Genghis Khan: Descendants, Empire & Facts

Overview

• Genghis Khan (1162-1227) was a Mongol leader who established the largest land empire in history.
• Unified the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau and conquered large areas of Central Asia and China.
• His empire expanded further under his descendants.
• At its peak, the Mongol Empire covered 11-12 million square miles, similar to the size of Africa.
• Known for granting religious freedom, abolishing torture, encouraging trade, and creating the first international postal system.
• Died in 1227 during a campaign against the Xi Xia; his final resting place remains undiscovered.

Early Life of Genghis Khan

• Born Temujin around 1162 near modern Mongolia-Siberia border.
• Legend: Born clutching a blood clot.
• His family was abandoned by their clan after his father was poisoned.
• Killed his half-brother and took over the household.
• Captured and enslaved but managed to escape.
• Married Borte in 1178; had four sons and unknown daughters.
• Built alliances and a reputation as a warrior.
• Most biographical details come from "The Secret History of the Mongols."

Unification of the Mongols

• Appointed competent allies over relatives and incorporated vanquished tribes into his ranks.
• By 1205, defeated all rivals including his friend Jamuka.
• Proclaimed "Chinggis Khan" or "Universal Ruler" in 1206.

Establishment of the Empire

• Ruled over 1 million people after uniting the tribes.
• Abolished aristocratic titles and outlawed enslavement of Mongols.
• Introduced a writing system, conducted census, and granted diplomatic immunity.
• Fostered religious freedom.

Campaigns and Conquests

• First campaign outside Mongolia was against Xi Xia kingdom in 1209.
  • Utilized cavalry and a false withdrawal tactic.
• Attacked Jin Dynasty (1211-1214); besieged Zhongdu (Beijing).
  • Jin emperor breached agreement, leading to the sacking of Zhongdu.
• Invaded Khwarezm Empire in 1219 after diplomatic dispute.
  • Noted for terror tactics and sparing skilled workers.

Death and Legacy

• Controlled land from Sea of Japan to Caspian Sea by 1225.
• Died on August 18, 1227, due to injuries from a fall.
• Known for bridging Eastern and Western civilizations.
• Descendants continued to expand the empire.
  • Last ruling descendant deposed in 1920.