hello and welcome to the first lecture for regional anatomy and physiology in 2022 my name is christy martin and i am the unit convener for regional anatomy and physiology i am also one of two lecturers that you'll be having for the semester and one of a number of teaching staff that you will find in your lab classes now today's lecture is going to focus on terminology but just really quickly before we get into that i wanted to give you a little bit of a rundown on how we are going to structure our lectures this semester so what we've decided is that every single lecture will be formatted exactly the same we just think that this frees up a bit of brain space for you to know exactly what to expect and exactly where to find different bits of information so the first slide of every lecture is going to be a title page it will have the name of that lecture or the topic to be covered and it will have the person giving that lecture so you know who that person is you can attribute a name to the voice and also you know who to contact if you have any questions or feedback about that particular content [Music] moving on from our title page we will have our learning objectives and now our learning objectives are really really important we will have learning objectives for both your lectures and your lab classes and why it is important is because this is the knowledge that you're expected to know as you move on to your other units so when you start those other units as you progress through your degree this is what they will expect that you already know this is also important because this is where we get our questions for our assessment items so all of the questions for your three lab exams will come from the learning objectives either from the lectures or from the labs if something isn't in the learning objectives it means you will not be assessed on it so a nice way to revise might be to print out all your learning objectives for the different topics for your first lab exam and they can use it as a bit of a checklist so you can tick off yes i know all that content or perhaps this is where i need to go back and study a little more [Music] going beyond just listing our learning objectives we've also found it really useful to actually start the slides that cover a particular topic or a particular learning objective with that specific learning objective we find this is useful when you need to say go back and listen to a particular section again instead of scrolling through the whole lecture you can fast forward really quickly to that particular learning objective and also the same with your slides so say there was a table or a figure or some diagram that you found really useful if you know what it was relating to and what learning objective it relates to you can really easily find that figure or slide or diagram so heading back to the start and looking at the topic for today and that is terminology and for anyone who has studied any kind of level of anatomy and physiology before you will understand what i mean when i say learning anatomy and physiology is like learning a whole new language most of the words that we use in anatomy and physiology are derived from greek or from latin and therefore they're not words that we're going to typically hear day to day why learning terminology is important is because knowing various words or various parts of words it helps you get a general idea about what something is about without needing to know the specifics so as an example say you are a medical radiation student you're on placement and your supervisor asks you to look for the anterior superior iliac spine on an image you're a bit nervous and you can't quite remember where that is but you know anterior means front superior means top the ilium is the top bone on your hip and a spine on a bone is a sharp process so by working through those terms you can deduct that the anterior superior iliac spine is that sharp process or that knobbly bit that sticks out the top front part of your hip as another example perhaps you're a exercise physiology student your client has has been referred by their doctor and they've brought in their medical history and you read that they suffer from pericarditis now you're not 100 sure what that condition is you're not a doctor you're not expected to but by breaking down that word you can get a general gist of that what that is so peri means around card or cardia refers to the heart and itis refers to information so you can generally deduct that it's something to do with the information around the lining surrounding the heart so only four learning objectives for this lecture however i will be honest there are going to be a lot of terms and a lot of content for each of those learning objectives however i just wanted to point out um a couple of terms within that learning objective and particularly these down here for three and four so be familiar with be familiar with and i just wanted to point those out because at the end of today or even at the end of the entire semester we are not expecting you to know every single word that we've used throughout the semester i don't want you to be able to find exactly from the textbook each of the terms that we come across today what i would expect is that from now on in our labs and our lectures we will start to use those terms more and more we'll use them in relation to muscles and bones and conditions and ligaments you'll become more and more familiar with them and hopefully in time by the end of the semester you will feel more comfortable actually using these in your own vocabulary so our first learning objective is to simply differentiate between anatomy and physiology [Music] so anatomy is the study of structure it's what something looks like or how it's put together as an example of that if i ask you to describe the anatomy of a typical blood vessel you could say something along the lines of it's a circular vessel surrounded by a single layer of endothelial cells with small spaces or gaps in between those endothelial cells so what you've done there is you've described what a typical blood vessel looks like physiology on the other hand is a study of how a body structures function so it's how does that anatomy actually work so again if we take the example of a typical blood vessel and i ask you to describe the physiology of a typical blood vessel we've already described what it looks like but the physiology would be talking about how these little gaps between the endothelial cells allow for diffusion of small ions and molecules into and out of that vessel so we're talking about how the makeup or the structure of that blood vessel actually functions [Music] learning objective number two is to use anatomical terms for body direction regions and planes so a plane is a 2d slice through a 3d space so in anatomy a plane is used to divide the body most commonly you will see a plane referred to when you're looking at images in a textbook or you're looking at a dissection in the lab now there are three planes that are most commonly used and these are the three planes that we expect you to be familiar with they are the sagittal plane so up here they are the frontal or the coronal plane and either term i'm happy for you to use and they are the transverse plane so starting with our sagittal plane our sagittal plane is a vertical line so running down here that divides the body into a left and a right section so in this case it's running directly down the nose down the midline of the body and separating the left side of the body from the right side of the body our frontal or our coronal plane is also a vertical line so it's this one here and this time that vertical line is dividing the body into the front or the anterior section and the back or the posterior section so the front of the body and the back of the body a transverse plane is then running in the opposite direction it's a horizontal line so it's this one here and it divides the body into a upper or a superior and a lower or an inferior section so all of these planes divide the body into two parts one thing to note is that all of these planes don't actually have to run down the exact midline of the body you could have a sagittal plane running down here which is basically just the left arm and then the rest of the body it's just the orientation of that line which determines whether it's a sagittal a frontal or a transverse plane so to give you a few more examples of what these different planes or these different views will look like here is an example of a sagittal view it's a sagittal view of a human skull so you can see it's been cut right down the middle as if you've cut between the eyes down the nose between the teeth and we often see this view when we are looking at the human brain so we can't obviously see the human brain here but to see all the internal structures of the human brain you will often see this sagittal view our coronal or our frontal plane divides the body into the front and the back so here we've got a coronal view of the heart so we've cut right down the middle so that we've got a top section of the heart and a back section of the heart or sorry a front or anterior section of the heart and a back or a posterior section of the heart so now we can see inside the heart to see those four chambers [Music] our transverse section is that horizontal line that cuts somewhere along the mid section so if you imagine this image here is a transverse section of the abdominals so it's cut roughly i would say around the belly button height we've got the posterior or the back of the body here the anterior or the front of the body here this is your vertebrae and your spinal cord you've got your two kidneys a little bit of the lungs pancreas intestines liver we also often see transverse sections of for example the thigh because you can see the amount of bone in the thigh the amount of muscle mass and the amount of fat mass so that's another common transverse section that you might see so moving on to some more anatomical terms now to describe body direction and these ones are ones that you're going to be particularly familiar with because we will use these pretty much every week in lab so what actually might be useful at the end of today's lecture is either to copy out this table or even print this table and bring it with you to your lab class so there's a number of body directional terms that we will use and here i have provided somewhat of a textbook definition if this doesn't work for you what i would suggest is making your own table so if anterior instead of saying pertaining to the front of the body if it's easier for you to do to think of an example for example it might be that the nose is on the anterior side of your head do that this is just a general statement to give you an idea what this term means so starting on the top anterior is pertaining to the front of the body so for example your kneecap is on the anterior surface of your leg it's on the front of your leg posterior is pertaining to the back of the body so for example your shoulder blades sit on the posterior of your body [Music] superior is referring to something that's higher than another point of reference so you would say that your head is superior to your feet your head is higher than your feet inferior is something that's lower than another point of reference so your feet are inferior to your head proximal is when something is relatively near a point of origin or an attachment so your shoulder is more proximal or is proximal to your hand your shoulder is closer to the point of attachment which is your trunk so it's more proximal and then you have distal which is something that is relatively distant from a point of origin or attachment so your hand is distal to your shoulder medial is one you may have heard of before so medial means towards the middle of the body so your nose is medial to the ears lateral is then away from the middle of the body so your ears are lateral to your nose superficial is relatively close to the body surface or outside of something else so you could say for example your skin is a superficial organ because it's around the outside of the body on the body surface or you could say the ribs are superficial to the lungs because your ribs sit on the outside of your lungs the opposite then is deep where something is relatively far from the body surface so if you think of a deep stab wound it's one that goes right down into the core of the body you could think that the lungs are deep to the ribs because your lungs are underneath your ribs prone so this is describing a reclining body when you are face down so some of you might have heard of this position when you've asked be nice to hold a plank so think about being in a plank position your body is face down that's a prone hold or a prone position and then supine is the opposite to that so it's describing a reclining body but when you are face up so if you imagine you're sitting on the beach and you're lying back with your face up facing the sun that's a supine position now hopefully what you notice with all those terms is most of our anatomical terms are actually paired so we have prone and supine which are opposite to one another we have deep and superficial median lateral proximal and distal superior inferior and anterior and posterior so what's kind of nice with that is if you know what one is then you know the other is just the opposite so you can almost just learn half of those definitions now we also have names for different regions of the body so if you look at this figure here on the left we have those three different colors referring to three different regions within the body so we have our cranial cavity in yellow here this is where we have our brain and our skull so the cranial cavity is where our our brain sits we then have our vertebral canal which is where our spinal cord will run in blue we have our thoracic thoracic cavity so our thoracic cavity houses our heart and our lungs the thoracic cavity is actually um separated from our abdominal pelvic cavity by our diaphragm so your diaphragm is that muscle that sits on the bottom of the lungs and it contracts to actually help us breathe in so that's the the border of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity and the abdominal pelvic cavity is also split up into two sections so we have the abdominal cavity which is a little bit higher and it contains things like our stomach our liver our small intestines our kidneys and then we have our pelvic cavity which is where our bladder and our reproductive organs sit [Music] and lastly um just one i guess um or another thing to show you um before we move on from our kind of terms looking at body direction and body regions and planes and that is the anatomical reference position so the anatomical reference position is this position that's um in the image here it's when a person is standing up tall they're facing the observer so it's actually this one here head is level so chin is up eyes are facing forward the lower limbs are parallel feet are flat on the floor the upper limbs are by the side of the body and the palms are facing forward now this anatomical reference position is used to standardize the way in which the body is viewed so if you think about how when you look at a map it's always orientated towards north it's it's exactly the same in this anatomical reference position so it does not matter how a particular body is being described and the way it's orientated the terms are always used relative to this anatomical reference position so if for example i said i had a scar on the anterior surface of my wrist this would always be on the palm side of my wrist even if my hand was down on the table palm down because i'm thinking about that position from the anatomical reference position so this is really important when we look at our muscles and our muscle actions we think about that muscle action and when that muscle contracts what action it causes at the joint from this anatomical reference position all right so halfway through after learning objective 3 and that's to be familiar with common roots prefixes and suffixes so roots prefixes and suffixes are simply parts of a word and becoming familiar with these different parts of words is what's going to help you understand or be able to identify the various muscles bunny landmarks ligaments and conditions that these parts of words make up so root means the primary meaning of the word so for example aust o-s-t is a root word and ost means bone so anytime you hear aust in a word you know that it has something to do with bone so for example osteoporosis is a condition where pores appear in the bones an osteocyte is a mature bone cell and osteoarthritis is inflammation of a bone joint so anytime you hear that root word if you understand what that root word means you know what it will be related to a suffix is the end of the word that gives it meaning so for example sight so c y t e is a mature cell and osteocyte is a mature bone cell a myocyte is a mature muscle cell and a fibrocyte is a mature connective tissue cell so anytime you see the word site you know is relating to a mature cell a prefix is then the start of the word which modifies the meaning of that word so hyper h hyper means elevated or excessive beyond normal hypertension is high blood pressure hyperglycemia is high blood glucose concentration and hyperemesis is excessive vomiting in pregnancy and lastly within many of these words you will see a combining word or a combining form it's mostly a vowel and mostly the letter o and what that combining form or the combining word or vowel does is it combines the root the prefix and the suffix together into one nice coherent word so if you think about osteoarthritis osteo arthritis it's combining the ost which is our root o is the combining form or the combining word arthritis we know is information of the joint so i'm sure there's many terms that you can think of just off the top of your head that you can kind of break down the different words and we're going to start breaking down the different words in labs and in all of our lectures and as you're reading through any of the resources you have for this unit i want you to start doing this too so here's an example of how you might break down a word so you might be presented with the word hypothyroidism not quite sure what that is but you know hyper means higher than normal or excessive thyroid relates to our thyroid gland and ism is relating to a condition so hypothyroidism is a condition of an overactive thyroid gland so you can see how you can start to break down all these big long medical terms [Music] so now similar to the previous table we're just going to go through a few of the more common routes prefixes and suffixes that we will use this semester i do want to point out on the top of the table here it does say root but not all of these terms are roots some of them are prefixes and some of them are suffixes but at the top we have ab and that means from or away and a nice example of that is abduction so when you abduct your arm or you abduct a child you take it away from you take your arm away from the body by means twice or double so if you think about your bicep your bicep has two heads two heads of the muscle exo denotes something that's outside of another so an exoskeleton is something that sits on the outside of your normal skeleton hyper we've already talked about denotes as something as um sorry i'm not sure why that says all but it says beyond normal so it's high or excessive and we already know i've mentioned hypertension is high blood pressure we have hypo which denotes something as below normal so it's the opposite of hyper so hypo glycemia is low blood sugar or blood glucose concentration i always remember they hype o o for low so you know something is low when you see hype o [Music] we have supra which means above kind of sounds like superior so for example your supra spinatus is a muscle that we will look at this semester it sits superior or above the spine of the scapula so supraspinatus and then we have infra for below or inferior and then infraspinatus is another muscle we'll look at so it's it's inferior to the spine of the scapula infraspinatus inter means between or among so think about your intercostal muscles they sit in between your ribs itis is relating to information so you can have tonsillitis you can have meningitis you can have pancreatitis its all information of those organs [Music] peri denotes something that's surrounding or around another so your periscope periosteum so you know it's around and you know it's relating to bone is actually the layer of bone on the outside of the bone [Music] myo relates to muscle so a myoblast is a immature muscle cell aust we've talked about already it relates to bone we've talked about osteoporosis so it's pores in bone tissue or holes in bone tissue [Music] connd or chondro relates to cartilage a chondroblast is a immature cartilage cell a blast is denoting an immature cell so we have osteoblasts we have myoblasts we have fibroblasts and then we've talked about a site so it's a mature cell we have osteocytes and myocytes and our fibrocytes this might be another table which you might want to print out or make up for yourself because these are terms that we are going to be using fairly regularly throughout the semester [Music] and then up to our final learning objective already and it's to simply be familiar with common terms for bony landmarks so a bony landmark is simply the identifying feature of a bone so these may be a site of articulation which is where two bones meet it could be where muscles or ligaments attach but at some point on a bone usually something that sticks out or kind of caves in that identifies a particular part of the bone and you'll be asked to identify bony landmarks on all of the bones of the body so starting with a crest so a crest is a prominent ridge or elongated projection so the iliac crest is what's highlighted here in red the ilium is this top part of your hip bone and you know a crest is a prominent ridge so it's this part here a spinous process is a sharp slender projection so when it's a sharp part of the bone that's sticking out you know that's a spinous process your spinous process is this part of your vertebra so here and also here and it's what you can actually feel if you run your hands down along the back of your back the back along your spine that's what you actually feel underneath your fingers [Music] a condyle is a large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at the end of a bone so a bit of a long one there condyles on this femur here so that your thigh bone here and here and so they're large they're round and they articulate with your tibia which will kind of sit here to make your knee joint so just sorry i probably should have said before these are landmarks that you can have on multiple bones so i'm giving you an example of a few bones uh sorry an example of a few specific bony landmarks but they're going to be all throughout the the skeleton [Music] we have our epicondyle which is a roughened projection above a condyle so epi means above so if our condyle is here our epicondyles are here if you grab hold of the sides of your knee that's what you can feel on the side of your knee [Music] we have tubercles so they're variably sized rounded projections so on the left here is a rib i would say probably rib one or two and the tubercle is this section here this here is your humerus so your upper arm bone and we have a greater tubercle and a lesser tubercle here a tuberosity is kind of similar to a tubercle but it's a variably sized projection that's usually for muscle attachment or ligament attachment so here is our femur we've got the head of the femur here this is a posterior surface and you've got a roughened projection that sticks out here that's our gluteal tuberosity so this is where your glute muscles will attach into your femur so that you can move your leg on this side we have our tibial tuberosity here you should also be able to feel that on kind of the front part of your knee a little bit below your kneecap we've got our quadricep muscle running down here underneath the kneecap into the patella tendon or the patellar ligament and it attaches at the tubule tuberosity here on your tibia [Music] we have a facet which is a smooth flat slightly concave or convex articular surface so an example is on your vertebra so we have a transverse costal facet so this is where your ribs and the costal cartilages will attach into your thoracic vertebra along here and we have our superior articular facet so again this is a word that you can break down a bit or a term that you can break down superior means top articular is referring to articulate so it's where two bones meet or two structures meet and it's a facet so it's a smooth flat articular surface so this is where the vertebrae above will attach to the vertebrae below and it will move slightly those vertebrae will articulate to allow the flexion and extension of your spine [Music] we have a fissure so you can have a fissure both in tissue and in bone so it's a narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone or tissue the most obvious one that we will look at this semester is the longitudinal fissure which is this fissure along here and it separates the left and right hemispheres of your brain we have a foramen which is simply an opening or a hole so this section here this is where your spinal cord will exit through the skull from the brain and then we have foramina so this is just the plural of foramen so a nice example of that is up here this is all of these little holes this is intervertebral foramina so again break down that word inter means in between vertebral is relating to the vertebra and foramina means basically lots of holes so it's all of these holes that sit in between the vertebra we have a sulcus which is a furrow along a bone surface so it usually accommodates a blood vessel or a nerve or a tendon this example here is the lacrimal sulcus this is the lacrimal bone to lacrimate also means to cry so the lacrimal sulcus is where your tear duct actually sits and then lastly we have a suture so a suture is a seem like a movable junction between two bones it's like a ligament between two bones that doesn't move and sutures connect all of the different bones of our skull together and so that brings us to the end of the first lecture i completely understand that you might be feeling completely overwhelmed right now and how the hell am i ever going to remember all of those words but please just remember what i said at the start of the lecture we are not going to assess you on the textbook definitions of any of these words we are simply going to start using these words in our lectures and in our labs and we'll often describe those words in layman's terms as well but we're going to start using these terms in our lectures in our labs and we want you to become more and more familiar with these as the semester goes on i completely appreciate that it you might feel like your brain is going to explode but it's not don't expect to remember all of these after today i would be extremely impressed but also slightly concerned that you would waste your time on simply memorizing all these terms just remember that as we use these week in week out more and more is going to get stuck in your head and by the end of the semester you might feel comfortable actually using these in your own language so thank you for listening to your first lecture remember that if you have any questions please don't hesitate to send me an email or post something on canvas i look forward to seeing you in your lab classes and in our online tutorial and just remember that some of these lecture slides can be really good resources to bring into your lab class so it's not such a bad idea to print off some of these lecture notes and then bring them to class so thank you very much and i will see you or you will hear me next time