AP Human Geography - Unit 7 Review

Introduction

• Congratulations on reaching the end of the AP Human Geography course.
• Unit 7 focuses on industrial and economic development.
• Importance of applying geographical knowledge beyond the exam.

Industrial Revolution and Demographic Transition

• Impact of the Industrial Revolution on demographics.
  • High birth and death rates in Stage 1.
  • Industrialization leads to lower death rates due to improved sanitation and healthcare.
  • Shift from rural to urban settings.
• Industrial jobs: Dangerous working conditions, including child labor.

Impacts of Industrialization

• Social Changes:
  • Expansion of the middle class.
  • From nobility and peasant classes to a stronger middle class.
• Economic Changes:
  • Colonialism and imperialism accelerated by demand for resources.
  • Urbanization increased.

Economic Sectors

• Primary Sector: Extraction and collection of raw materials (e.g., farming, mining).
• Secondary Sector: Processing raw materials into products.
• Tertiary Sector: Service-oriented jobs (majority in the U.S.).
  • Quaternary Sector: Information processing and sharing.
  • Quinary Sector: Decision-makers like CEOs and politicians.

Economic Transitions

• Historical shift from primary to tertiary sectors in countries like the UK and Japan.
• Not all countries have completed this transition.

Break-of-Bulk Point and Least Cost Theory

• Break-of-Bulk Point: Location where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another.
• Least Cost Theory (Alfred Weber):
  • Bulk-gaining industries locate near markets.
  • Bulk-reducing industries locate near raw materials.

Measures of Development

• Financial Measures: GDP, sectoral structure, income distribution.
• Social Measures: Fertility rates, infant mortality, healthcare access, energy mix, literacy rates.
• Gender Inequality Index and Human Development Index: Assess gender equality and overall human development.

Women and Development

• Gender roles impact economic development.
• Gender pay gap and unemployment among women.
• Microloans, such as through Kiva, support women's economic participation.

Key Theorists

• Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth: Various stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.
• Wallerstein's World Systems Theory:
  • Core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.
  • Economic exploitation relationships.
• Dependency Theory: Highlights how periphery countries remain dependent on core countries.

Commodities and Trade

• Commodity Dependence: Risks of relying on a single export product.
• Comparative Advantage and Complementarity: Basis for international trade.
• Neoliberalism: Promotes open markets and free trade for global economic development.

Global Trade and Tariffs

• Importance of organizations like WTO, USMCA, Mercosur, and ASEAN.
• Tariffs as a barrier to trade; trade wars can escalate.
• Global economic interdependence highlighted by events like the Greek debt crisis.

Outsourcing and Economic Restructuring

• Shift of manufacturing and service jobs from developed to developing countries.
• Special economic and free trade zones facilitate international business.

Economies of Scale and Fordism

• Economy of Scale: Cost advantages from producing on a larger scale.
• Fordism: Traditional assembly line production.
• Post-Fordism: Advanced technology and flexible production.

Agglomeration and Growth Poles

• Agglomeration: Businesses clustering to share resources and boost efficiency.
• Growth Poles: Key industries driving local economies.

Sustainability and Development

• Challenges of unsustainable practices like pollution and resource depletion.
• Ecotourism: Promotes sustainable travel.
• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Aim for equitable and sustainable development focusing on various human geography aspects.

Conclusion

• Encouragement to use geography knowledge as a global citizen.
• Best wishes for the AP exam and future endeavors.