Time check. It's English o' [Music] English teacher. [Music] I made learning English easy for you. Please like, comment, and subscribe. [Music] Welcome to our new episode everyone. For today's video, we are going to talk about transitional devices as tools for coherence and cohesion. And after that, we will also talk about the five key stages in writing process. The target learning competency for this video is revise the literary texts for coherence and cohesion using transitional markers. These are the lesson objectives. Define coherence and cohesion. Use transitional devices in composing a literary text. In writing, coherence and cohesion are crucial for creating a smooth, logical flow of ideas. Coherence refers to the overall clarity and consistency in a piece of writing, ensuring that ideas are logically organized and easily understood. Cohesion, on the other hand, focuses on the way sentences and paragraphs are linked together, often through linguistic devices that bind them into a unified hole. Transitional devices play a significant role in achieving both coherence and cohesion. Transitional devices definition and importance. Transitional devices are words, phrases or sentences that help connect different ideas, sentences or paragraphs in a piece of writing. They serve as bridges that guide readers through the text, signaling relationships between ideas such as cause and effect, comparison, or addition. These devices help the reader follow the writer's train of thought without abrupt shifts or confusion. Without transitional devices, even well ststructured writing can feel disjointed, causing readers to lose track of the argument or the point being made. Effective transitions make writing more readable and ensure that arguments are easier to follow, which is key for both academic and professional writing. Types of transitional devices. Number one, addition transitions. These transitions signal the inclusion of more information. Common examples include furthermore, moreover, in addition, also besides, example. In addition to improving literacy rates, the program also aims to enhance digital skills. Number two, contrast, comparison, transitions. These show differences or similarities between ideas. However, on the other hand, similarly, conversely, nevertheless, in contrast, example. Conversely, while the first approach focuses on theory, the second emphasizes practical skills. Number three, cause and effect transitions. These illustrate relationships between actions and outcomes. Therefore, as a result, consequently, because, hence, example, because the company failed to address customer complaints, sales plummeted. Number four, time or sequence transitions used to indicate the passage of time or the sequence of ideas. First, next, finally, before, after, subsequently. Example, first we need to establish the budget. Afterward, we can proceed with planning. Number five, conclusion or summary transitions. These are used to wrap up or summarize. In conclusion, sum up, overall, in summary. Therefore, example. In conclusion, adopting renewable energy is not only environmentally responsible but also economically advantageous. Number six, clarification or emphasis transitions. They serve to clarify or emphasize points. In other words, that is to say, indeed, to put it differently. Example, indeed, the success of the project depended entirely on effective team collaboration. How transitional devices enhance coherence and cohesion. Number one, achieving coherence. Transitional devices contribute to coherence by signaling relationships between larger sections of a text. For instance, when a writer moves from discussing a problem to suggesting a solution, phrases like in response to or as a solution indicate this shift, making it easier for readers to follow the argument. By clearly signaling the structure of the text, transitions maintain logical flow and prevent confusion. Example, the company's profits have fallen in recent years. As a result, they have implemented a cost cutting strategy. Number two, enhancing cohesion. Cohesion is achieved through the connection of sentences and paragraphs at a more granular level. Transitional devices, often conjunctions or adverbs, create ties between ideas, sentences, or even phrases. For example, contrastive transitions like however, or on the other hand, directly link two conflicting points, creating a smooth cohesive transition from one to the next. Example, the initiative had widespread support for management. However, employees were less enthusiastic. Number three, avoiding disjointed writing. One of the key roles of transitional devices is to avoid abrupt jumps between ideas. Without these bridges, writing can appear fragmented and readers may struggle to see the connections between ideas. Transitions help maintain a consistent rhythm and guide the reader logically through the text. Number four, building logical relationships. Transitions also clarify the relationship between ideas. A well-placed therefore can signal a cause effect relationship while similarly highlights parallel ideas. This helps readers understand how one point builds upon or contrasts with another adding depth to the argument or narrative. Example, the first experiment showed promising results. Similarly, the second experiment confirmed the hypothesis. Challenges in using transitional devices. Overuse or underuse. Too many transitions can make writing feel forced or overly structured, disrupting the natural flow of ideas. On the other hand, not using enough transitional devices can leave writing feeling choppy or disjointed. Choosing the right transition. It's important to select a transitional device that accurately reflects the relationship between ideas. Using however to introduce additional information, for example, would confuse readers expecting a contrast. Conclusion: Transitional devices are indispensable tools for creating coherence and cohesion in writing. They allow ideas to flow logically and smoothly from one point to the next, ensuring that readers can easily follow the progression of thoughts. By understanding and skillfully applying these devices, writers can greatly enhance the clarity, organization, and overall readability of their work. Now, let's proceed to the discussion of the writing process. What is a writing process? Writing process is a series of steps that writers follow to develop and refine their work. While different approaches exist depending on the writer genre or context, the basic steps generally remain the same. The writing process can be broken down into five key stages. Number one, prewriting. Prewriting is the brainstorming and planning phase. It involves gathering and organizing ideas, deciding on a purpose and audience for the writing and determining the structure of the piece. This stage helps set a foundation and gives the writer clarity about the content. Key activities in the prewriting stage include brainstorming, generating ideas through techniques like freewriting, mind mapping, or listing. Research, gathering information and evidence of writing about a topic that requires facts or data. Outlining, creating a structure or blueprint for the writing, which can include headings, bullet points, or rough paragraphs. Determining purpose and audience. Deciding whether the piece is informative, persuasive, descriptive, etc., and considering the needs of the audience. In other words, in prewriting, you need to decide on a topic to write about. What do I want to say? Consider who will read or listen to your written work. Who will read my writing? Brainstorm ideas about the topic. How do I want to say it? Use a graphic organizer to organize your ideas. What else do I need to know to begin? Do your research if necessary. Who can I talk to about my ideas? Number two, drafting. In the drafting phase, the writer begins turning the ideas from the pre-writing stage into sentences and paragraphs. The goal is to get ideas down on paper without worrying too much about perfection or minor details. Writers often create multiple drafts, improving their work with each iteration. Steps in drafting include writing the introduction, crafting a hook to engage the reader, and introducing the main topic or thesis, developing body paragraphs, expanding on the main points with examples, evidence, or elaboration, writing a conclusion, summarizing key points, or offering closing thoughts. Maintaining flow. keeping the writing moving forward without getting bogged down by grammar or structure. In short, in this process, you need to write sentences and paragraphs even if they are not perfect. Are my thoughts organized? Read what you have written and judge if it says what do you mean? Which ideas do I want to develop? Show it to others and ask for suggestions. Who can read this and offer suggestions? Third step, revising. Revising focuses on improving the content, structure, and clarity of the writing. This is where significant changes can be made such as reorganizing ideas, adding more detail, or cutting unnecessary information. It ensures that the writing achieves its purpose and that the ideas are fully developed and presented logically. Revising involves reorganizing content, adjusting the structure for better flow and coherence, strengthening arguments or ideas, adding or revising examples, explanations, or evidence to support points, clarifying unclear ideas. Ensuring that all points are understandable to the reader. Improving transitions. enhancing the connections between paragraphs or ideas to maintain flow. In short, in revising, you need to read what you have written again. Have I read what I have written? Think about what others said about it. Are my details clear? Should I add or take out parts? Rearrange words or sentences. Have I used the best ideas and words? Delete, add, or change parts. Is my writing in a sensible order? Replace overused or unclear words. What suggestions have others made? Let's proceed to the fourth process. Editing. Editing is the process of refining the writing for grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure. This stage focuses on the technical aspects of writing to ensure correctness and polish. It comes after the revising stage when the content is set and only minor corrections are needed. Key tasks in editing, correcting grammar and punctuation, fixing run-on sentences, fragments, comma splices, etc., checking spelling, ensuring there are no typos or misspellings. Improving word choice. Replacing vague or redundant words with more precise or impactful language. Ensuring sentence variety. Varying sentence structure to avoid monotony. So in editing you need to be sure all sentences are complete, have subjects and verbs. Have I used complete sentences? Correct spelling, capitalization and punctuation. Are my spelling, capitalization, and punctuation correct? Change words that are not used correctly. Have I marked corrections that I need? Have someone check your work? Has someone checked my work? Recopy it correctly and neatly. Do I have a correct and neat copy? Now, the final stage, publishing or finalizing. This final step involves preparing the work for its intended audience. In formal or academic settings, this might mean submitting the work for grading or publication. In personal or creative writing, it could involve sharing the work with friends, family, or posting online. Steps include final formatting, ensuring the document is properly formatted, font, spacing, headings according to guidelines or expectations, proofreading, doing a final read through to catch any remaining errors. Submission or sharing, sending the work to its audience, whether that's a teacher, publisher, or online platform. So in publishing you need to read your writing aloud to a group. Create a book of your work. Should I illustrate it and display it? Should I bind it in a book? Send a copy to a friend or relative? Should I read it aloud? Put your writing on display? Can I place it in a classroom library? Illustrate, perform, or set your creation to music? Will I act it out? Should I record myself telling my story and post it online? Conclusion: The writing process is iterative and flexible. Writers often cycle back and forth between steps, especially revising and editing until they are satisfied with the final product. Each stage is essential for producing a clear, coherent, and polished piece of writing. By following these steps, writers can systematically develop their ideas, enhance the quality of their work, and communicate effectively with their readers. So, did you learn something today? bleed. If you want more of this video tutorial and learn English in a light speed, subscribe, turn on notification buttons. Class dismissed. See you.