Milady Esthetics Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology

Importance for Estheticians

• Understanding anatomy and physiology is crucial for estheticians to effectively treat clients and understand the body systems involved in skincare.

Cell Structure and Function

• Protoplasm: Colorless, jellylike substance in cells.
• Principal Parts of the Cell: Includes protoplasm, nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
• Nucleus: Found in the center of the cell, important for cell reproduction.
• Cell Reproduction: Cells reproduce by dividing into two identical "daughter cells."
• Favorable Conditions for Cells: Suitable temperatures, waste elimination capability, and an adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water.
• Nucleoplasm: Fluid containing proteins and DNA within the cell nucleus.
• Metabolism: Complex chemical processes for living functions.

Types of Tissue

• Adipose Tissue: Provides smoothness and contour to the body.
• Epithelial Tissue: Protective coverings on skin, mucous membranes, and linings of organs.
• Nerve Tissue: Carries messages, controls, and coordinates body functions.
• Connective Tissue: Supports, protects, and binds other tissues.

Organs and Systems

• Organs: Collections of tissues performing specific functions.
• Body Systems: Groups of organs working for a common purpose.
  • Integumentary System: Includes skin, hair, nails, and glands.
  • Skeletal System: Composed of bones and joints.
  • Circulatory System: Describes the movement of blood through the heart and body.
  • Digestive System: Includes stomach and intestines.

Skeletal System

• Cranium: Composed of 8 bones.
• Forehead Bone: Frontal bone.
• Side and Top of Cranium: Parietal bones.
• Ear Region Bone: Temporal bone.
• Upper Jaw Bone: Maxilla.
• Largest Facial Bone: Mandible.
• Occipital Bone: Hindmost skull bone.
• Arm Bone: Humerus.

Muscular System

• Muscle Parts: Origin, insertion, and belly.
• Muscles:
  • Orbicularis Oculi: Closes the eyes.
  • Masseter: Used in chewing.
  • Corrugator: Draws eyebrows down, wrinkles forehead.
  • Platysma: Lowers jaw and lip.
  • Sternocleidomastoid: Rotates head.
  • Deltoid: Covers shoulder, lifts arm.
  • Biceps: Contours front of arm, flex elbow.
  • Supinator: Turns hand outward.
  • Extensor Muscles: Straightens wrist and fingers.
  • Abductor: Separates fingers.
  • Flexor Muscles: Bend wrist.
  • Trapezius: Assists in arm swinging.

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Controls consciousness and mental activities.
• Cranial Nerves: Estheticians focus on specific nerves for facial treatments.
• Peripheral Nervous System: Carries messages to/from CNS.
• Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary muscles.

Circulatory System

• Blood Composition: Carries oxygen and nutrients.
• Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• Blood Vessels: Connect arteries to veins.
• Largest Artery: Aorta.

Lymphatic and Endocrine Systems

• Function: Protects against disease, maintains fluid balance.
• Hormones: Endocrine system affects almost every physiological process.

Key Functions of Organs

• Liver: Discharges bile, helps digestion.
• Spleen: Filters blood, supports immune system.
• Kidneys: Eliminate waste, filter blood.

Study Areas

• Anatomy: Study of body structure.
• Histology: Study of tissue structure.
• Physiology: Study of body functions.
• Neurology: Study of nervous system.