here i have a circuit with a battery light bulb and gap if i fill this gap with a metal the light comes on if i fill this gap with glass the light stays off you probably already know this because metal is an electric conductor and glass is an insulator but what happens when i fill this gap with a silicon wafer the light stays off so you might think the silicon is an insulator but what if i heat it up thank you it lights up the silicon is insulating at room temperature but conducts electricity when it's very hot it's a semi conductor whose conductivity changes based on the environment this special ability makes semiconductors the perfect brains for electronic devices circuits of small semiconductor switches called transistors are at the heart of computer chips and enable them to do math and run programs semiconductors have enabled electronics to become smaller faster and more reliable but what is it exactly about these semiconductors that allow them to either conduct or insulate in a single atom electrons can occupy specific energy levels when multiple atoms bond the electrons are shared between them but because the atoms are now interacting the energy levels shift around in a solid trillions and trillions of atoms interact with each other their individual energy levels smear into energy bands for a material to conduct the electrons must be able to jump from lower energy states to higher ones the spacing of these energy levels and how they're filled with electrons determines if the material is a conductor insulator or semiconductor if there's a huge gap between the lower energy levels and the higher ones it's hard for electrons to jump to the higher ones so current can't flow and it's an insulator like this class metals have no gap at all electrons can move to the higher energy levels with no problem current can flow semiconductors fall somewhere in the middle they have a medium-sized bandgap so technically i can make this glass conduct electricity if i added enough energy through heat to push the electrons into a higher band but that amount of heat would either melt or break the glass before it actually conducts this is true of most insulators the amount of energy needed to make them conduct is just too high but in a semiconductor the band gap is small enough that electrons can jump into the higher energy band so that current can flow the amount of heat we apply determines how many electrons jump into the higher band and how much current flows and heat isn't the only way to change the conductivity in a semiconductor we can also use light electric currents in a computer electric fields as i've said computers are made up of semiconductor switches called transistors that switch between conducting and insulating computers use electric fields because heat is slow and would burn too much energy we can turn this wafer into a computer chip by printing a circuit of transistors on it using a process called photolithography here in the photo room we cover the wafer with a light-sensitive material and expose it to light that we shine through a pattern mask then we develop the wafer like film and photography which leaves behind a pattern that becomes the circuit printing the transistors at once lets you make circuits that are smaller and cheaper than if you built them from individual parts transistors make up the logic elements the memory components and the communication modules that let computers talk to each other with semiconductors you can cheaply add transistors to almost any device you can think of from spaceships to servers to maybe even your toaster semiconductors have enabled the technological revolution the internet the computer and the cell phone no semiconductors no information image i'm jamie and thanks for watching this episode of science out loud be sure to check out some of our other videos including mine on how computers compute check out our website for more information i'm just like