Child Sexual Abuse (CSA)

Definition and Forms

• CSA, also called child molestation, involves an adult or older adolescent using a child for sexual stimulation.
• Includes:
  • Engaging in sexual activities with a child
  • Indecent exposure
  • Child grooming
  • Child sexual exploitation (e.g., child pornography)

Prevalence and Settings

• Occurs globally, affecting all socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and cultural groups.
• Common settings:
  • Homes
  • Schools
  • Online spaces
• Child marriage identified as a prevalent form of CSA.

Effects and Consequences

Psychological Effects

• Can cause long-term harm including:
  • Depression
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • Anxiety
  • Eating disorders
  • Sleep disturbances
• Victims may exhibit inappropriate sexual behaviors and withdraw socially.

Physical Effects

• May result in physical injuries, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and neurological damage.
• Severe abuse can cause internal damage or death.

Offenders

• Most abusers are known to the child (relatives, family friends, etc.).
• Both males and females can be offenders, though the majority are male.

Legal and Social Perspectives

Legal Definitions

• CSA defined legally as engaging in sexual activity with or exploiting a minor.
• Children cannot legally consent to sexual activities.

Social Stigma and Support

• Social reactions to disclosures can significantly impact recovery.
• Supportive environments help mitigate long-term harm.

Treatment and Interventions

For Victims

• Treatment involves addressing mental health issues and preventing future trauma.
• Includes family, group, and individual therapy, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) showing potential.

For Offenders

• Interventions focus on preventing reoffense and may include CBT and relapse prevention.
• Chemical castration and cognitive restructuring are also used.

Prevention and Education

• Programs developed since the 1970s; involve schools, parents, and online awareness.
• Legislative efforts like CAPTA and Erin's Law aim to prevent CSA.

Research and Media

• CSA research has increased public awareness since the 1970s.
• Media reporting can impact public perception and policy but may suffer from sensationalism.

Global and Legal Framework

• The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child mandates protection against sexual exploitation.
• Enforcement is challenging, particularly in regions with weak legal systems.

Conclusion

• CSA is a widespread issue with severe impacts.
• Efforts continue to prevent, treat, and legislate against CSA globally.