope I told you I will quickly remember the same thing atomic number is different mass number right what are isobars same mass number different atomic number so basically if you Just do the opposite of the isotope, then it if there are isobars then the number of isobars You can also know the definition of different atoms Element having same mass number but different atomic number are non edge isobars okay so Now look at the meaning of isobars till now. We saw that atoms belong to the same element whose atomic number is same mass number If it is different then which point went wrong Dalton's in which he said this that brother if there are same elements then their All the properties of atoms will be the same now What the second point says about who you are There are different atoms like potassium and calcium is okay now potassium and Calcium was looked at by its atomic mass of nickel Came 40 40 Suppose you find out their atomic mass 40 came but its a is atomic number 19 and its atomic number is 20 So it's all there actually its 39 it happens exactly 39 you are xva okay let's say there's an x element there's a y element, you assume its atomic number is is a that is the same atomic mass sorry which is that is the same and which is the atomic number that is different okay so if the value of z is its argan is different its a very good There is an example, you can take the example of argon okay and this is what its a the value is this is the same now think it is different It is different but their mass number is The mass number of the same is coming if the atomic number is different then again that The point came in which he said that if there are same elements then all The properties of atoms will be the same and if If there are different elements then everything is different It may be so, but here this thing is different If the same is coming in the elements then from here it If the point in this question is also wrong then the iso bars and isotope these two points very well remember to go and along with that of course These three points with sub atomic particles These were the biggest defects you can When you were mentioning it, this also became atoms May I and May Not Be Combined in Simple Ratio Age suggested by Dalton theory if you If we talk about sugar then there is 12 22 11 in sugar The ratio of carbon, hydrogen and Now the ratio of oxygen is 1:2, 2:3 or 1:2:1. No simple ratio is coming out but this The present is from our A You Can Compounds, this is a compound, isn't it? Sugar It is a well known compound but it has no The formula is like Dalton's atomic theory If you look at it, it shouldn't have happened This point also went wrong here that all All the work of Compound Simple Whole Number Ratio This ain't true yeah actually most of the times this happens But it always happens, you can't say that ok so these are some limitations of dalton Atomic Theory A One Step To Marking I its Thorates Topic Atomic and Molecular Mass actually atomic and molecular mass It is a little easy but along with it there are two more things who comes in class 11th C is the average atomic mass There is a formula mass, today we will discuss these four Let's go through one slide to make things clear Let's start quickly first Atomic mass again if it is the name then it is the work friend atomic mass mass of an atom The total mass of the Dachshi atom which is the sum of masses of its protons and neutrons Atomic mass is generally denoted by Bye a ok you can denote the atomic mass by a what are you doing, it is number of Add the number of neutrons to the protons Two this is atomic mass okay so how much how many protons neutrons electrons In an atom that is simply its atomic mass ok well here you can understand it as atomic When we are talking about mass then any Some method to find the mass of an atom There is also a little short trick to remember If you know the atomic number in general, atomic number If you know the number then find out the mass of that atom for if that atomic number is odd or It is even between both of them you can do it by bif If I understand everything from just one example I will give you a let's take an example off off off calcium let's atomic of calcium The number is 20, its atomic number is 20 Now I ask you to tell me its atomic mass so because this is an even number so whenever If the atomic number is even then what will you do will you multiply that number will the atomic mass come from If atomic mass is odd number then suppose sodium So let me tell you the atomic mass of sodium What is the number of sodium 11? atomic number is 11 what is its atomic mass because this is an odd number so whenever an odd If there is a number then multiply it by two + 1 if you do it then 23 will come ok so this is I have told you how to find the atomic mass I told you, look, generally this would have been given as well is in question many times but if in case no it is given because look indirectly When the question comes, it will not be given, I suppose I said I have to calculate the percentage composition what I'm going to tell you now is Little things are given every now and then But what happens many times in formulas etc. Isn't he talking to you about the number of moles? To find out, you now need to calculate atomic mass or If you do not know the molecular mass, you cannot calculate it If he has it then you can remember this thing for him so what's the trick to keep it back Listen if you want to find out the atomic mass first Remembering atomic number atomic number if even if yes then you have to multiply by two and if If it is odd then multiply by + 1 Definitely do it and there are some exceptions to this too Let me tell you like hydrogen An exception to this is the atom of hydrogen mass is a one only ok he has no don't multiply it is one only okay a chlorine exception it is 35.5 So you are somewhat of an exception, aren't you? Now actually you have to do this with time you also get to learn okay so up to 20 infact all suggest that upto 30 should be kept in mind so yes this trick will help you get lots of elements will be some exceptions It would be like hydrogen or lithium Yours is gone, right? If there is any chlorine then something might happen The only exceptions would be the atomic mass It is clear that you can denote the mass of an atom. what is its unit what is its unit is it aa au ay or do you write it simply y atomic mass unit such as atomic mass of sodium mass you say 23 ay or 23 u ok One more thing to know about this is when atomic If there is mass then you people are very focused on one thing Are you confused that maam atomic mass is But what is the gram atomic mass? Whenever you understand atomic mass in terms of Gram A will denote that it became gram Atomic mass is as simple as that, it's not very It is a small term and seems very technical It goes very simply I'll tell you if I I am telling you 23 u this is atomic mass but This thing is already a magic kind in nature off that if you write this down in grams this becomes gram atomic mass so grams Atomic mass is nothing but the atomic mass Who is represented at the Grammys? Only if I write it in grams then You will say that it is gram atomic mass simple Simple okay now understand the molecular mass In that case the gram molecular mass becomes okay so first the average atomic mass Let us understand what is the meaning of average we have to find the average of something, right What is the meaning of average atomic mass Look, there are many elements that have There are isotopes, now let us understand isotopes we have gone what happens it is so the average atomic mass of an element is the sum of What is the mass of its isotope? it has same atomic number but different mass number now think once i I told you it is a carbon atom, okay what is it the mass of carbon what is the mass of carbon atom now you will think friend if you are in chemistry If you read it carefully, it will come to your mind If you have not read the question then you guys tell me You will give but generally a question comes that maam one second about which carbon You are asking about c12, c13 or c14 because carbon has three isotopes ok then tell me the mass of which one if I ask you about the 12th one then you will ask me the mass You will take it out and tell me like I did in the general way I have told you, will you also tell me the atomic mass of 13? 14 also but I said tell me about carbon Which isotope of carbon do I have? If I did not mention you then at that time you You calculate the average atomic mass. Okay, it's average. When will we find out the atomic mass when we have isotopes There is a single element and we have not mentioned it which isotope's mass was determined but I'll tell you one more thing here Should I mention these generals if you ever meet someone A percentage composition ampere in question If you are ever asked for these formulas So you use general terms like whatever The famous isotope is suppose to be of C12 You keep the meat there, it is there right? There is also a mention in fact but if these General you should be asked whether you have an average or not If you want to tell the atomic mass of any element its isotopes you will know those isotopes what do you do with those isotopes Whose average do you calculate? Is the average natural? Do you calculate the average of abundance for example in this question here we have The isotope of carbon is also given as 12 there is 13 as well and 14 as well, right 12 13 and 14 all three are isotopes we have a relative abundance of If this relative abundance remains given, then when You can multiply it by its AY and sum everything up. take it out that will become its average atomic I will read it to you again and tell you hmm so what is average atomic mass average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the what is message what is the meaning of message has each multiplied by its natural edence I mean, if I had to take it out, I would She says 98 p whatever it is * 12 1 1.0813+210 to the power mine this we will plus and turn it into 14.00 which also written so overall like you are a Just like you calculate the mass of a molecule You calculate the average atomic mass by just taking the difference It happens that here you need Is relative abundance okay or what you consider natural? If you know it by the name of Abundance then this You can find out the average atomic value Mass but remember this thing, this happens only when When there are isotopes of an element, they will be extracted I mean, if I tell you, sodium has no If there is no isotope then you can calculate its average If you cannot find out the atomic mass then this Remembering the little things is okay when moving Forward with molecular mass by my name We have understood that the mass of a molecule is mass of a molecule so basically i told you He asked me to tell him the mass of methane, how do we know it now? Ma'am must have told us the atomic mass right? And it obviously has no isotopes It must be a molecule or you can say If it is a compound, then it must have some average mass I can't, so what is the molecular mass It is very simple my friend atom atomic mass Did you understand? Add up the masses of all the atoms. because all the atoms are joined together to form a molecule When you add their messages while making them If you give it, the mass of the molecule will come out Let's take a very simple example similarly I also said methane, take that ch4 I said come on tell us its mass now mass of carbon so you know the mass of carbon It's 12 plus we also need the mass of hydrogen Do you know it is one and how much hydrogen is there? times four times here so what is its mass its mass will come 12 + 4 which is Equator 16 is correct so its mass is correct So, I'll tell you this again If you need to remove any molecular mass then what do you do with the mass of its atom you add it, very simple, let's take it a very quick example of one more a suppose I will say water h2, I said let's go for h2o no tell me the mass is there then what is hydrogen one is how many times hydrogen is two Time oxygen kitna hota hota hai mass 16 dekho how easy is this i said how did it come to 16 I understand because the atomic number of oxygen a number is a which is an even number multiply by two it becomes 16 then that is a lot It is basic, you should understand it yourself And take it with understanding, I have explained to you Take some examples 16 here we add will do it so it will become 18 then come from here The molecular mass of the water is the same as that of the whole water Once you know the mass of the molecule, you can calculate it in this way If you calculate the molecular mass, what would happen? is the molecular mass sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms that are present add this message to them, add this to them, it is a the molecule of a substance is the molecular The mass of a molecule will be what you will find in it If you add the mass of atoms you will You will get the molecular mass as simple as that ok lastly we have the formula Formula Mass Formula Mass Name Same Understanding The mass of some formula is coming in actually yes let me explain it to you Molecular mass and formula mass differ to a large extent they are same what is the difference mam then the bean is the whole bean no no There is a slight difference, this is the difference Isn't it i from formula mass that ionic This happens to compounds if the If it is present then we will find out the molecular mass cannot because is in ionic compound Where are the molecules? Think about whether they are ionic or not. Compounds contain molecules, you may have heard If you have read it or not, I will tell you. hmm ionic compounds means like this Compounds that are made up of positive and negative ions we are made together for If you tell me the mass then we can think that ma'am is asking molecular mass but if we immediately In reality, this chemistry should be explored in depth. If you understand then there is some molecule present here If it is not there then the meat which you take out should be The formula will be called mass, okay, simple, so the mass of na3 plus chlorine is 35.5 this will become 8 5.5 is correct brother 5 678 3 45 is correct okay so its mass is 58.5 now we call it we will say its formula is mass because Here, the molecule was an ionic compound He was not present, the method is the same Speaking is different and understanding is also different because The difference between this is that there there are molecules here, only molecules it doesn't happen it happens okay so the The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the atomic masses that There are atomic masses, we have to solve them Constituent atoms in an ionic compound are This is what must be happening in ionic compounds Generally used for the ionic compound which is a which does not contain discrete molecules But as far as there are concerned units i.e. This occurs in compounds that are ionic There are compounds in which we can say that Molecules are not present in them only ice is present so we can use its mass When we find out, its name will be Formula Mass So, I have told you all these terms in one I also explained that there is a difference in your books too This is different but we have to put it together It is very important to understand, otherwise you You sit in these that this formula mass Do you understand molecular mass then atomic mass You understand mass, then gram atomic mass If you understand then don't do this, it's another good thing We understood gram atomic mass, you can think are you saying that maam leave aside the gram molecular mass gave you look if you gram atomic mass You must have understood similarly gram molecular mass What is the mass of the atom if it is in terms of ey If so, what is the atomic mass? The mass of an atom If it is in the terms of grams and it has any Let me tell you, the value doesn't change. If it remains the same then the terms of the gram If I write it in gram atomic mass The mass of the molecule in terms of ay is Molecular mass The mass of a molecule if In terms of grams, gram is molecular In simple words all these terms came hope so it must have become clear to you let's move Forward with the next slide Mole Concept Now this makes my head spin a lot, friend that friend this is there a little bit in ninth also I have come after studying but again ma'am the night is over and the matter is over Similarly when our class went away our mind So that topic is gone, so let's look at it in a little detail. Let me understand what is mole concept and Look again, let me tell you the questions I will get it done in fact along with that but Detail question means all variety of There can be no questions here So there will be a whole variety of questions If he is not here then I will write one for him I will definitely make a separate video, okay In which there are different difficulty levels and different There will be some type of questions as well, okay let's go First let us understand the mole concept if I Should I tell you to go to the market and get a dozen eggs? Bring it so how many eggs will you bring very simple mam 12 is there anything to ask girl if the question is whether you are a girl or not If I ask you, you will say 12 eggs Ma'am we will bring it from the market if you I told you there is a dozen, just like we say one Dozen Banana It Consist Of 12 Eggs Sorry 12 Bananas are only there if I tell you friend I don't feel like wearing shoes so we go to the market Why don't you go and get a shoe? Ofcourse it is by two shoes na two shoes hum guys If you bring it then that is a pair of shoes neither this is somewhere this is what if I told you pair of this thing you can Purchase so pair means you will take two things if I said one dozen of this thing then you You are taking 12 things in it which are similar to mole It would happen exactly similarly if I told you He said, bring something for a price, anything 1 mole of means that 6.022 * 10 to the power would mean 23 things If I had told you that the market If you go and get 1 pound of chocolate from there then you If you had brought so many chocolates, you would have brought this many May your whole life become Chocolate Day it goes so you will go bye 6.022 10 to the power 23 chocolates so one If the number is very large, then it To make it smaller, one has to make a mole mole so generally what happens when we When we study chemistry, we look at atoms You know the molecules are dealing with these So this is a very big number at that time. To show this in smaller terms, we can use the value Let's understand the concept again, what is a price mole is nothing but a unit nothing but a number you can say a mole is nothing but a number okay if I told you what is the price if it is there then it is of no value it is just there is only one number one mole of anything is nothing but 6.022 * 10 to the power 23 of that particular thing okay i mean i told you He asked how many atoms would be there in 1 mole of atoms 6.022 * 10 to the power will be 23 atoms It's a simple thing, the price is nothing, just one There is a number and here is that number, brother, move ahead Let's grow more about the mole concept Do you know there's a pizza here now? Correct It's okay, you came after having your lunch, otherwise you are hungry I got hurt after seeing this but still if we talk Why is this installed, then it is actually worth it what happened to the concept we are not talking about right now I knew that friend, we studied atomic mass unit you were there then I said that in that Gram atomic mass can also be How is it coming out because the atoms are so They were small so we had no tools to measure them There was no machine or anything and we understood We cannot figure out how to calculate the mass of any atom. If it comes out then we have set a standard for it We chose atoms so that we could know the mass of each atom. can you figure it out, understand the matter Ko so mol is equal to the mass of n What is the element mole of any element Mass of a compound having number of atoms molecule equal to those present in 12 What does gram of carbon isotope mean ma'am Its carbon atom is taken in 12 We sliced it like we slice a pizza Similarly we have a carbon atom We have to make 12 slices of that carbon atom okay i have to give it to him in 12 parts We have to divide a carbon atom If you want to take it, divide it, it's okay You have to divide it into 12 parts basically now out of those 12 parts when you First part, you can pick any one part of it So what will that be, the 112th part of carbon The carbon atom would be split into 12 pieces okay we picked up a piece and We told him that now we will take every atom from him are going to extract the meat of that one When we took the piece and calculated the mass of the remaining atoms When we took it out, we got the gram mass of that atom So for an example, I told you that friend what is the mass of hydrogen so I what did i do picked up a piece of carbon c12 That means, divide it into 12 parts and divide each part into We only took it from that one part, not everything When I compared, I found hydrogen Hydrogen compared now hydrogen how did the mass one come about because hydrogen one The Times was heavier than that one piece We can calculate the mass of the rest of the atoms by comparing them. we can figure out that this is c12 atom is a standard atom ok listen back to this A mole is defined as the amount of the gas which has volume this litre at stpt ok but before this the above line we Let's read once again what you wrote more i equal to the mass of an element mole What is the mass of any element? Is this correct? It can also be a compound of an element or Having the off course molecule of the compound number of atoms molecule equal to two present in 12 grams atom of c12 that is Any amount needed to break one carbon into 12 pieces After that, the mass of one part of it is called If we compare then we will find out the will be able to find out the mass of others elements also okay so this is how you Consider 12 atoms as one standard atom. You extract the mass of each element, it's fine So this is how we talk about 1 mole now What is an avocado number? I just told you He said that whatever we have one mole, it is one the number is denoting the number which is That is nothing but avocado number what was that 6.022 10^23 ok you can denote this by n you do n end sub n end subscript in a which shows avo gado number okay so this is it Basics of Gaya Apna Mool Concept Moving Forward What's Next Look at the importance of this avocado number you are very important Calculations involving a large number of atoms compounds molecules many things you do you take it out from this avocado number okay so Let's understand what is its importance number One mass of a single atom or molecule can B. Calculated for any atom or molecule if we want to find out the mass of a single Are they single atom or single molecule So we calculate it by using Avocado number is the same as the mole concept isn't it number two volume if you want to take it out that of any single atom or molecule You will also calculate it using this method if you You have to find out the number of total atoms How many total atoms are present If it is rich in these elements then you can also eat it with avocado. You find out the formula through numbers only, tell me I will give you the next number off for all of them right now If you want to extract the total molecule, right? in compound or anything then you can do that also can you calculate the present in a given Volume of a gas under given conditions can B is calculated then you can calculate this as well You can if it is in terms of view like You just saw a photo in the previous slide as well I saw the point 22.4 liters what was that The value of volume was at standard Temperature pressure i.e. STP condition was given, then in that way if you If you want to remove something then you can use it from here you can do it some times it is easy to Represent the data in terms of multiple Sometimes it happens that a very large value comes but you write it in terms of mole If you give it then it becomes a small value because you write simple A for it If it is in front of you then use it in this way You can do different things at different places now A question might be coming in your mind that maam told So I have given it to you but how do you use it? There are so many formulas on the screen can take the screenshot also screenshot You must take this, let's take each formula one by one Let's understand that number one is gram atoms. That is, the method of removing moles of any type So how do we extract any element? value of the element or any of it There is basically a simple way to remove it Take the mass of an element in grams in terms of and then its atomic mass is whatever The atomic mass of the element is divided by Okay, let's go back to this formula. What are we talking about? Grams of atoms We are talking about atoms and grams and moles. If there is a discussion then to remove it What do you do best with any element? First you take the mass of its element in Terms of Grams Only Grams Terms okay then you can calculate it by its atomic mass Would you divide it if I told you should I say grams moles of a substance The whole substance has to make some difference No, friend, take the mass of the whole substance and take the molecular mass of that one substance okay next is grams moles of a gas If you need grams of moles of a gas If you want to take it out then what do you do for it For that whatever is the volume of that gas Write it down in the end in the term of these letters divide that by 20 2.4 okay now I will tell you this formula in short I will try it and tell you what it is, okay? After that, if you need to find out the number of atoms this formula is very very important Isn't it true if you ever wonder about the number of atoms? I have to find out the number of particles this is the way to do it basically so what do you do Whatever the mole of atoms are there, take it multiply by the avocado number this is A yes you can multiply it by the avocado number Do it if I told you the number of moles no number of atoms no number of Find the molecule, it is a similar formula friend Take the moles and avocado by number Multiply the number of molecules It has to be extracted but it has to be extracted in a gas gas gas gases gas if you want to remove the gas then what Whenever it comes to gas, you will do it If there is no volume then there is volume Pick up her avocados by dividing by 22.4 Will the Avocado Remain in Numbers same yes multiply it by that simple a If I tell you, these are some points I have written down mass if you talk about its mass mass of this molecule is 6.02 * 10 to the power 23 If I ask you the mass of a molecule also in compound so what is that same thing Its molecular mass is one minute ma'am We are confused here, please understand I am telling you that you should not mass To say 6.023 * or 6.022 * 10 to the power There are 23 molecules of something, guess what? are molecules of carbon dioxide I said there are so many molecules in the compound Can you tell me what is its molecular mass then its molecular mass would be carbon dioxide has the same number of molecules equal ok i mean in any you suppose I will explain it to you in a very simple way The molecular mass of bola dioxide is 44 So I asked how many molecules are there in this If there are then you will say maam there are so many molecules 1 You are telling the mass of the mole again listen the mass of this molecule is so Any compound of a molecule has so many The mass of the molecule is the same as that of the molecule That's why maam told me its molecular mass tha dude take a slice of carbon and we do that I was working, he was telling me all this, good If you have this many liters of gas in STP, then it Whose mass is there then that too is its molecular Mass must be denoting the mass of these atoms It's a simple thing, I talked about molecules Talking about atoms, the thing was the same if so many Should I talk about atoms in one element? If there are so many atoms then tell me what is their mass if it is there then you will say ma'am its atomic mass is only This means that if sodium has 23 atomic numbers, If there is mass then how many atoms are there in it is 6.022 10 to the power 23 atoms That means it is given the mass of 1 mole This mass is only 1 mole of mass given The same thing happens in a compound as well as a molecule This is what happens too, okay, now you understand the value mam but why so many formulas every time you can take the choose from us screenshot also yes let me get side Make sure you take a screenshot now Let's move ahead now there is one thing that brother this It is there but can we also understand it together? maam tell me some other formula in place of A I will give you a lot of frequency Do you denote the number of moles? This would be is given mass given mass upon molecular mass or you You can also call it molar mass. molecular mass only okay so divided bi molar or molecular mass is okay then another number of moles There is a formula which you can use for the volume. In terms of what you say, that is given If volume is divided by STP condition then 22.4 litres OK at STP STP conditions We are talking about and generally you need STP The condition will be asked, the number is third If someone ever gives you the mass and asks you for the volume Or if he gives the volume and asks for the mass then what will you do You will see if it is a matter of mass If it is there then you can apply the above formula Talking volume you gonna seconds Sometimes you will apply the formula and ask about vice versa we take it, we give the meat, we tell you tell me the volume, let me give you the volume tell me in that condition you both are merge the formula then what is there will it be n e to given mass or do this Let's write it in short form as D you say it's capital m okay You may call it v but you will call it 22.4 So what is the way to find out it is equal To given mass upon molar mass is more equal to given volume upon 22.4 liters so this comes to you in some formless way which you remember very well this has to be done because the most frequency Particles Upon Avocado number okay so these are the terms of a particle Any number of particles is present in If you want to remove it then you can do it that way Let's do the next question, what do we have? Calculate the number of moles so many grams we have h2 so4 and we want to tell you Look at the number of moles, for this we have mass It is given but you should know how to calculate it. so let's do the question question I am saying I have to find out the number of moles We have to find n, the value of one month is given We know if mass is given then mass The formula for Walala seems to be the number of moles in given mass upon molar mass 49 very basic This is a question for you and only you Questions are asked to explain the concept I have and how much molecular mass will I get let's calculate h2so 4 The mass of hydrogen to be extracted is one two times the mass of hydrogen plus the mass of sulfur What is the atomic number of 16? which is an even number then 32 would be its mass what is the mass of 32 plus oxygen 16 four times oxygen is 164 how much will it cost 2 + 32 + 64 so 4 5 6 7 8 and 6 7 8 9 98 98 its mass is given upon molar What will be the unit or it could also be grams It could also be possible, we don't know this If it is same brother then it will come out to be 98 49 * 2 directly it is 1/2 which one is 5 The unit of number of moles is nothing but moles write it down straight away oh okay then tell me the basic method in this way I am telling you that you should know the concept what is happening in calculate the number of atoms in this mole of sodium if so many moles If it is of sodium then tell me its atoms, right? number of moles is given to you particles particles asking look Let's talk about atoms, let's talk about molecules It comes in a particle only, so given Particle Upon Avocado it is a number or the number of moles is 0.2 given We don't know the particle, that's it Have to calculate the avocado number we know 6.022 10 to the power 23 so here p x What is the value, multiply it by that 6.022 in 0.2 10 to the power 23 so Particles will be particles what if If you ask me directly about atoms then write atoms So many atoms will be present here You can calculate by removing the point and adding a zero What should I do? Remove a point and cut a zero how much will it be 6 to 12.044 remove this this dially x itu 12.044 10 to the power 22 atoms There must be so many atoms, you are thinking about the one at the back We found this formula difficult but this one is easy I felt like you were thinking, if not then someone It doesn't matter, if you are thinking about it then I will tell you Let me tell you that basically the formula that was written at the back It contained the formula for the given particle that if there is ever a given particle then the number of Multiply the mole by the avocado number I have to give this, look at this Look, something good must have happened, so yes So if there is anything like that here, look at this what was written mass of an atom this this this Where did this go, where did this go, look where did this go mole into avocado number is not mole into Avocado number is just asking about atoms we wrote it in such a way that mole is equal to whatever the particle is about asking to divide evo by cut number similarly you do the same thing in molecules too let's move ahead yes let's go with this one too brother You must have got the point clear, now let's come Percentage Composition in Percentage Composition Composition of percent ma'am in every thing name Work doesn't happen in everything, look, it happens but It is not possible to move forward in everything Percentage composition is a very small It is a beautiful topic, try to understand what happens to it hai this ma'am percentage composition is of course the Percentage of each element in the compound by What percentage of mass is each element? How much of each element in terms of Percentage is a compound, that is what you call it ho percentage composition again question Let's understand sorry formulas, let's understand percentage I will give you a basic idea of what composition is. I will tell you a way other than this formula, so yes Of course yes ma'am tell me will you wait no of course I will tell you so come I will give you a I will tell you a simple way to calculate percentage anytime The composition should say the one whose mass is asked Write the dividend by its entire compound Write the mass, multiply it by 100 ma'am you are saying this back from carbon let's talk about dioxide okay I've What is the amount of carbon in carbon dioxide? Tell me the percentage composition and mass of carbon Write the amount of carbon dioxide divided by If you multiply the mass by 100 then The mass of the person whose percentage is asked is divided by total mass of compound in 100 is ok n * cup m of an element so how many now this It is also given in moles' terms that How many moles does it have? What is its mass? yes of the element and its total mass compound by dividing the whole mass of Multiply it, let's understand a question yes we are calling this as a question Calculate the Percentage by Weight of Potassium Potassium in Potassium Dichromate brother of potassium you have to tell the mass Potassium Dye in Potassium Dichromate what is chromate don't ask don't think you should know I want so what is he saying in k2 s2 o7 The Percentages what is the mass of potassium okay so let's do a quick calculation and we'll find out is percentage composition Composition i equal to whom are you asking about potassium Whatever the mass whatever the mass of ba k2 cr2 o7 divided by it will happen and we will multiply it by 100 neither this percentage will come in one second There is a percentage right, this percentage will come, come on let's see brother potassium dichromate Write down potassium dichromate first, brother. Potassium dicrotic how much potassium is 39 Its mass is * two times potassium Chromium is 52 how many times chromium is two times is oxygen is 16 7 times Calculate the amount of oxygen 39 * 2 9 * 2 18 1 carry 3 * 2 6 7 78 plus a 52 4 104 sorry 52 * 2 2 * 2 4 5 * 2 10 104 plus 167 I don't remember the table of 16 No, it was always like this that quickly So the calculation is done, then why remember it do table yes means after 12 13 okay is since 15 since 15 since 14 of I don't remember it very well ok so 6 a 7 a 7 * 6 42 4 carry 7 * 1 7 1 1 2 will come, should I write it correctly is 1 1 ok add all of these then this Isn't this ours? It's written mass here. ok so how much will the overall cost be 2 + 4 + 8 it becomes 14 right 1 carry de then 2 + 7 9 is it na how much is it after that 294 Okay, check the calculation once. Lona 294 has come here overall its mass It has come to us, what do we have to take out I have to find out the percentage composition, okay brother Let's calculate how much potassium is there We have 78g here overall how much Its total is 294 multiplied by 100 Percentage will be 26.0 coming to 3 something will be collected It's ok to take it but you have to calculate this Ok, I am writing down the answer but you have to calculate This is ok, you must calculate it once So basically the way to do it is that you Now you are thinking about whoever's flesh is to be removed that ma'am why did you keep potassium 78, I am were supposed to keep 39 but how many times is potassium You will also see this, potassium dichromate how much potassium is there in it so whatever it is You will keep its mass here, the overall one is fine After that you can calculate the mass of the whole compound Divide by and multiply by 100 You are a very famous example In this, the water molecules in washing soda dissolve in water. If mass has to be removed then that is also similar If it will be done in the right way then it will be fine to remove the water if it is there then you keep mass of water in it 10 If there is times water then multiply by 10 also You do it above then after that na2 co3. 10h 2o You keep the whole mass, multiply it You give me 100% simple way to get the mass You have to calculate the number of times that compound is there I put it on top and divide it with whom do you take the overall mass and multiply it by 100 Okay, so the value of n there is also the same was denoting what we have done 239 no that was it in the formula okay let's go Moving Forward with the Next Thing Next slide is our Ampere Cal Formula After percentage composition comes the emperor call Formula Empic Formula Questions There are lengths but they are not difficult at all If you understand all the methods then it will be difficult This does not happen, let's understand Apical What is a formula, first understand its basics are these what is this then in its questions We will come and we will come in whatever way we want I suppose you I told you c6 h12 o6 okay this is a molecular formula You must know about the thing, so I said This is not a particular acid or inert compound this is its molecular formula okay now I told you to write its American formula. Its American formula will be ch2o how did this come because the whole question We can see here in this whole compound But one thing is common and that is six six which it is common so when we take the six out we will take it out, that means in this we have taken six If you take it out then you can see this one will become a compound then americ what is formula in molecular formula If something common is coming then take it out If you remove it, what remains is the compound You can get the remaining formula from that is nothing but the american formula is ok Let's take one more example, suppose I I told you a c2 h6 this is what this is what is ethanol cellular formula so you know Said c26 maam I said its amp tomorrow what is the formula we can see to is common in this question so ch3 came to common so this is the one that survived is it this is it molecule sorry this is it Emeric Rickle formula okay what is this its ampere Let me tell you the formula again, listen When you put a molecular formula into something If you take out the common value then whatever is left here comes that is its american formula Okay, now we can make a formula from this There are rivals so what is America formula it is the formula of a compound which shows the Simplest Simplest Whole Number Ratio Between the atoms of the elements of the compound that is The simplest whole number ratio tells that He told that or 2:6 what you are saying may be 2:6 there is a 13 somewhere 2 1 2 2 3 6 so that is the simplest ratio when you find it You take it and it becomes our formula amric formula you are tired, go and drink some water You go and drink water because I have You have water, it is kept far away If you can pass by then you can drink some water and come back do it okay okay that's why I'm saying this I am here because you should not say that I am tired Stop the video if you are tired then stop the video Karna is not the solution, if you are tired then drink water drink something eat something take a two minute break Solution: Let me tell you one thing, take one or two hours there is no break in it okay so don't take a break let's move ahead what are you ma'am ma'am what happened to you what do you want Whether you or I take a break or not, let's take a break kitkat break let's go here element Percentage atomic mass moles of an atom What is atomic ratio and simplex ratio Mami, what is this? Let me tell you whenever you do the ampersand formula You have to create this whole table now we We will not talk about this table first. After all, you will know this Ampere Kal Formula What is molecular formula and relation what is the formula between them happens then we're going to come back to this table okay so let's first look at the molecular Let's talk about the molecular formula We have already read the formula, right? also in a molecule or a compound all The sum of the masses of atoms is its There is a molecular formula but actually I read what you know The molecular formula is the same as well How else do we define molecular formula can you suppose I told you just now You told me about the molecular formula of thean I told you ma'am it is c2h 6 right? Yes ma'am so now this what is c26 actually how did ethanol come into existence because you know Ethanol is present, how much actually number of atoms are present if you know that If it is known then the formula that is made its molecular formula is listen we studied molecular mass but If you had not read the molecular formula what is molecular formula what is it is the chemical formula what is it it is the chemical The formula which represents the actual Number of atoms in any compound Or how many atoms are present in the molecule That is what you call its molecular What did the formula of that compound say back? ma'am in any molecule or compound how many numbers actually in reality of atoms are present when you write it down So the name of that formula is molecular The formula is clear, yes, now I have By deriving this formula you will get a lot okay let me show you this formula now we forget and say that actually In molecular formula and apical formula What is the relation, so let's just see it was made of c2 a6 we have apical Formula S3 was made here and we took some common ones That common here p2 is coming so write 2 I had given it to you right so what was this The molecular formula was It is ours right and what is this, this Emperor Kal The formula is we have the ampic formula if What if I multiply it by two again? Think I'll bring ch3 back to the to If I multiply c2h 3 * 2 6 then c2 A6 means back to molecular it will come in the formula somewhere what is the molecular formula somewhere tomorrow In the formula we have taken common If we multiply it, then what Whatever value comes, that is ours about the molecular formula so this is our formula number one has been completed what will happen Look, listen again, we have used the Ampere formula How did you find it out from the molecular formula If we take something common then that common value If we multiply it back, we will get You will get the molecular formula back right so molecular formula is imperfect Formula * n wear n is what it is that common thing which you common value which we took was an emperor yesterday while working out the formula now one and listen to the magic thing what is the mass of c2h 6 if i ask you tell me the mass c26 has 12 carbons so how much should it be will go 24 + 6 which is 30 right 30 30 its mass will come okay so if I tell you tell me its mass ch3 of ch3 carbon i 12 12 + 3 becomes 15, right? 15 and we have one I have also taken common so if I am here But if I see, this too is coming to 30, right? The value of both is coming out same which means that we've seen the formula for the formula Molecular Formula and Ampere Cal Formula The formula that we have seen is molecular mass and amperage of formula It also tells us the relation between the masses What did ma'am say that if we do molecular If you find out the mass of the formula then it is equal to The mass of the ampere formula is divided by n On multiplying, that means if you pay attention If you look at it, you will find these two formulas. ok what is the molecular formula Ampere Cal formula from that common value Multiplying and Molecular Formulas what is the mass of ampere cal formula Multiplying the mass by the same n value So these are two formulas which will help you a lot You have to learn well because it will help you Will help you when creating a complete table web that ampere formula needs to be found out neither many times instead of the apical formula he says don't tell me his American formula Tell me the mass, don't tell me the molecular formula Tell me its mass so that it can be calculated If you want to find this out then use this formula The same is written in it, the value of n is written It has happened basically you can take out n from here So what will be the molecular formula and If you divide it here then it will be just that if it is written then you can write a this to Formula Perfect, now understand what that table is What was this table telling me brother What do these tables tell us when we look at the charioteer We say find out the formula for Emperor Kal If there is no value given to us Meaning we are not even being told how much mass how much it is so what do we do with it At the time we will put things in a table format to find out the formula Only calculation will give you the answer Otherwise, any other way can bring wrong no it's ok but its not ok Do the calculation, then your answer is wrong Otherwise, you will only get a plate You get it in this, just eat it properly okay people so look first of all you no here in this manner some rose end You have to create columns, now see how to do it we will not learn this much what is it Remember the simple way to get started Three things will always be given out of 90 There are more chances that this will be given now 10 Why isn't she actually on the list? You can get it in percentage composition If he asks, then understand that you are the first one The three columns to be made for starting What to do in that, first you have to use the element You have to write the name, now the element is given to you isn't it about the compound of anything I will give you how much carbon is there brother How much is hydrogen and how much is oxygen First I want to write you the element which you need Generally it will be given to you ok You have to write percentage, that too is given Mostly it is okay, percentage is also given Ma'am if it is not given then percentage The method of extracting the composition has been described in that You have to take it out in some other way Again chances are more than 90 out of 90 more so that you will get this given okay First we wrote the names of all the elements I wrote down all the percentages that were given We know the mass of every atom, right? Even if you don’t know, that too is a question I am given many times by other wise ma'am Have you also told me the method to remove the mass? The method was hey brother the odd-even friend is odd So multiply by two + 1 if it is even multiply it by two okay so we have We have written down the atomic mass of all of them, now we have these three things are these three things what is written the most First to First Element Percentage Composition The mass of an atom is mostly given by all three things The work is about to start only in this two these two blocks for blocks only we Two blocks have to be removed to remove Understand the method, you just wrote it as a block do block 1 2 3 4 five blocks to you We have to create the element again in the first block His percentage in second block is 3rd block What is the mass of its atom in the fourth block? you do it in the fourth block and you do it in the second block you divide it by a third what is this this is nothing but 2 / 3 2 and 3 means seconds Divide the block by the third block and see What has each done? 4.31 / 23 value AAGI 9.9 7 / 32 Value AAGI 6.22 / 1 The value comes out to be 69.5 / 16 so we have These values have arrived, let us recall them from back Element in first block is in second block The mass of its atom in the percentage third block In the fourth block, in the second and third blocks Keep dividing the values that have come is the value that came in the second and third block I have to walk across the divide No, we also got the fourth block, fifth See what you have to do in the block I have taken out the fourth block, the smallest of which is choose the value if i see here 0.62 2 0.31 6.22 4.34 The smallest of these I see the value as 3 0.31 which The C value is showing 0.31 this is the What's in the Smallest Value Fifth Block The smallest value of the fourth block is from every value of the same block Divide it back, what did ma'am say Choose the smallest value of the fourth block and divide by every value of the same block if you want then I have chosen 0.31 why choose because this is the smallest value it pick it up from every value of every block So first of all it was 0.62 2 then divide it by 0.62 Divided by 0.31 and then divided by that 6.22 divided by that is 4.34 If you divide it then you will get fifth block The values of the fifth block will be available The value itself denotes the sixth block There are many places where you have to go to sixth, if you have to go to sixth You don't want to write a block, don't write any there is no problem because sixth block is nothing but this value is ok that's simple It is now written here in ratio But just keep one thing in mind, sometimes it happens if you find out this value then something what will be the value if you look after decimal That's what you just thought was round off, right? Round off if you get a decimal after A value smaller than five is appearing as it is Write two, the value greater than five appears to be one Round off the digit if you see five If you also know what to do then go here but what do you do here you can never You don't give the answer in decimal, now you think You are saying that maam this has become very confusing It has become very difficult, look it is very simple I will tell you in a way, suppose this is Our answer came if we look at it in its terms Let us understand atomic ratio, this is actually This value comes from Ampere Cal Formula It is denoting it, it means sodium Two is coming in Sulphur One is coming in which you will not denote of course in h Also coming in 20 and oxygen at 13.95 Do you ever write any answer like this? can i ever say h2o to h 2.5 or h2o 1.3 we never write like this Molecules or any formulas in decimals cannot denote any formula how do we express it in decimal form? Sodium chloride can be called sodium 1.5 No chloride or sodium chloride 3.9 we can not say this decimal value ever if it doesn't happen then whatever is yours here Is the value coming from this last column? I try to try, what do you mean by try always have to remove it from the decimal how remove g similar to what you have read friend I have learnt how to do round off, look here But I saw that it was coming 13.5, answer answer come we had been having 13.95 now 9 is what nine is what if If the value of nine is coming then it is very simple, we know that's one we'll bring the digit forward right its answer is coming 14 na and if If 13.2 was written here then the answer would have been 13 it would have been fine and the rest the way it is You have learnt round off, you have to do it similarly Come on brother, let's take a quick recap of this what do we need to do with the five blocks okay you have to make it in the first block Elements have to be written in seconds what do you write in the block percentage third What is written in the block, its atom's mass Generally these three boxes are given to us Our work begins with the fourth block what does fourth block mean second and Divide the third block into two second blocks Key value divides key value by third block keep doing this you will come to fifth block fifth What you write in the blog, you You write atomic ratio, how do you know it Choose the smallest value in the fourth block and divide by each value in the same block keep doing it then whatever your last value It will become your simplest ratio and What is he actually giving by taking this out? This one is giving it to you by taking it out Value means whatever answer is coming You have to write like this and this is your american formula ok so suppose If I had been asked to answer this question So this would be its American formula ok so this is how the answer comes here it is in this that they twist the question now tell me the molecular formula also So you know the formula, Ampere Kal formula * n is equal to molecular Formula Let's do one question related to this let's ask this one question which is a compound question is a compound we have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen A compound that contains carbon has hydrogen And oxygen is found to contain 40 it has carbon on it's 40 carbon on it's 6.7 we have hydrogen 53.3 we have oxygen okay give it to me things are given to us then he says calculates its ampere cal formula best How to find the first amp formula To find out Ampere Cal formula we need What has to be done first is the mass of the atom also have to write again given in the third Carbon may or may not have mass is 12 hydrogen is one oxygen is 16 okay that's why I said you generally remember it okay it's here now our Work is done in the Fourth and Fifth Blocks and So we don't have to do anything about this There is no question in the fourth and fifth blocks. It's our job, come on brother, fourth and fifth If I talk about the block, okay, the line is also she is not as simple as you people 40 What do we do first? Seconds Dividing the block by the third block let's go 40 / 12 6.7 / 1 53.6 53.3 sorry Divide by 16 and you will get some value okay i accept it i am ok You will get some value from this will get one Seconds are ok, you don't have any value for it I will get you z I accept that I am okay now you We got this value, out of which we You have to choose the smallest value, suppose y is our smallest value so what do we do x / Ba y y / Ba y z / Ba y From here our The value that comes to us will be ours The simplest ratio and formula that will be created Suppose whatever answer is coming, suppose I said it c a h wa z ok so what is this our Here comes the answer to our ampere formula okay you do the calculations if we The calculation will take a little more time It will be simple, you have to do the calculation Well, I will tell you another trick for calculation. Let me tell you here that many times students Let's assume that A is 40/12 so first he We start multiplying two by two 2 * 6 12 2 * 2 4 0 don't waste time on this Because its calculation is generally very easy If it is not there then what should you do? You can directly start dividing 12 / 40 this doing it is easier because now So if you are seeing a small value then it should be two. It will happen but generally such values do not exist If it gets very complicated then There will be a lot of waste of time on the first two do it then do three then do this nothing do it directly and keep doing it and up to Make sure to bring two or three decimal values ok for most accurate answer good Now if I look at this question, An attempt was made to twist the question If there was an apical formula, I had asked along with it We are giving you said vapor density and tell us its molecular formula what happened, basically remember one thing There is another formula to keep in mind, remember that too I am writing molecular here The formula is equal to 2 * vapor density okay you never need to do anything in this Not wanting to learn means making yourself very difficult there is a simple way to do this Whenever the vapour density of a thing is given Its molecular formula is related to that is you multiply two by that If its vapour density is ok then this method You can get the molecular formula here If you get mass also then you can If the mass of the molecular formula is stated then You will say 2* when we do the vapor density So its answer will also come to us, okay So this is how you do the Ampere formula I have to get the molecular formula from you it was said so we know that molecular Formula or say molecular formula The mass of which is whenever we measure it from two to If we multiply it by the vapor density then it We will come to know about Ampere Kal formula similarly If you take it out, you can do it in the same way If you find out its molecular formula then For this you would actually have problems with the n value whatever you want will come from here okay Actually the answer is coming 60 The answer to this would be something like 60 something. If so, you can remove it this way okay ok alright hope so this is confusing You might not have thought, look again I am saying this That you only find the calculation difficult in this It may seem so but it is very very very Easy questions are not difficult for this Three blocks are given, work of two blocks it happens i explained to you how okay so in a simple way you can do it You can take out the Imperial Formula Empire tomorrow Formula Mass Molecular Formula End The mass of the molecular formula is correct if Are you having any confusion about this or something then i will make a separate video of 10 minutes 5 minutes in which I will tell you about it I will show you by asking you a lot of questions, okay? come on brother moving forward next is My concentration terms are now a new thing which is asked from you in class 11th and let me tell you this is copy pasted in class 12th class 12th first chapter which You have to read all this in this solution If you have to, then understand it very carefully now Reduce the syllabus according to your Normality has been removed, otherwise it is the same The most difficult among these four was this one in concept but okay no problem come on We go into concentration terms concentration terms when we talk about no to any thing a when you are telling then if we We will find it in terms of numbers, right? We will tell him that we know the concentration terms we will find it, what does it mean Ma'am basically we have these four things We can achieve concentration through these four things. Let's find out the terms, concentration is fine If we have to extract the concentration We use them in the form of values the first is mass percentage, the second is mole fraction is the third molality Third is molality, let's go one by one First let us understand what is mass percentage What do you understand from the name Very Easy This is the percentage of the month, so the month is Percentage means mass percentage This means that it is equal to the mass of a Is the solute in grams or not? What is the mass of the solute in terms of present in 100 g of solution What did maam say in 100 grams solution how much mass is present in any solution good solute solvent everybody knows solute What happens if there is less amount Solvent which is present in large amount And what do we get if we add the solvent? yes we get the solution right The solution is always in less amount Solvent is always in more amount If you sum both of them then the solution will be found okay yes mam so here mass percentage what happens to it how much mass does the solute have Divide by the mass of the solution mass of solute to mass of solution If you multiply by 100 by dividing If you give it, you will get the answer mass by mass You also say percentage, weight by weight percentage also You can say okay so what is mass on Percentage mass of a solute divided by Mass of a solution * 100 or weight of a solute divided by the weight of the Solution * 100 no problem just remember this friend please keep the gram terms here I have to keep it below and on top also in grams 100 grams how many grams in 100 grams salute is present you call it that mass let's do the question 10 g sucrose is dissolving I know I made a small mistake in this you can okay i will ask the question back I am saying 10 grams of sucrose is Dissolved in 100 g of water 10 g Sucrose in 100 g water What will a mass percentage do for dissolution? I want to find out mass by mass percentage then I will calculate mass off solvent sorry mass of solute divided by mass of Solution * 100 Let's say mass of solute How much is 10 grams of sucrose right? So this There will be a solution for this ma'am how do you know this The solution is less amount and that is the first thing isn't it and sucrose, glucose, sugar all these So these are our salutes only, aren't they? Here we have written 10 divided by mass. of solution ma'am it is 100 in 100 right yours The answer must be coming as 10 maam but this answer is wrong what is wrong in this think mass of solution If any x y has to be kept then the root percentage If the student has answered this then it is wrong okay if you did it right very good What will be correct here, we have given the solution below we have to keep the mass but look carefully we have kept it What is the mass of the solvent because here It is clearly written that it is a water joke There is a universal solvent but again we Universal solvent doesn't even make sense What we mean is keeping the mass of the solution right so what is a solution solute And when you add the mass of the solvent, the mass of solute plus mass of solvent will give The Mass of the Solution right right that's what you have to do here 10 = 100 = 110 I am directly writing this multiplication is 100 g g will get cancelled out 100 divide by it's 11 right so 119 99 9 p something must be coming but ok sorry 9.1 something must be coming no something on 11 1 not 11 11 and why not sorry 9 99 1 will remain You will put a point, you will put a zero, then another one You will put zero 9.0 something must be coming whatever x y you see then this will be the I understood the answer, mass of solute mass of If you multiply the solution by 100 then you will get The mass percentage will increase next term comes what is our molarity molarity very important molarity molarity both what happens is very important molarity molarity it is equal to the number of grams moles of a solute Present in 1 liter of the solution simple Formula Number of Moles to Volume of Divide by the solution and that is yours What is Molarity Number of Moles Divide whatever is of solute from the volume of solution which is obtained by Leight's What did Mamane say about the return in the term number of moles is equal to mass sorry sorry sorry molarity capital m you can say it Do you denote denoted by capital m number of moles of solute divided by divided by Volume Off Solution Inn lites is ok what is its unit You also write units with a capital 'm' okay the number of moles of solute Divide by the volume of the solution Volume of solution in terms of litres Have to keep let's do one question 49 grams off h2so 4 are present in 100 aa of aquas solution 49 g of h2so 4 49 g of h2so what happened is the mass of the solute right We have to find the molarity number of moles of solute divided by volume of solution which is in liters will be in terms okay number of moles now number of moles What did we read, ma'am told us for the mass tha given mass is our molar mass isn't it given mass What is your molar mass given mass 49 isn't it what is the molar mass of hso4 We just calculated backwards and got 98 recalculate it again 98 is ok 49 divided by 98 holes divided by What will be the volume of the solution volume volume 100l butt volume of Divide the solution into details brother To convert 100 to 1000 to liters ok for that so it will become 49 / 98 * 1000 / 100 + + will get cancel out 2 2 * 5 5 unit ho gi m this will be the answer for this The question is okay, I understood what you did Listen again what molality is number of moles of solute how many moles There are 100 grams of solute in 1 liter of solution How many moles are there in 1 liter of solution What does this tell us about its molarity back? number of moles of solute upon volume of The solution is to put it in terms of these lites You have to multiply the number of moles by 100 must remember the formula of it is given mass If upon molar mass volume were given then volume upon 22.4 litres so this is Molality Moving Forward is Next Molality would sound right now Both came from the same students ask what is the difference between Molarity and molality with that very love I told you r is coming in molality If A is coming in molality then you people are like this do not come with writing because if the examiner If he gets angry, he will not give zero, he will give minus I will give you marking ok so There are many differences between molality and molality. There are differences, the first difference is theirs You will see the molality in the formula itself What was the number of moles we had to find out used to divide the volume of solute solution in these leaks and it used to come what do we do with molar molality Here the number of moles has to be kept on top But you have to keep the mass of solution down there what was the volume of solution here there is mass of solvent ok listen carefully it is equal to the number of moles of So how present is it in 1 Kilograms of solvent i.e. molality Do you denote it with small A or capital A? denotes its unit capital A its Unit Small A what is its unit small m formula The number of moles of solute will remain the same as above Numeration is same divided by volume of solution instead of mass of The solvent was there in liters here This is molality in kilograms it is clear so yes a moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent Do you know the formula for moles? It is given mass upon molar mass okay let's have a Let's ask the question again, this is the question we have 2.5 gms off Ethanol present in 75 g of benzene to What did we see, that salutes us We could see it because it is available in small amount We have to find out the molality of sl a i.e. sl a I told you this is equal to the number of moles upon mass of solvent in Kilogram number of moles is given mass upon Molar mass is the given mass 2.5 Just taught how to calculate molar mass Think about the molar mass of ch3cooh The mass of carbon is 12 12 p how many hydrogen is four hydrogen is one Hydrogen has one mass and four How much will it be? How much oxygen will it be? oxygen carbon is also good two were sorry There were two carbons too. There were two carbons together. So I am writing it down, 24 plus hydrogen How many are four plus oxygen is 16 * 2 There are two oxygen atoms, it will become 32 and will be given directly Remaining 32 add 4 5 8 9 10 1 carry 3 36 60 60 is coming then 2.5 di 60 hole Divided by what to write now mass of Solvent in kilograms Mass of solvent How much is given in 75 grams? I am here we have to write in kilograms so 75 Divide Convert by 1000 kilograms So this becomes 2.5 divided by 60 * 1000 Divide by 75 ok point will be removed one row he will move from here he will move from here will be removed 5 * 5 25 5 * 1 5 5 * 5 25 5 3 15 2 3 6 2 5 10 this will be equal to 5/9 something must be coming, right 5/9 something is coming You must check the calculation once Ofcourse the method will be that whatever solution whatever is the number of moles of the solute Divide it by the mass of the solvent and Mass of solvent in kilograms If you want to keep it within the terms then from here your answer will come again i am saying Please check the calculation once I did not write it exactly here The calculation has been done once according to your Make sure you check it, it's okay, it's done Your Molality There is also a hope of difference in molality So it must have become clear about the unit The difference is in the symbols and the difference is in the formulas there is a difference isn't it end of course Then there will be a difference in the definition The next term comes to us automatically This is the last term, what about that concentration mole fraction mole fraction It is often asked indirectly about the price Understanding Fractions Very Well You denote a fraction by its cot like this ek this is jatta this not this denote jatta what is this mole fraction is known as fraction You are understanding that the ratio will be the mole fraction is the ratio of moles of one component to the Total number of moles of other component is one The number of moles of the component and the total If you write down the number of moles of That is mole fraction in simple way I'll tell you I said the number of moles a see i told you some numbers of a There are some number of moles of b I said there are some number of moles of c find the mole fraction mole fraction of a Take out a then whatever number of a's moles are divided by the total number of moles a + b + c if there was d here mam number of moles so you could have added d as well below and ma'am if there was e then add e as well ma'am if c was not there then it would not have been for c We add it, which means in short whose number is off You have to find the price and divide it The total number of moles is correct if I need to find the number of moles of b sorry if i had to find out the number of moles keeping off b at the top and the total number of off at the bottom Moles This Is How You Calculate Moles Fraction ratio of number of moles whose You have to calculate divided by total Number of moles present in the solution It is important to know that the sum of moles fraction of all the component is always Unity means if I ever get the number of moles of a sorry never mole fraction of a plus mole fraction b of c is then all of c If I do the summation then it is always equal to one comes this is always equals to one kya Look, it is written the number of moles of solute If you want to make a supposition then sorry solute if What if we want to find the mole fraction? will total the number of moles of the solute We divide by moles of the solution If you want to extract the solvent then use the solvent We can calculate the moles of solute from the moles of solution. divide the edge simple edge that if If we want to do the overall then we get equal one I know summation always comes first Come on brother, this is a very nice question Let's see here whether you will be able to do it or not calculate the number of moles a no sorry Calculate the Mole Fraction of Ethyne The glycol formula is c2h 6o 2 This value will remain in the subscript c2h 6o 2 In an aqua solution containing 20 off ethylene g by mass I erase it here I'll do it here okay this is good It is also good to always remember the formula which I just told you the summary If you do this then you will get a forest. Now listen to many questions. This one is interesting if you pause it and see for yourself If you try it then it will be a very good thing And if you can't do it, then understand Calculate the Mole Fraction of Ethyne Glycol in N x Solution Mol We have to find the fraction, we have to find beta basically it is ethyne Glycol zeta is extracted from ethyne glycol we know what we will do right and and Look what was said Mole Fraction of Ethyne Glycol in an aqueous solution means water There is another thing here, there is water also Water present is h2 containing 20 per off ethyne glycol by mass 20 per ethyne glycol by mass so we know here pe hum mole fraction of number of moles of Ethylene glycol will be kept divided by total What would have been the total number of moles Firstly, moles of ethyne glycol must have come Plus water is also there, so is aquas solution This will be the price of water, yes ma'am, see now there is nothing given here if we can Write ethyne glycol by mass on c20 It is given now see the solution 100% 20 there is by mass in it what are you saying Ma'am this is very confusing please look at this and understand 100% total solution will be the overall solution We will have 100%, right? Now, 100% grams. what will you say 100 grams, you will say 100% If ethyne glycol is present at 20 then if grams If you talk in terms of then you will say 20 grams ethyne glycol is it correct or not is it correct or not 100% ethyne glycol means 100g ethyne glycol for sure right so he is saying ethyne glycol at 20 bye mass is 20 but bye mass is on 20th if we If we write it in terms of grams then it would be 20 g It will happen, so I lay down here Maam all the questions come exactly like this Not even this is a little bit of a level up question It has been taken so that you can answer this type of question also be able to do that if no value is given How to do it in terms of percentage No, that is why this question has been asked So let's assume 20 here. we will only accept gra let's say you can Write it, of course, when you write it completely writing in a way let the overall solution is 100% in terms of mass ajum let's ajum it is 100 g so ethene glycol is 20 per by mass so it is 20g ok good Was the remaining 100% solution 20 in it so ethyne glycol is 80 what happened to aqua If the solution has been done then it means what happened is that there is 80 grams of h2 See don't judge the topic by the question Don't think about it, ma'am everything is easy This topic is more difficult, it Depends on how the question is being presented to you Isn't it true that all the topics and questions are easy? only as in this has been rotated rotated into one of the earlier I did not go, okay, let's go here Let's see ethyne glycol number of moles Brother, what is the number of moles, it is a little given ma'am that is given mass by molar mass okay so let's take them out one by one will also need to calculate We got a lump of ethylene glycol number of moles given mass upon molar What is the mass given mass of ethyne glycol 20 We've just seen Upon Ethan What will be the molar mass of glycol to be found out will need c2 h62 find its molar mass what will be the result There are 12 carbons and 2 hydrogens 1*6 oxygen is 16 and two times ok so 24 p 6 p 32 is what is coming then 10 12 1 carry 6 62 r will happen once check it out 24 6 + 32 c6 c2 h6 o2 ok 10 12 1 carry 6 62 will be coming ok 62 62 is okay and not plus not plus Divide 20 divided by 62 holes divided by number of moles of again ethyne glycol tha plus How much water is there? What is the given mass of 80 watts? is 80 divided by the molar mass of water which is 18 It happens, I just showed you was h2o 2 p 16 is 18 so you calculate this Of course do whatever answer you get. Now you must be thinking maam what would be the mole fraction There is no unit of unit mole fraction Again why is the unit of mole fraction Why doesn't this happen because it is The ratio of two similar quantities if you If a question is asked, you should write it down Brother why is there no unit for mole fraction Every term has a unit So you write it because it is the ratio of two Similar quantities If it is a ratio then it does not have any unit because so this is mole fraction moving Forward is the last topic, not our last The last two topics and one stock Know Hometro Comittee Stock what is metery brother look at the stock metri very very simple very very very very Simple brothers reactants and products which are formed It tells what the relation is between them How much reactant do you need to know by stoichiometry How much product was made on taking it or how many How much reactant was taken in the product when do you say stoichiometry or sto Shiometry is okay so stoichiometry Deals with the calculation of masses and sums times also the volumes of the The Reactants and the Products Evolved in a chemical reaction in a chemical reaction If you calculate the mass How much relation do you get regarding volumes It is present in both product and reactant You say stoichiometry and what else? we can also say that it is nothing but basically the relationship between the Amounts of Reactants and the Products in a chemical reaction a chemical reaction In how much amount of product and When you derive the relation it is the reactant ho that is known as stock hometro example When we react h2 with o2 then we get h2o here we have 1 mole of h2 You have taken it, whatever value it has in future The value that is applied is not balancing If you do it, you will be able to do Stockman so if you want to solve the question of stock Home Metro: Okay, so suppose you have balanced it I have done it now whatever value is applied next hee you say stoke meter cuffit then here On taking 1 mole of hydrogen, 1 mole of oxygen on taking it we get 1 mole h2o is this is it balanced no it is not h2o here pay to and here pay to It will look like this means we have to take it two times here we will have to combine two atoms of hydrogen are this oxygen say and then this will form two moles of you can se water hai na so first Balance it and then see what is happening how many hydrogens combine with how many oxygens This is how much product are you making by doing this have stock in between homoeotones and reactants Stockman Value in Mass in Volume kya relation hai that is known age documentary okay so yes a question let's suppose the question is 16 grams of methane is burnt what will be the mass of Let's first produce carbon dioxide then you should know the reaction methane Who would be burning it with, of course oxygen it's written burnt in air right here There is oxygen If you want to react then you will always get two products one is carbon dioxide There is one thing called water, what did ma'am say earlier You will have to balance to ask a question Let's do carbon one time hydrogen is it four times there it is two times na So it will take two times here, okay now Look at the oxygen, it has broken four times That means pay to will be charged here, not balance If you ask a question, you will never be able to do it wrong The answer will come without this balancing The question should never be even touched What is the simple way to solve this question So generally you can use unitary method in this You do apply it but you always do it in one way remember how to remember ma'am jo given first remove the moles and then If you want to remove it, remove its moles and then the only question is this one is ok it is given find out its moles if moles are given If yes then it is a very good thing that he has given Look at the relation for which you want to find out from him it is given, catch what you want to take out Look at the relation between them both This is how you can solve this question Consider it as if I was given 16 grams off Methane its value given is 16 Grams burn what will be the mass of carbon dioxide I was asked about this There is meat, so I just kept these two First we have to see the relationship between these two Check the relation and first look at the moles You must definitely value what is given Find its value. The number of moles is equal to given mass upon molar mass given mass is 16 what will be its molar mass carbon is 12 hydrogen is four 1 * 4 hai na so pho to this is 16 na 16 na it has come it has come Number of Now look at the moles which have the value mentioned ahead You can talk about it in terms of moles too. yes so we saw that at the time of balancing when one time when we took ch4 one time We have received one time CO2 now the number is off Look at the moles, if there are no moles we have seen here If we take its v mole then its v mole is co2 isn't it yes ma'am so it is carbon dioxide What is the relation between number of moles? No, now if I ask you to take out its meat then Do you know the number of moles is equal to given Write the mass m upon the molar mass or capital A Please write down how much is its given mass Maam that is what we have to find out, what will be the mass This is what you asked so I put one x How much is this divided by the molar mass of co2 Think about it, carbon is a waste of water of carbon is 12 plus of oxygen If 16 times 2 then 32 is equal to It's 44, right? 44 is the number of moles. How many did you get? Maam I saw the relation that it is one time and that too If it is one time then one will come so here x key how much is the value 44 44 This will be the final answer from back Listen, what does this question have to do? brother, the moles of what has been given to you Find out what has been asked and see its relation what is the deal with moles then with the given one Whatever answer comes after that will be the final Answer one and I will give you a small one in this I'll change it and show you, I guess it came here whether anything would have happened or not, this thing would have happened okay accept it accept it okay okay Wait, suppose you had got this same thing brother One has come, okay suppose there is balancing here I suppose in those times there would have been a pay-to-have here if there is any such reaction then you say one time When ch4 is taken co2 is formed two times then its What is the relation coming two times in this You would have had to keep the value, so if one came then we one kept two would have come if i had told it happens here there is two here there is one then how many moles would come from this the way you solve it okay so this is the basic method and yes in this way you can solve this, this is st How much chemistry and how much reactant This relation that you see is becoming a product you are there this is a sto commentary okay let's go Moving Forward with the Next Slide Now Let us look at the limiting reagent. last topic finally yes it is the last So now let's come to the topic limiting re Let us understand this one by one with an example yes i told you there is a hotel okay A family can live in one room there. There should only be four people in a family. suppose this is the condition four people in one room can you know what exists in the sense you can say one family can stay in one room Ok, one family can stay in one room. ok mam now i said no in hotel If there were five rooms, how many families could live in them? Could be five if I said there is a hotel Ofcourse the same thing in one room only One family can stay now I have six There are six families and the room is a hotel If there are five in the room, how many families can stay? Okay, so this isn't a cheap hotel. no no adjust your ageist no The rule of the hotel is one person in one room in a hotel If the family stays here then it will be fine It doesn't matter whether six families came or 10 How many families have come or 100 families have come? Only five families can stay if there are five rooms So if you look at it here in the same way So the hotel room is the limiting reagent There are as many rooms as families can come Now if she has a bigger family then she can If the access reagent is more then So if I am telling you that a room I am not in one room only one family can stay Right so in this condition if there are four rooms And if there are five families, what will happen? It won't happen ma'am four families can only stay If there is more than one family then there are four rooms That has become the limiting reagent, hasn't it? Rooms are available that is limiting If the reagent is an extra family then that is excess reagent so if we Look at this in terms of reaction if I said a + b gives you c and We have two times a five times b and suppose x would get the value of c it is okay this is the value that when u times a write it like this rather than u times a from one time b assume two times a one time b if it meets c then it becomes okay now I have He said, you know, I have four times a and if b is 20 times then you will say one second ma'am if two times a are times one time b then four From time a there can only be two times b which The extras you save are your access That means whatever became four is a limiting The reagent has become, this limit is telling that the It is in less amount according to that you Do you look at the rest, I told you one I want to design a car that has four wheels There is a car and a car with four wheels okay now it becomes 100 if we have wheels or 200 whatever x y studded wheels So according to that the bodies will be made 100 Wheels means if four times one If a car is being made then 100 means A is 25 to 25 cars must be forming now if You have 5000 car bodies you can make it doesn't matter because we have The limiting reagent was his wheels, right? So for the wheel we have that limiting Once the reagent is ready, we can get it from Access Reagent. There is no point in reacting on this basis right now We will move forward, this is the limiting reagent What is limiting reagent which reduces amount is there whichever is in less amount Then in reaction the one with access amount gets less It has to happen only then that reaction is possible, okay So what's left is the access reagent, let's go Let's understand a little more about limiting reagents is the substance that is totally consumed when The chemical reaction is completed If it has happened, then the thing is completely finished What is happening is that it is the limiting reagent okay in that amount that is the amount of The product is formed by this limited limiting reagent now if I have five If there were rooms, five families could have stayed but Why couldn't she stop because Limiting reagent arrived similarly product The limit of what has been made has remained that much This will happen because this limiting reagent is so much ok so the reaction can't continue without it now there is no reaction without it it could have happened if bhai had been in the room only then would have been a family Could you have stopped now? Tell me 100 more families have stood up we can't do anything because we have there are only five rooms right so this way The limiting reagent works, let's move on The difference increases, what happens brother? Plenty of access and limiting reagents If there is a problem then let's figure it out Difference Difference Number One Limiting Reagent is the reactant of a particular chemical The reaction limits the formation of product If the product is stopped or as much as the product It is formed due to the limiting reagent It is that much, if it were more then more products would be made could have been okay access reagent is the Reactant that is present access in the reaction mixture that is in large amounts I am present complete consumed during a reaction in a reaction The limiting reagent is completely removed It is not completely consumed in a chemical reaction of course he survives so not Present at the end of the reaction Bhai Bacha If it were so, then why would we be talking about limiting? He must have finished it completely And this will always be present limit at the end the amount of product and it won't The limit does not have any effect, it is ok so this is the difference in what way take it out Look, suppose it is written here. Absence of Liming reagent and presence of off limiting reagent okay so three Times of h2 when reacting to n2 So two times of nh3 is being formed now, right? Look, it is also given in terms of mass, 6 g when there is 28 g here then 34 g nh3 is formed right yes ma'am presence of How the limiting reagent was discovered Limiting Reagent Now understand limiting How would you have found out the reagent then I will tell you a I'll explain it to you through questions, suppose I said a p two times of a take two times of a p 3 times of b gives out c okay now I took this question two times of a 3 Times of b Gives Out c Limiting How to know if there is a reagent or not Maam for this you need to find a ratio There is a simple trick, just find out the ratio How is the ratio calculated ma'am whatever number is of Write the number and ratio of moles here how do you calculate the ratio of the number Of moles you can make his stockman efficient If you divide it by then you will find its ratio You could say if I put the ratio here If I say it then assume that here I have given two I bought 2 of the moles, I had already bought two if yes then take three, take three moles of it and I took one mole of it, let's say its mole If you assume 3 moles of this and 1 mole of this then the ratio would be How do we find out whatever the number of moles is That means she is using three other colours I am the number of moles whatever it is Divide the stock by how much is Yomesh Coffee There is two here, what is the ratio of the number off how many moles are there in one divided by stock What is the efficiency of the metric 3 then this the way its moles come in a sorry ratio Now what will be its ratio 2 * 1 2 2 * 5 10 1.5 will come, right? How much will it cost 0 p a There is something called the limiting reagent in this what is 0.3 look 0.3 limiting The reagent is ready whose ratio is small That is the limiting reagent being created here But okay so this is a simple trick by which you can You can use limiting reagent ok to solve it just use this method Now it is written here as well, look brother It's the same thing here too, isn't it? see 1 p 5 times when h2 is taken then 3 g It happened, we had to take 28 grams So on so on so this is the limiting reagent It is here because it is a small amount in this limits the reaction this limits the product is there so it has reduced it and Whatever is left, see in access how much n2 to take I read it brother, it was 6 grams and then it was 28 grams of N2 And we said this is 3 grams, that is 28 If it remains the same then it has reached the 3 gram limit right? 6 I took 28 for 1 gram and 3 gram for 3 gram How much will you have to take, even that is half you will have to do this if you divide six If you have done it with a to two then you will do it with a to two also. We will have to divide it, right? Divided by two So how much would this have come? This would have come 14 meaning 14 Only We Have Remaining in Access And we used 14, did you understand? limiting reagent is limiting the reaction I told you that ki ki ki ki ki ki and ka ki ki ki what should I tell you tell me Like I told you I don't have it These five fingers together form a hand Now I have 10 fingers and one hand only five will come in dozen matter now what will come in 10 The limit has been reached, five to one hand is being made It's okay don't put conditions like Hrithik Roshan It is simple so you have this limiting reagent it happens okay so as per your ratio If you want to take it out, what will you do, no matter how much it is Again balance is necessary in particular reaction do it otherwise the answer will be wrong ok Whatever the number of moles after balancing you have divided it into stock emetic The ratio of the efficient to the small r would become your limiting reagent ok whatever is left is the access reagent Now you must have understood the difference between the two You have to find the ratio of the middle and the end for this so yes finally finally yes that is For today now its over tata bye bye and we we will meet again next time First of all one shot with chapter one finish the shot first, it's an exam An atmosphere of fear is coming, isn't it? This fear is there first one shot to finish the atmosphere of Read it carefully and again in this one shot nothing is missing everything is okay completed from scratch to the detailed manner ok if you have any doubt any confusion anything you want me to explain in a In detail manner you can comment below and answer So let me know it's ok thatchi so much everybody