Mixtures Lecture Notes

Introduction to Mixtures

• A mixture is made by combining two or more materials that retain individual properties.
• Mixtures are physically combined, unlike compounds which are chemically bonded.
• Separation of mixtures is often possible through physical methods.

Types of Mixtures

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: Components are not evenly distributed.
• Examples: Salad, trail mix.
• Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures:
  • Suspensions:
    • Particles large enough to see and settle.
    • Example: Muddy water.
    • Separation method: Filtration.
  • Colloids:
    • Tiny particles evenly distributed, making mixture cloudy.
    • Example: Milk, fog.
    • Separation method: Dialysis.
  • Emulsions:
    • Liquid dispersed in another liquid with an emulsifier.
    • Example: Mayonnaise.
    • Separation method: Centrifugation.

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: Components are evenly distributed.
• Examples: Air, milk.
• Types of Homogeneous Mixtures:
  • Solutions:
    • One substance dissolves in another (solute in solvent).
    • Example: Sugar in water.
    • Key components: Solvent and solute.
    • Separation method: Evaporation.
  • Alloys:
    • Solid mixture of metals or a metal with a nonmetal.
    • Example: Brass, steel.

Separation Methods

• Sifting: Separates solid particles of different sizes.
• Filtration: Separates solids from liquids or gases.
• Evaporation: Leaves solid substances by turning liquid into gas.
• Distillation: Separates liquids by boiling points.
• Magnetism: Separates magnetic from non-magnetic materials.
• Centrifugation: Separates based on density by spinning.

Plasma

• Characteristics: Conducts electricity, influenced by electric/magnetic fields.
• Examples: Lightning, neon lights.

Key Concepts Summary

• Pure Substances: Made of one type of particle; elements or compounds.
• Compounds: Elements chemically bonded in fixed ratios.
• Mixtures: Physically combined substances:
  • Suspensions
  • Emulsions
  • Colloids
  • Solutions

Activities

• Classifying Mixtures: Identify type by characteristics.
• Solution Sorting: Determine if mixtures are solutions.
• Separation Challenge: Identify appropriate separation method.
• Element or Compound: Classify substances.
• Making Oobleck: Demonstrates non-Newtonian fluid properties and applications.

These notes capture the key concepts and examples from the lecture on mixtures, their types, separation methods, and the properties of plasma.