all right this is open stocks u.s history chapter 11 section 3 independence for texas so in some of the last sections we talked about how american expansion westward heightened tensions between the united states and spain which had a presence in the southwest that resulted in the acquisition of florida and a border that was set up between spain and the u.s but that changed beginning in 1821 only in the sense that spain was replaced by mexico so mexican independence from spain in 1821 in fact for much of south america independence came from the spanish crown anywhere between you know around 1800 through 1825 in those years mexico gained their independence in 1821 so it's no longer really an issue between the u.s and spain but rather an issue between the united states and now the mexican government so in texas uh you can't really see it from the map that is provided in the text but you know this is a map that is for whatever reason a a bird here uh showing the border that was established maybe a different color here so this was initially the border that was established between the spain and the united states uh everything on the right side was u.s territory everything on the left side was mexican territory and this is essentially where texas kind of falls in this particular region now both spain and mexico encouraged anglo settlements into texas by anglo we mean english speaking so in terms of language people who speak english and in general are protestants so it's much more of an ethnic category that's opposed to the majority of people in the spanish empire now mexico who are spanish speakers and tend to be roman catholics the reason why settlement was encouraged into this part of texas was that it was an area that was very sparsely populated both the spanish and the mexican government hoped that by bringing people there um that it would help you know make that land more productive they could essentially turn that land into farming or whatever it was irrigation they could invest in the land they could improve the land and they could be taxpayers for the mexican government and so the mexican and the spanish government worked with people called empresarios and empresario was a person who agreed to resettle people in texas resettle people in texas at the time this was moses and stephen austin father and son made an agreement with the mexican government to bring over 300 anglo families to resettle in texas there were some strings attached so for example these anglo families had to become catholics there was a concern by the mexican government that you know if these people don't assimilate into mexican society become mexican citizens adopt catholicism that perhaps their loyalty might stay with the united states in the end that's that is what happened but there were some conditions to this agreement that those settlers must uh must assimilate uh this was uh the people that were being brought in in addition to the spanish-speaking population of texas called tejano so we might call these the spanish spanish catholic population of texas now it really made up kind of the two major demographic groups there they're also a large number of native americans texas at this particular time was very very very sparsely populated not a lot of people there and very far away from the center of the mexican government mexico city so it was a territory from the perspective of mexico that was very very far away very hard to administer not a lot of people and um you know pretty underdeveloped in terms of uh you know making it profitable or something like that and increasingly it was these uh anglo families that continued to move to texas at a very very rapid rate a very rapid number ultimately outnumbering the tejano population so by 1835 or so there were more english-speaking protestants in texas than really any other demographic group and this ended up creating some tensions between the two sides right tensions between the anglo population and the mexican government first and foremost there was the fact that most anglos were still loyal to the us government rather than the mexican government there was also the problem of the legal system for many anglo settlers in terms of local legal disputes it was typically resolved by an arcade and all cades just will say a mexican administrator oops and any sort of local legal matter would get sent to a different part of the of the territory of the country in other words many of the disputes we might say disputes we'll say legal disputes were not settled locally right certainly not in the way that they were in the united states but perhaps the one tension that at least for us anyways is the most important one was the fact that in 1829 oops i mean 1829 the mexican government abolished slavery and this was especially a you know a contentious point with those uh slaveholders who lived in texas uh and so all of these things together the abolition of slavery the mexican legal system the fact that the united states or sorry the fact that many of these anglo settlers remained loyal to the us rather than the mexican government this was creating a recipe for um for conflict some of it began to bubble up one hayden edwards he was an anglo living in texas he essentially captured the local alcade there i'll be pronouncing that right alcade uh capture the local alkane there uh which caused mexican government to send troops up there the problem of anglo migration was so bad that in 1830 the mexican government banned anglo migration to texas this sort of brief revolt led by hayden edwards was put down but it was kind of evidence that there were more problems on verizon now in the midst of all this tension general antonio lopez de santa anna became the president of mexico and in doing so initially anyways appeased many of the demands that the anglos had in texas however not shortly afterwards he ended up abolishing all state governments including the state government there in in texas where many anglos lived we can call him essentially the president of mexico president slash military dictator because that's essentially what he became he just abolished um pretty much all of the representative governments now um you know the the people in texas especially the anglo population took this as an opportunity to declare themselves independent they captured the city of san antonio from the mexican government and in 1836 had a declaration to separate from mexico and essentially it was this declaration that ultimately led to the what we might call the texas revolution the conflict between the people living in texas and the mexican government uh santa ana and others sent troops up to you know crush this rebellion this ultimately led to the battle of the alamo in which uh those fighting for the texan side were killed amongst them was davy crockett we'll just say killed it was a famous uh frontiersman at the time killed at battle of alamo right this was a local mission in san antonio battle of the alamo we'll just call this clash between mexico and texas this was in this case mexican victory pretty much all of the people all the texans fighting at the alamo were killed uh as revenge sam houston was put in charge of texan forces we might just say just say general i don't know what his actual title was but general of texan forces led an attack against mexican forces at the battle of san jacinto which in a lot of ways was a victory for the texans even leading to the capture of santa ana that led to when santa ana was captured a treaty and i'll just scroll down here a little bit recognize and independent access right so just so they've got kind of everything uh everything in line here sam houston was general of texan forces in this revolution the battle of san jacinto was a victory for the texans led to the capture of santa ana which led to a treaty that recognized in independent texas the slogan at the battle of san jacinto and really in a lot of ways the slogan of just texas in general is to remember the alamo you know remember the alamo in which pretty much all texan uh forces were killed at that so this led to texan independence like i had mentioned before this is 1836 texas breaks away officially from mexico but there's a problem and that is on the one hand it's santa anna who signed the treaty saying that texas would be independent on the other hand it's the mexican congress it says santa ana's not in power anymore and therefore has no right or really legal power to recognize the independence of texas and so this becomes a much disputed claim texas does between both the united states and mexico so we'll just say no so texas becomes a lone star republic it's very interesting to note that texas sort of just a fun fact is the only u.s state to become uh only u.s state to actually i don't want to say become just to to be an independent nation yeah to be an independent nation from 1836 to about 1845. texas is its own country hence the nickname lone star right because texas was all by itself essentially now the idea right from the get-go was not just to break away from mexico and create an independent nation the the plan from the get-go was always to become part of the us right be part of the us but there are some problems here um one problem is what will it do to us slash mexico relations right that is to say it's not really unanimously agreed upon in um mexico anyways that texas is truly independent did santa ana have the authority to sign that treaty granting independence well the mexican congress says no this is also the case in terms of not just whether texas is independent but where exactly does the border lie that is the ultimate concern that actually is between the united states and mexico is where does that border lie but maybe even more important and this of course plays into our you know the larger theme of our class here is um the status of slavery in texas that is to say that texas at the time of applying for annexation has i think approximately 15 000 slaves living in texas and so much like the case of missouri there are many northerners who oppose texas because if texas is added to the union texas becomes the largest slave state in the union so it has this also this sort of divisive effect and it's very interesting to note that for as strong as manifest destiny and westward expansion was for as aggressive as the united states was in acquiring territory um you're really hard-pressed to find instances where the u.s does not look to add more land and in this case there seems to be one issue that supersedes westward expansion and that is the issue of slavery and again this is kind of getting root or getting down to the root problem that eventually leads to the breakup of the united states texas was populated very very quickly after it became independent people would say gtt or gone to texas this was especially a result of the panic of 1837 where people lost their businesses lost their jobs and just went to texas in order to start a new life after becoming independent the state of texas or the lone star republic carried out a pretty aggressive policy of removing and waging war against the native american populations within their borders both the cherokee and the comanche were tribes texas sought to push out very much in the very much in the same spirit as indian removal and the trail of tears which is occurring right at the same time here 1836 1837.