We shall start today's prayer, the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit, Amen. Lord, thank you for this day that you have given us. May you give us your knowledge, guidance, and wisdom as we go through our topic for today. We shall pray in Jesus' name, Amen. The Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit, Amen.
So good day, everyone. Today, we will be going to talk now about the activity number five. And this is all about the reactions of the Silver Group, IONS.
separated as fluorides. So in pharmaceutical inorganic analysis, it is important to separate and identify cations. So these are the positively charged ions in order to check for impurities and ensure that the quality of the medicines and raw materials are good. important set of cations is the silver group.
This is a group 1 cations which includes silver. So these are the veda of the elements or ions for today. We have silver, silver, the lead and mercurus. this would be a g plus so that so the bar we are dealing with ions so which means not charged charges so for the silver the charge positive one for the lead and charge is positive two and for the mercury's and charger is positive still positive okay so silly you mga bida ions for today okay so these three elements are belongs to the silver group silver group or the group one cut ions okay group one cut ions guys okay so as a learning object At the end of this session, you will be going to describe the chemical reactions involved in the precipitation of group 1 cations as chlorides using the youth hydrochloric acid.
Differentiate the physical and chemical properties of silver chloride, lead chloride, and the mercurius chloride. based on their solubility color changes and reactions with confirmatory agents so let's go with the procedure so for our procedure procedure number one we have here the let me read please five drops each Of silver, lead, and mercury's test solution in separate test tubes. So, parehas na ito ng ginawa natin from last time na test solution. So, separate test tubes.
Okay. So, this would be for the silver, lead, and mercury. curious so lima down a drop four five one two three four five okay so lima drops and then afterwards we will have the reagent or we will add the reagent which is the 2NHCL so that's our reagent remember okay your agent is the two and hcl okay let's try yellow okay two and hcl two to three drops so three drops again three drops two to three drops okay so you know reagent nothing so as a result as a result okay for our anonyari so we are going to observe the color on anonyari dito when we add the hcl if we add the hcl plus hcl plus hcl and plus hcf so for the silver it would be greenish yellow yellow green Greenish yellow.
So, yan yung magiging color ng precipitate niya. How about for the lead? It would be colorless to slightly yellow gas.
Okay, colorless. It would be... colorless and for the mercurus still colorless to yellow dust okay colorless how about for this reagent the solutions are the solutions are the silver the lead and the mercurus and reagent is the 2n hcl okay 2n hcl that is for the step one okay let's put it here test solutions are ag plus pb2 plus and mercury hg2 2 plus okay so the reagent used to be 2 and hcl so the results are here the follower of the precipitates okay next procedure number two we are going to place two to three drops of 2h Oops, same lang sila.
Ito na tayo. Okay, so 2A. Okay, 2A.
Let's go for the 2A and 2B. 2A. Testing of the solubility of the precipitate by adding 5 drops of boiling water and heating the test tube in the water bath.
Okay. So dito, di ba meron tayong mga precipitate na nabuo? So meron mga precipitate na nabuo dito. so we will put boiling water in the test tube okay five drops of boiling water and heat the test tube in the water but then see if we can transfer it Okay, diba we say that the precipitates are insoluble. Okay, let's test the solubility.
So when we add the 5 drops of boiling water. Okay, let's see na it the color blue. Boiling water, 5 drops. 5 drops of boiling water. 5 drops of boiling water.
and then subject the test tube to water bath so they put it in the water bath so that's where they put the test tube so what happened is for the silver the silver is insol is soluble okay Insoluble is per 100 ml in 100 degrees Celsius. Well, the lead is insoluble. as well as your mercurius so you apologize to another portion add five drops add five drops of sabina ito tayo ha sabi so add five drops of six and ammonium hydroxide describe the solubility of the precipitate and write down the results okay for the ag there is white White precipitate soluble. And then for the lead, there is a chalky white precipitate. For the mercurus, it is still insoluble.
how about for the procedure number three still adding off six and each ammonium hydroxide so this is step three now so the color of the precipitate first is white and cloudy solution so this is the ammonium hydroxide that we put in our test solutions So for the silver, it is white and cloudy solution. Well, for the lead, it is chalky white. Chalky white precipitate. and for the mercurius it would be black as we as we continue adding the ammonia hydroxide until precipitation has reached the maximum and add three to five drops more in excess okay so note that in note in what test tubes the precipitate dissolve so Kailangan natin mag-add pa tayo na mag-add ng ammonium hydroxide until it reach the maximum and add 3 more. Okay?
Pag kunwari nag-precipitate na siya, yun na yung maximum niya na precipitation, na-reach na natin yun. So we still add 3 to 5 drops more in excess. That is to confirm the complete precipitation process.
Note that in what test tube the precipitate dissolves. so this is 3a so for your silver it dissolves in excess for the lead it does not dissolve in excess reagent reagent okay and for the mercury that is insoluble in excess let's go with your step number four so still repeat the process repeat the steps and add 6n NaOH to each test tubes here and note the color of the precipitate for step number four so sodium hydroxide color of the precipitate is brown the lead would be white And for the mercury rose, it is blocked. It will be blocked.
Okay? If we continue adding the sodium hydroxide until the preparation seems complete, still add 4 to 5 drops in excess. Okay? So note in what test tube does the precipitate dissolves. Okay?
So we'll add it in excess NOH. Then, let's see what will dissolve the precipitate. so for the ag or for the silver it does not dissolve does not dissolve for the lead naman dissolve over reagents okay so it dissolves dissolves over reagent and for the mag ano naman sa mercury it still dissolves over age for this step number five so step number five the result if we repeat the process and then add one drop of the potassium chromate note the color of the precipitate so anong color na magigang magrepo ano yung color na mabubuo ano yung color na makikita if we add one drop of potassium chromate okay for the silver it would be red for the lead it would be yellow for the mercury it is brown so brown you might not get another color of our result after adding one drop of potassium bromide. So centrifuge, we need to centrifuge. This is the stage where we use centrifuge.
After that, we need to add three drops of 6N sodium hydroxide. Let's check its solubility. So for the silver, it does not dissolve.
For the lead, it dissolves over reagent. And for the mercury, it still dissolves over reagent. So, napapansin niyo.
yung tinatest natin dito is the color color of the ions or the test solutions and its solubility in a particular reagent okay so dyan natin silang papagkaiba guys kunwari if we use if we use potassium chromate to test kung meron bang presence ng silver kung meron bang presence ni lead or presence ni mercury so pag nag red yung solution after dropping potassium chromate and then silver yung present sa kanya. And if nag-yellow naman, it would be lead. And if nag-brown, it would be mercury. So for the step 6, ang giyad naman natin is the potassium iodide. So anong color if yung potassium iodide yung ginamit natin as a reagent?
So for the silver, silver it will turn yellow. For the lead naman, still yellow and for the mercurus it is green yellow green to yellow so let's check for the solubility so in checking the solubility we need to add more excess na ki okay so ano yung the one that will dissolve here. so for the silver it dissolves over excess dissolves over excess ki and for the lead still same long dissolves so same as the over excess ki same for the But then for the mercury, as it dissolves, it also forms.
black precipitate okay so from green to yellow it became black precipitate of mercury so we have here the observation table so you need to study this and familiarize yourself about your agent the observation for the Silver, lead, and materials corresponding to the reagent being added. Or being added. And here are the complete table. So, nandito yung step 1 natin.
2A, B. Okay. Step 3, 3A.
Step 4, 4A. So, sunod-sunod na ito guys. Kindly study this thoroughly. Kasi dito kami magbe-base ng mga...
Moving exam questions nyo on Tuesday. Okay. So as a conclusion, in pharmaceutical and inorganic chemistry, it is important to identify metal ions that may be present as impurities in raw material or finished products.
One important group is the silver group, group 1 cations, which includes the silver, the lead, and mercurius ions. These cations are called silver group because they form in soluble white precipitates of fluoride when treated with diluted hydrochloric acid. Each of these precipitates shows unique properties.
For example, sodium chloride which dissolves in ammonia, lead chloride which is soluble in hot water, and mercury chloride which reacts differently forming a dark product. Okay, so we study this. Be careful in observing their color changes, solubility, and reaction with confirmatory agents.
We can systematically separate and identify these ions. These laboratory activities help you practice the basic step of qualitative analysis. Okay, so with this, with these processes guys, para na rin tayong nag-test.
or analyzing solutions wherein we indicate or check if there are impurities because the silver, the lead, and the mercury, if they are not needed in a product, if they are not needed, for example this one, if there is an AG, if there is a lead, and there is a mercury, but then hindi natin niyang kailangan They are called impurities. So, we need to separate them from our product. And this is one of the analysis that we can use. So, that's how important activity number 5 is. So, that would be all for this activity.
Thank you for listening and good luck to your exam.