alright so in this video we look at synovial joint movements so in order for a joint to be able to move in a deliberate way we need muscle action so muscles attached to bones or connective tissues at no fewer than two points and when these muscles across a joint they're able to move that joint in a very specific manner based on their connection across the joint so if we talk about connections of muscles across joints we have origins and insertions and an origin is the attachment of muscle to a bone that doesn't move when the muscle contracts and the insertion is the attachment of that muscle to the bone that does move when the muscle contracts so an example of like origin versus insertion let's say like for your arm think about your upper arm where the biceps muscle on the front part or anterior part of your upper arm when that contracts it's gonna pull on your forearm and cause your forearm to move closer to the upper arm and so for the part of the muscle that doesn't move that's its origin and the attachment of the muscle to the bone that does move is the insertion so the forearm would be the insertion for biceps muscle now when muscle contraction causes the insertion to move towards the origin that's going to be a specific joint movement and there's different types we'll talk about and movements occur along transverse frontal or sagittal planes so in terms of movements that can occur across synovial joints they can either be non axial uniaxial biaxial or multi axial in an axis is just the degree of movements right so if it's non axial this is just gonna be slipping movements only and if it's uniaxial we're just saying that this joint only moves in one plane or one direction like front back side to side if it's biaxial it moves in two different planes like front back or and side to side and then multi axial means movement around all three planes so an example the multi axial joint would be like your shoulder joints which can move across any axis of your body now the three types of movements are gliding and Euler in rotational movements now gliding movements are going to occur when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another surface in an example this could be like a non axial or a uniaxial joint and so examples you find the body would be like the inter carpal joints of your wrists those bones just kind of glide across each other when you move your boat your wrist joints around or your ankle joints as well or even the articular processes of vertebra remember if you look at the vertebra we said that those are flat articular processes that can glide across each other when you flex and extend your back and this is a gliding movement now we find then for gliding movements and if you remove your wrists side-to-side as if to say hello you know these bones can just kind of slip across each other and that allows for a little bit of degree of movement then between those bones now angular movements are gonna be where the joint can move at a particular angle in a given direction and so this is going to increase or decrease the angle between two bones and then we talk about angular movements as occurring along the sagittal plane and this includes flexion and extension now flexion would be the movement of that joint that causes the angle of the joint to decrease an extension would be the movement of that joint that causes the angle of the joint to increase and the hyperextension would be going beyond the normal anatomical position so if you look at an example of this think about the neck here in anatomical position there's an angle here between your neck and the dress of the chest here now if you decrease this angle by looking downward this is technically considered flexion because flexion will be decreasing the angle at a joint and if you go back to normal anatomical position that would be extension because now you're increasing the angle at that joint and if you give if you go even beyond the normal anatomical position that would be hyperextension so you actually can hyper extend the head the neck by looking up now other examples of flexion would be like flexion of the trunk so if you decrease the angle of your trunk that's flexion or if you increase the angle the trunk that's extension or if we go beyond normal anatomical position that's considered hyperextension and then flexion of the arm is actually kind of raising it outward this is flexion of the arm flexion of the leg at the knee is decreasing the angle here between your leg and thigh and extension is the opposite right so extension will be bringing your arm back down to anatomical position and then extension of the leg would also be bringing your leg back to normal anatomical position now it's pretty difficult to show hyperextension of the leg at the knee without like breaking your knee joint but imagine though that the hyperextension of legged knee would be coming out this way which is you're basically you know going going beyond what the joint should normally should be able to do and then extension of the arms would actually be bringing your arms back to normal anatomical position but going beyond that is hyperextension so if you bring your arms back that's hyperextension now in terms of angular movements we have abduction adduction and circumduction abduction is movement of a limb along a frontal plane away from the midline and then adduction is like movement along the frontal plane towards the midline so think about like abduction is adding a body part towards the body and then circumduction is just like drawing a circle with your body part it includes like flexion abduction extension and adduction and the limb describes a cone in space so if you think about abduction that would be like drawing a limb or a body part away from the midline so if you can raise your arms outward that's abduction or if you bring your arms back towards the midline that's going to be a deduction and circumduction would be like drawing a circle with that limb and it's a mixture of lots of different types of movements same goes for the leg and thigh and leg or lower appendage you can actually do abduction of the lower pitch and adduction and circumduction as well now rotational movements would be turning a bone along its own axis toward the midline or away from it if you move a limb along its own axis toward the midline we call that medial rotation or if you move a limb along its axis away from the midline we call that lateral rotation so an example this could be like rotation of the vertebrae look at your neck so turn your head side to side is it to say no I don't know - what lateral and medial rotation are then you're doing it and then rotation of the humerus and femur like if you're turning your leg outward or inward so rotational movements include this right so lateral rotation would be moving your head away from the midline whereas of looking outward medial rotation would be moving your head towards the midline like looking forward and if you think about lateral and medial rotation of the thigh lateral rotation of the thigh would be turning this your foot outward and the medial rotation of the thigh would be a helping to turn your foot you know pointing forward and so there's other special movements as well so although we can move our forearms in a rotational way we actually have different words for that so you have supination and pronation of the forearm so supination would be facing the palms anteriorly pronation we were facing the palms posterior Lee and the dorsiflexion is actually raising your tippy toes up towards your head and then plantar flexion is pointing your toes downward so supination is pointing your forearm where your palms actually face anteriorly and then pronation is the opposite so if you try that on your own buying right now if you if you actually stick your arms out and then basically move your form in a way that you allows your palms to face anteriorly that's gonna be supination so if you can see your palms that's supine and then if you face the palms posterior by doing the opposite rotation that's what we call pronation and we have specific muscles for this now it's interesting those if you look at pronation you can see that the radius crosses the ulna here and if you look at supination their radius and all nighters side by side so it's really cool then as the radius can actually rotate around the ulna and that's why it's considered a rotational movement now dorsiflexion is pointing your toes upward and then plantar flexion is pointing your toes downward and then other special movements would be like inversion versus in eversion inversion would be like pointing the sole of your foot to face medially and eversion would be pointing the sole of your foot to face laterally we also have protraction and retraction protraction would be you know sort of allowing a body part to move more interior lee and then retraction would be pulling a body part backwards or more posterior lee so remember inversion is pointing to soul of your foot in word aversion is pointing the sole of your foot outward and then protraction of the mandible is kind of shutting it outward here and then retraction of the mandible is drawing it backward you can do this with a scapula as well like if you draw your scapula anteriorly that's gonna be protraction or if you draw your scapula back as if to pull your shoulders back that would be retraction of the scapula now other special movements include elevation versus depression elevation is raising a body part superiorly and the depression is sort of lowering a body part inferiorly so an example of elevation would be like shrugging your shoulders as if to say I don't know what elevation is so if you bring your shoulders up that's elevation if you bring that back down it's depression or like for the jaw or mandible if you close your mandible that's elevation and if you open your mandible or jaw that's depression and then opposition is just basically touching your fingers or toes together so remember elevation the mandible is closing it and then depression of the mandible is sort of opening your mouth by lowering the jaw or mandible now opposition is where you can have your thumb and other digits connects so your thumb might connect with your index finger your middle finger your ring finger or pinky finger and that would be considered opposition now we actually have muscles for opposition and we even have some opposition ability of our toes but it's much far more limited than opposition in our fingers