there's 206 bones in the human skeleton and they're divided into two general categories or classifications the first one is the axial which is the long axis of the body which consists of the skull the vertebral column and the rib cage they are all found in the midline and then the appendicular which is going to be your appendages these are the bones that'll make up the upper and lower limbs and they're going to have girdles which are going to attach the limbs to the axial skeleton if you look at this picture here you can kind of see the brown is all going to be the axial skeleton and then what we're going to do is attach to that axial portion these appendages which are going to be the legs and the arms and they'll be girdles that'll hold them on that we'll talk about them uh as we go through this in the next few weeks so those are the two basic divisions of bones which are going to be axial and the appendicular bones are also classified according to their shapes and there is a long bones which are considered to be longer than they are wide most of these are going to be the limb bones let me just show you a picture of them so anything that's longer than it is wide is considered to be a long bone so it makes sense that the femur would be a long bone and at the tibia and the fibula would be a long bone because they're long and they're also longer than they are wide but believe it or not the phalanges or your fingers each one of them are going to be considered by definition a long bone the second grouping is short bones these are the ones that kind of look like a small piece of clay that is lumped together and they're going to be mostly found in the wrist bones and the ankle bones sesamoid bones are going to be bones that are going to be found within a tendon and the best example of that is going to be the patella so the short bones are not definitely not lone they look like little lumps of clay and what they're showing here is the tarsal bones which make up the ankle and most people know about the carpal bones which make up the wrist bones and they are considered to be and of course the patella which is going to be a short bone so we have the forecast classifications of long and short bones then we're going to have bones that are going to be mostly flat they're thin they're flat and they're slightly curved so the bones that would be considered by definition a flat bone the sternum is a perfect example it is it looks like a dagger almost and it is entirely flat and it starts at the manubrium goes all the way down to the xiphoid process but also by definition the bones that make up most of the skull bones even though they're curved are considered to be flat the same thing with the rib bones the rib bones are considered by definition to be flat bones because if you took your fingers on either side of the rib it's flat all the way from where it starts at the spine and goes attaches to the sternum so by definition a flat bone is a flat bone um and then the fourth category is the one that they didn't know where else to put them and they just clumped them all into a category called irregular bones they are going to be very complicated in shapes and probably the best examples are the vertebrae and also the pelvis so this vertebrae here here's a body here is a something sticking up this way something's sticking down something sticking posteriorly and there's also a hole going right through the center there so irregular bones are just that they're very irregular but they don't fit into a category which would be considered flat and they're not long or they're not short bones but they're their own category which is considered to be irregular and those are some of the pictures of how we would talk about that the thing that i want to talk about tonight is going to be bone markings so although in the lecture portion whomever you have teaching that course is going to be talking how bones are going to grow and how they're going to expand and get bigger the lab portion talks about the bumps on the bone so bone markings are site of muscle attachments or ligament attachments and a tendinous attachment on the external surface of a bone i like to think of them as bumps on a bone also some of the bone markings are going to have an indentation which would be a way to have a blood vessel or a nerve go through that particular bone to get someplace else so there's three types of categories of bone markings one is going to be as i refer to it as a bump on the bone it is an outward bulge of the bone it may be due to increased stress from a muscle pull or a modification for the joint so essentially it is something that sticks outward from the bone itself the second category is going to be a depression and in that particular case a depression is kind of just kind of a shallow or as they have a bowl or groove like cut out that can serve as a passageway for vessels or nerves or actually it can play a role in a joint of one sort or another and the third category is being is going to be an opening an opening is just that it's going to be a hole or a canal in a bone that serves as a passageway for blood vessels and or nerves so those are the three different types of markings a projection a depression or an opening and they have a chart in this particular textbook of going through all of the modifications and i'm going to read through these although any text that you have is going to be very similar and just kind of because they're all going to sound exactly the same for example a tuberosity is a large rounded projection that may be roughened the best example of a tuberosity would be the deltoid tuberosity because it's going to be where the deltoid muscle would attach to the humerus at the shoulder joint and that's basically it it's a large rounded projection that probably is roughened a crest is a narrow ridge of bone probably the best way to describe that would be the iliac crest so the top of your pelvis has a narrow ridge of bone and it is kind of prom prominent and it is considered to be a crest a trochanter the only place that you'll have a trochanter is the femur so if you look over here there is the big one here which is called the greater trochanter and the littler one which is called the lesser trochanter but these are large blunt irregular shape processes and the only example that we have is going to be in the femur so if you put down trochanter anywhere else but the femur is going to be wrong a line is just that it is a line and so in this particular example over here this is the anterior portion you can see the intertrochanteric line and then as you would go down the femur there is a line and they use the latin name for it which is called linea so the linea aspara which would be on the posterior aspect of your femur is going to be where your hamstring muscles would attach to the femur and it is along this line and the definition is a narrow ridge of bone it's usually less prominent than a crest and you'll see that all of these sound somewhat similar the tubercle is a small rounded projection and that is basically it it is just a bump on a bone and so a rib tubercle is going to be this little tiny bump and i think there's actually one shown here so here is a rib and so here's the facets and this little bump here is called the rib tubercle it is just a bump on a bone an epicondyle is going to be a raised area on or above a condyle let me just go to this one here and so a epicondyle uh is a raised area near a joint but not part of the joint and i really don't have a great picture of this here so probably the best one as we go through all of the specifics of the bones will be the medial and lateral epicondyle at your elbow a spine is just like a crest almost it's a sharp slender often pointed projection and let's say we do not have a scapula on this one either but that's the spine of the scapula most of the time you can feel that on the back of your shoulder blade and that is going to be a very important landmark when we start to do the appendicular skeleton which will designate an indentation above the spine and an indentation below the spine the process and believe it or not the definition just says any bony prominence which is what they all sound like they're just a bony bump on a bone so a process in this particular one they're showing you the spinous process here this is the superior articular process there would be a process sticking out here which would be called the lateral process so they're just going to be a portion of the bone that kind of sticks up in this case it's called a process the next group still on projection is going to be a head and so if you think of a head it is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck just think of a regular person you have a narrowed neck that's going to have a head on top of it and so in this particular example they have here this is the rib and here is the rib neck and then this larger portion there is called the head of the rib a condyle excuse me a facet is a flattened a smooth nearly flat articular surface so the facets here is just kind of like they cut it in half and it's going to form a joint with the spine and that's basically it it's just a smooth nearly flat articular surface that will form a joint with some other bone a condyle is a rounded articular pro projection and so the example that's shown here is this is the mandibular condyle which is going to go into the mandibular fossa which is going to make up a joint called the temporomandibular joint your lower jaw which is called the mandible actually is an upside down hinge and the condyle goes into the fossa the ramus since we're on that there is an arm-like bar of bone which will go from the mandible up so this would be the angle of your mandible and the part that goes up here to the condyle is referred to as the ramus because it is a an arm-like bar of bone that is going to attach something to something else down down the hill or something however you want to think of it so these are all of the bone markings that would be essentially an elevation that would be a site of where a muscle or a ligament might attach to a bone but it was a bump on a bone it is something that is elevated the next group are going to be depressions and openings and i'll go through each one of them but i'm going to draw my little half circle here and just kind of show you some of them so this is going to be a groove this one's going to be a little bit deeper and that's going to be that one and i'll go through all of these and here is a notch and here is basically a fossa so this one here is called a groove and i'll go over each one of them this one here is called a fissure this one here is called a foramen this one here is exactly what it looks like it looks like a notch and this one here is a fossa so that's kind of how i would teach it in lab and since this is your lab basically the definition of a groove is a furrow so if you take a hoe and put it on an angle you are making a furrow in your garden which will would look like this so a lot of places that have bones would have a blood vessel or a nerve going through that groove there the next one is a deeper groove which is called a fissure so a fissure by definition is a narrow slit like opening that is a lot deeper than a groove and you'll see them throughout the all of the spine that we does a foramen is just a hole so a lot of times the hole particularly in the skull is going to be named according to the shape in this particular case this is an oval foramen and there is a place in the greater sphenoid wing called the foramen ovale which is latin for an oval hole there's also one that's going to be round which is going to be a foramen rotundum so that's the latin word for round hole the next one is a notch so whereas some places we have a groove some places will have a notch which is just basically that's it a an indentation at the edge of a structure or a notch that you would have in a bone as you're looking down there the next one is called a meatus the meatus is going to be your ear hole so on the other side of that midsagittal cut head there would be your ear and if you stuck your finger into your ear there's a hole and the whole gut actually goes into your skull bones so the external auditory meatus is a canal like passageway a sinus although they don't show any sinuses there well i guess they do here is going to be a cavity within a bone because we're coming up on filling up our sinuses season in the lehigh valley it is a hole within a bone that is filled with air and lined with mucus so a lot of times you are going to have a lot more air than mucus and if you have a sinus infection a lot of times that mucus inside of your sinus will be getting rid of the air and it feels like you have the mother of all headaches because you have a sinus infection it is nothing more than having an infection in the mucous which is in this particular sinus and the last one that is listed there is the last one i have here and it's an indentation in the bone so if the bone was just straight you can kind of see it's a the definition over there is a shallow basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface so in the case of a fossa you would have some other bone going into the fossa and you would have a joint that would allow you to move so basically these are all the bone markings and the bone definitions of the bumps on the bones or the indentations in a bone that will set the stage for everything that we're going to do for the rest of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton