what is organic chemistry chemistry it deals with carbon and sometimes there are some subtleties of maybe having some CH bonds or maybe things like carbon dioxide at least are excluded but fundamentally organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds and up until the beginning of the 19th century people thought that there was an inexorable divide between organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry that only living things could make organic chemicals and in 1828 Friedrich fuller broke this paradigm and showed that he could make urea not from kidneys not from a human being or a dog but in the laboratory from inorganic chemicals and that was a major paradigm shift and then chemical industry later often later on in the nineteenth century took off with the dyestuff industry it used to be that all of the dyes clothing I totally come from plant sources and animal sources like shells and and beetles and then it was discovered that all of these beautiful chemicals could be made in the where all these beautiful picnics could be made in the laboratory and now all of these wonderful purples and pinks and reds and so forth that we take for granted are relatively cheap synthetic chemicals health has always been an important part of organic chem created fact the nice stuff industry came from a chemist attempt very crude attempt the chemist and Perkin to make a chemical compound that was used to treat malaria quinine malaria was a big problem throughout the world and still is in many parts of the developing world not in the US right now thank goodness but quinine was the only treatment that came from the bark of a plant and so kirpan tried to make quinine in the laboratory and instead got a beautiful purple compound and being clever and realized sometimes when you do an experiment and you go get the result that you see you could actually do even better with the discovery that you found and thus the dyestuff industry was born health has continued with antibiotics with compounds to treat diseases like aids and these are all products of the chemical industry in fact many of the PhD students who come through our program what Johnny and Buck will go on to careers in the pharmaceutical industry helping to invent the next generation of medicines that fight disease so I mentioned some organic chemicals fetching urea I've mentioned dyes I mentioned antibiotics I've mentioned drugs to fight other diseases what are some other organic chemicals alcohol a great favorite later on you will be learning about NMR spectroscopy and the first NMR not in our class but in the B course and the first end of our spectrum nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum the technique that now is very similar to the medical technique you've heard of as MRI magnetic resonance imaging the very first nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum was reported on ethyl alcohol what are some others and they we will be learning about ethane and other alkanes methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane gobei decane dodecane undecayed etc when we start talking about alkanes which i think is going to be either in october i believe that maybe be into November that will provide us into a platform on some of the big concepts I'm going to be talking about some other organic chemicals sugar fantastic not only is sugar sweet but it is an important component of many living systems on the surface of cells in your body there are sugars that are attached different types of sugars make you you liberally so in your blood group whether you're a or b or oh you're going to have different types of sugars and textures of cell surfaces and in turn your immune system is going to recognize whether you have sugars for the a blood group or the d fruit group which is why if you're a you can't get a transfusion from B and if you're B you can't get a transfusion from a sugars are also an important part of another biological molecule that is literally central to life central to your genetic identity what is that organic gone down DNA all right sugars nucleic acids DNA and RNA are two of the biggies for biomolecules what's the third biggie proteins so everything from synthetic compounds like antibiotics to alcohols to useful things like natural gas and all of the things that derived from petroleum which includes the plastic and many of the fabrics in your chairs your nylon backpacks and so forth are all coming from petroleum to biomolecules like sugars and D nucleic acids and peptides and proteins are all central to organic chemistry and this is why even if you are at the chemist it is so important to learn a little bit about organic chemistry well today I'm going to give you the three things that you need to know for the entire rest of the year then you can take all your final exams and graduate so maybe I'm exaggerating a little bit this will at least give you the cocktail conversation of the three things that you will need to know but seriously three concepts that are going to come up and actually be central throughout all three funds and we will touch on all this portable stereochemistry the three-dimensional structure of molecules the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in space this is organic chemistry gets fun or completely different than general chemistry that's why we actually get to play with these molecular models because there is very little other than intangible molecular model that you can rotate you manipulate that can get things into your brain so well I work with some very big public molecules and sometimes it's not practical for me to make a plastic model so I use computer based models but to get it feeling into my brain I'll put on 3d glasses so I can see it in 3d because nothing replaces that three-dimensional relationship of being able to rotate and manipulate and so forth and we will use our plastic molecular models to help us learn about this to learn about the shapes of molecules and so the second big concept of organic chemistry is functional groups these are collection small collections of atoms that have specific properties so for example alcohol which commonly is refers to ethyl alcohol has very similar properties to methanol methyl alcohol and isopropanol isopropyl alcohol because they all contain the hydroxy functional group this group of an OHA imparts very similar properties to the molecule this is a powerful concept because it means if you can predict or if you know the properties of one molecule with a functional group you can predict properties of other molecules with punk with that functional group chemical properties and physical properties ethanol is much higher boiling and say propane because the alcohol groups hydrogen bond together it's also much higher boiling than ethane I took propane the same roughly the same number of atoms methanol also has a higher boiling point ethanol mixes with water methanol mixes with water we will learn about functional groups throughout the 3/4 like car so like acids ketones aldehydes carbonyl functional groups and so forth and you will see that what molecule no at the behavior of the functional group can allow you to predict and understand the properties of many many different molecules and so that is why this is such an important concept this is different than general chemistry because we are seeing more in the way of patterns and this is organic chemistry really opens up to people where they say right I really like all a calculator stuff in the logs and being and the various equations and the Nernst equation and so for the general chemistry and they get turned on when they see these patterns in organic chemistry the last big concept is curved arrow notation reactivity of organic chemists chemicals is all about flow electrons and if you understand where the electrons are and what wants to get electrons who has the electrons and who wants the electrons that's these are properties of functional groups then you can figure out how different molecules react and curved arrows are ways that we show the flow of electrons that in turn shows us where bonds form because when you share a pair of electrons you form a covalent bond when you take away a pair of electrons you break the covalent bond and so we're going to use a very simple notation like so to show electrons flowing from something that has electrons to something that wants electrons