Overview
This lecture covers key nomenclature rules in inorganic and organic chemistry, including common ions, formula writing, naming conventions, and important prefixes.
Common Polyatomic Ions & Formulas
- Ammonium: NH₄⁺
- Carbonate: CO₃²⁻
- Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate): HCO₃⁻
- Phosphate: PO₄³⁻
- Hydrogen phosphate: HPO₄²⁻
- Dihydrogen phosphate: H₂PO₄⁻
- Nitrate: NO₃⁻
- Sulfate: SO₄²⁻
- Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate): HSO₄⁻
- Chromate: CrO₄²⁻
- Dichromate: Cr₂O₇²⁻
- Permanganate: MnO₄⁻
- Oxalate: C₂O₄²⁻
- Hydroxide: OH⁻
- Peroxide: O₂²⁻
- Cyanide: CN⁻
- Acetate: C₂H₃O₂⁻ or CH₃COO⁻
- Acetic acid: CH₃COOH or HC₂H₃O₂
Common Ion Charges
- Zinc: Zn²⁺
- Silver: Ag⁺
- Nickel: Ni²⁺
- Cadmium: Cd²⁺
- Group 1A metals: +1
- Group 2A metals: +2
- Group 3A metals (Al, Ga): +3
- Group 5A nonmetals: -3
- Group 6A nonmetals: -2
- Group 7A nonmetals: -1
Numerical Prefixes
- 1: mono-
- 2: di-
- 3: tri-
- 4: tetra-
- 5: penta-
- 6: hexa-
- 7: hepta-
- 8: octa-
- 9: nona-
- 10: deca-
Compound Naming Conventions
- Binary ionic: Name cation first, then anion root + "-ide".
- Binary molecular: Use Greek prefixes; second element ends in "-ide".
- Binary acid: "hydro-" + root + "-ic acid" (e.g., HBr = hydrobromic acid).
- Oxoacid: "-ate" → "-ic acid," "-ite" → "-ous acid"; retain "per-" or "hypo-" if present.
- Hydrate: Name ionic compound, then prefix + "hydrate" (e.g., pentahydrate).
Simple Organic Formulas
- Methane: CH₄
- Ethane: C₂H₆
- Propane: C₃H₈
- Methanol: CH₃OH
- Ethanol: C₂H₅OH
- Methylamine: CH₃NH₂
- Dimethylamine: (CH₃)₂NH
- Ethylamine: C₂H₅NH₂
- Formic acid (methanoic acid): HCOOH
Key Terms & Definitions
- Polyatomic ion — Ion composed of multiple atoms bonded together with an overall charge.
- Binary ionic compound — Compound of a metal cation and nonmetal anion.
- Binary molecular compound — Compound of two nonmetals using Greek prefixes.
- Oxoacid — Acid containing hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.
- Hydrate — Salt with water molecules attached in its crystal structure.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review and memorize common ion formulas and their charges.
- Practice naming compounds using the provided rules.
- Complete any assigned readings or practice problems on nomenclature.