[Music] hey there students and welcome back to the next segment of my series on the French Revolution which is going to focus on the radicalization of the French Revolution essentially moving from the liberal phase of 1789 to 1791 into this more radical phase that's going to include the reign of terror in other words how did this revolution get from the 1791 17 89 Revolution that was really more along lines of John Lock and maybe trying to replicate the British system until 1793 where you've got more of a fullon uh rouso kind of thing going on here where there is this attempt to create a radical democracy a dictatorship of the people so that's what this is about and this goes out to my great friends at Quartz Hill High School in California wow X Jen Morgan Isaac Nikki your whole class y'all are awesome keep it up so first of all let's review the liberal phase you go from the dominant class being the Bourgeois the goals really being that of a constitutional monarchy liberal reform and the abolition of privilege your primary influencers being lock and monus really you're more temperate and in a lot of ways more sane kind of of Enlightenment era philosophes and the governing bodies during the liberal phase were the National Assembly and the Legislative Assembly now moving on to the radical phase where you're going to see the rise of the Jacobin and the Sans kolots the goals being more along the lines of egalitarianism nationalism cheap bread the influencers really Russo and especially his idea of the general will is going to be a big influencer during this radical phase and the governing bodies during the radical phase being the National Convention and the Committee on Public Safety now the thing is what we're doing here is we're going to see how did this revolution move from Liberal to radical and then the next segment I'm going to discuss the reign of terror in detail so it starts with the chapellier law I'm sure I pronounced that wrong but it's a written text remember that if anybody's watching in France I'm sorry jayu sorry or however you would say that so in 1791 a lot of times I refer to the chapellier law as the Last Stand of the Liberals as far as what this was this forbade guilds workers combinations labor unions and strikes and this was really the last uh The Last vestage of The Classical liberalism that we saw in the very early part of the French Revolution and I've got some other videos on Classical liberalism if you want to know more about that and so the goal here of the chapelier law was to reduce the influence of the urban masses that the Liberals believed that if this revolution is about Liberty and equality and property rights and that sort of thing that what we're really looking at here is if you let the masses in they're going to have a different view of what Liberty and equ equality and all of that kind of stuff mean and so you've got to temper their influence and So eventually the crowd would gain control and it would get really ugly just as the Liberals feared so the key events of 1791 in June you've got the chapellier law then the flight to ven then in August the Declaration of pnets in September the proclamation of the French Kingdom and then in October that the legislative assembly convenes so first of all looking at our friend Louis V 16th I want to be a constitutional Monarch said no King Ever every King thinks in terms of I want to be powerful and all of that kind of stuff now that's not Louie I mean you look at this artistic rendition of Louie sad all right sad now you see here that Louie is depicted wearing a liberty cap and a revolutionary tricolor cockade and both of these depict him as powerless you see him drinking out of a bottle and it says uh Viva laion or the nation I probably said that more in Spanish gosh written test now the flight to ven that Louie really doesn't like that this revolution has created a government in France that is largely Beyond his control so Louie and his family attempted to flee Paris and to uh attempt to escape to Mont mey now this was somewhere that was a fortress On the Border uh on the French Frontier and it's pretty awesome like if you look at this aerial map here you can see a plateau and all kinds of cool fortifications and all of that stuff this was a citadel I mean this was something that was you know the royalist Military Officers were going to meet him there and from there from that position of strength they could plot a counterrevolution but Louie was caught all right when you're the king people kind of know what you look like all right so dressing up as some sort of fake bgea family not not good not good and so he's caught they basically recognized him from a you know a note of paper money or something like that and so basically Louie makes a not so triumphant return to Paris escorted by the na National Guard this isn't like long live the king sort of thing this is like the king tried to escape and we got him so the way Louis being treated here starts to worry members of the aristocracy on the continent and in 1791 Prussia and Austria issued the Declaration of pnets now the Declaration of pilnet said that if Louis the 16th is threatened if his person is threatened his kingship that they would declare war on France now Austria said that they're going to go in if all of the great Powers go to war but prussia's basically like look we're in this no matter what so if something happens to Louie France is going to be at War and so one thing that the French did to Louie is they didn't necessarily fire him but they demoted him Louie had been crowned the king of France but the French people decide well Louie from now on you are king of the French you are not King of France the king of the Nation someone who gets Your Divine Right From God you are the king of the French you are the king of the French people you get your power not from above but from below and what the people give the people can also take away so at this time the National Assembly which had been the primary legislative body of France ever since the failure of the Estates General the National Assembly dissolved itself and a legislative assembly was elected by Universal manhood suffrage that's right every man could vote regardless of whether he owned property or anything like that and furthermore not only did they expand the electorate far beyond what had ever happened those who had served in the National Assembly would be ineligible so you think about a situation where you let just anybody vote and the people who have experience of government and the most respected members of the community who'd been part of the National Assembly they're done now it sounds like a very Noble sort of thing but there are a lot of pitfalls here and of course that's sort of what happens so at this point we start to see things move more into this radical phase you see this in the jacoban clubs now the jacoban were a radical political faction now it's often used the term jacoban is typically used to describe the mon yards the mountain which was the most radical group uh that met in the jackan clubs but there were also the Gans who were less radical now what the Jacobin all had in common was this idea of republicanism now of course in a republic that is a government where the government's power comes from the people and furthermore when you have a republic you don't have a king the Romans when they created their republ Republic they ran out the king and so monarchy and republicanism are not compatible that the idea of a constitutional monarchy is something that's losing currency even this idea of Louie as king of the French is not something that sits well with the people in these Jackman clubs which really starts off as kind of harmless debating societies but they really get involved in politics as time goes on and so here is the composition of the legislative assembly where you still had several constitutional monarchists who made up the right-wing now the French Revolution is where we get the left-wing right-wing dichotomy that often seems to fail us in modern political discussions you know because you know in the United States today you had left-wing populism and right-wing populism in our 2016 election but for the French at this time the right-wing these are the more traditional folks and then the leftwing these are the people who are more radical and of course you add the moderates uh the plain and so this was what you're looking at in 1791 and 1792 and then a new group of people when I mention the chapelier law which was designed to limit the influence of the masses well here are the masses the Sans kots without breaches Now by without breaches basically without the knee breaches okay these were people who wore actual pants so Sans kolots or Sans kulot or however you'd say that in French these are people who don't wear the aristocratic look you know you think about like you know the Marque de Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson James Madison you know they wore those those breaches around you know that was fashionable but the Sans kolots this is the urban working class and so you see here if you were a part of the working class you wore long pants whereas if you wanted a more aristocratic look then you would wear these knee breaches panty hos and all of that kind of stuff okay these people don't have time for panty hos they're the Sans skots they are the urban working class and they are going to become most prominent during this period and they became a very decisive force in the radicalizing of the French Revolution and so as far as 179 2 the French Revolutionary Wars began in April now of course you've got to keep in mind that the rest of this whole Saga is going to unfold with a backdrop of War now of course when there's war there's Panic the government seizes powers that it normally would not seiz and so just remember that that's going on behind the scenes uh with everything we're going to go through for the next several years of the French Revolution and in September you have the September massacres followed by the proclamation of the French Republic then the National Convention convenes and finally in December we've got the trial of Louis the 16th so the French Revolutionary Wars which lasted from 1792 to 1802 brief break before the Napoleonic Wars after 1802 and throughout the chaos that follows France is at war with several Nations at once not just one country but with a whole Coalition of enemies now the Duke of Brunswick was leading the army that was trying to restore Louie to power and so the Duke of Brunswick issued the Brunswick Manifesto which said that Louie will be restored to power and those who resist will be treated as Rebels now a lot of people in France weren't too crazy about this foreign guy that was coming in and telling them how it was going to be I have blurred out a certain part part of this picture so you don't necessarily see what this person's doing with the Brunswick Manifesto but if you use your imagination you can probably guess and so as far as these wars that are going on it's very important that we think in terms of we've discussed in another lecture the Prussian armies which were smaller by comparison but very very disciplined and so when you look at the Coalition armies they're really operating on the Prussian model smaller forces very well-trained and experienced professionals now on the other hand you've got the French armies which were larger forces made up of a combination of conscripts and volunteers and very patriotic for the most part so you have these smaller more disciplined armies that are going against this more you know this larger more patriotic and you know nationalistic Army so both sides have various advantages that come along with that and now the September massacres when the Duke of Brunswick is bringing his army in then well what if he gets to Paris what's going to happen and there were lots of people in jail lots of political prisoners lots of enemies of the Revolution and what's going to happen if the Duke of Brunswick comes in and lets all these people out of prison well they're just going to join him so what do we do well we'll just kill him and so that's what they do they just kill them and you know take all the prisoners out and just execute them so it's kind of foreshadowing what's going to come and then on the 22nd of September 1792 you have the proclamation of the French Republic and we see all kinds of Republican symbolism here on this unit of currency you see a faace you also see the French Republican cap you see this Eagle lots of things to make this place look like a ancient Rome if you want to see the liberty cap and the faet look no further than the Seal of the United States Senate which has the same sort of Republican symbolism um here of course we're talking about small R republicanism the philosophy of government not the party so Louie is now deposed there's no King in a republic this isn't uh you know everybody's a winner sort of thing okay it's like Louie you are not the king of France anymore you are now citizen Louie capet and so as a citizen he's just like everyone else and in fact this is something that people are starting to call each other so instead of calling each other by aristocratic titles you would simply call someone citizen so I would be citizen Richie or something like that I guess you call me Citizen Tom if you wanted to be uh even more casual about it so at this time we see a new legislative body the National Convention and this is where we see that the French Revolution is going to go full-on radical now if we look at the composition of the National Convention you see that it is dominated by the jacoban factions the less radical gerand and the more radical Mountain yards the mountain the people who sat in the high seats you know think about like a you know a gymnasium or something like that these people were called the mountain because they sat in the highest seats kind of in the bleachers and then you have the plane the people who were in the middle and so what's going to happen here and we're going to see this over and over again is that we're going to see different factions come together and pull apart and pull each other apart really is what you're going to see here so the trial of Louis the 16th occurred at the turn of 1792 to 1793 and he was charged with treason 33 different charges were brought against the king and so when you look at these Republican factions that had previously advocated republicanism the thing is it's a question of who's going to go farther and so the mountain they want to execute the king the Gans believed in a republic but they didn't want to execute the king now of course after Louie gets executed then the Jans are now the enemy because hey they wanted to spare the guy so Louis the 16th is executed in January of 1793 quite a picture there look at that head it's like what a you know it's just like oh my goodness I mean just uh yeah just head cut off on that Guillotine all right and this is something new that we're seeing here that the guillotine now this is something that looks kind of fearsome to us or something like that but really the guillotine is it's a pretty quick death all right it's it's one of those things that it almost it it makes death less painful and it also equalizes death because under the old regime a nobleman would be executed by beheading that was the nobleman's privilege whereas someone who was not a nobleman would be executed by hanging well now everyone is going to be executed by the guillotine and you know it's going to it's going to cut your head off every time it's not like if you leave the headsman a bad tip and he accidentally hits your shoulder the first time and like ow oops that sort of thing the guillotine it's going to work every time all right so this not not just 60% of the time but it works every time and so this is something that gives the French people equality and death and so in a lot of ways it was supposed to be something that was benevolent and equalizing and all of that great stuff but you know we think about it's like oh my goodness so many heads coming off because it is a very efficient instrument now let's take a look at the symbolism of the French Republic we see first of all again Republican symbolism the liberty cap the cockade and then tricolor flag now the national motto here of the Republic Liberty equality fraternity Ola more Liberty equality fraternity or death now the last one you don't always hear I think they kind of you stopped using that later because you know it's like they kind of scares people but it's basically like look Liberty we're all free equality we're all equal fraternity we're all friends here and if you don't like it you can die all right got a guillotine right there we got a basket to put your head in and all of that kind of stuff so yo be free be equal be friends or we're going to kill you so next up is going to be the rain of terror that's when it's going to get really messy so stay tuned for that of course subscribe if you haven't already tom.net social media Twitter Instagram all of that kind of stuff Snapchat you know whatever I'll be back soon and it's always a [Applause] [Music] pleasure