Hello guys, I am Sumer Pudhar and you are watching Play Chemistry. So guys, today we are going to cover the most important topic of Organic Chemistry. And that is General Organic Chemistry.
So guys, we are going to cover Organic Chemistry completely in just one hour. So guys, in this video, what I am going to tell you, that will be useful for you in every chapter of Organic Chemistry. I know that if you were searching General Organic Chemistry, So it means that you are looking for things like inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation So yes, we have done those things but at the right time In this video, we have done everything step by step, sequentially So let's do general organic chemistry step by step So first of all, we will start with organic reagents So what is organic reagents?
So we have an organic molecule We add a reagent to it and because of that reagent we get a product. So this is reagent. We also call it organic reagent and we also call it attacking reagent. We call it attacking reagent because it is attacking on organic molecule.
So this is also called attacking reagent. Now organic reagent is of two types. One is electrophile and other is nucleophile.
So let's see what is Electrophile and what is Nucleophile. So let's start with Electrophile. So first of all comes Electrophile. So Electrophile is made up of two words. One is Electro and the other is File.
Electro means Electron and File means Lover. So Electrophile is Electron Lover. Now let's understand Electrophile completely. Electrophile has a shortage of electrons. And due to the lack of electrons, we call it electron deficient.
Due to the deficiency of electrons, it attacks where it finds electrons. So, wherever the electron is found, it will attack there. So, this is Electrophile and this is Electron Lover.
Now, there are two examples of Electrophiles, Cl and Cl3+. These two are Electrophiles. These two have a lack of electrons.
So this is Electrophile. Now Electrophile are of two types. One is Positively Charged Electrophile and the other is Neutral Electrophile.
So let's do Positively Charged Electrophile first. So first one is Positively Charged Electrophile. So the way to identify Positively Charged Electrophile is that it will have a positive charge.
So let's see these Electrophiles. CS3+, CL+, BR+, and NO2+. So, all these have a positive charge. So, these are positively charged electrophiles.
So, let's do an example. Now, we have to see if it is electron deficient or not. Because if it is electron deficient, then only we will consider it as an electrophile.
So, let's see this one, CS3+. So, first of all, expand CS3 and draw it like this. So, now you can see this.
CS3 has three bonds. means on this Total 6 electrons are there. And for carbon stability, total 8 electrons are required.
But this carbon has only 6 electrons. That means this carbon is electron deficient. And if this is electron deficient, then we will call it as Electrophile. So, CH3 plus is an Electrophile. And similarly, all the electrophiles here, all of them are electron deficient.
Now, next is Neutral Electrophile. So, examples of neutral electrophile are boron trifluoride and carbon dioxide, BF3 and CO2. So, what does neutral mean?
Neutral means no charge. So, there is no charge on neutral electrophile. You can see boron hydride, you can see carbon dioxide.
There is no charge on both of them. So, both of them are neutral electrophile. But, we still have to prove it as electrophile. So, let's see carbon dioxide. Now, expand this carbon dioxide.
So, expand it and it will look like this. So, around this carbon, there are total 4 bonds. That means it has total 8 electrons. So, this means that carbon is totally stable. Its octet is complete.
It has total 8 electrons. So, how is it an electrophile? So, how this electrophile happened? There are 2 oxygens on both sides of carbon. And both of them are very electronegative.
So, oxygen will start pulling the electrons of carbon towards itself. due to which, there will be a lack of electrons on carbon. So, carbon will become electron deficient.
So, CO2 is an electrophile. Now, it is time for boron trifluoride. So, this is the structure of boron trifluoride.
Now, there are 3 bonds around boron. That means, it has 6 electrons. So, it became electron deficient. And, along with this, it is a p orbital.
This p orbital is vacant. and it needs electron. So again it is electron deficient.
So those tri fluoride are also electron deficient. So it is an electrophile. So now we will sum up electrophile. So electrophile is an electron loving species. It has a lack of electrons.
And it is very reactive. So this is our first reagent electrophile. Now next is nucleophile.
So what is nucleophile? Isi ham Let's understand with this example. So, nucleophile is complete opposite of electrophile.
Electrophile has a lack of electrons and nucleophile has electrons in excess. So, nucleophile is electron rich. So, nucleophile has excess electrons and it wants to donate these excess electrons. So, that's why we also call nucleophile as electron donor.
So, there are two ways to identify nucleophile. One is loan payer and the second one is negative charge NS3 has lone pair and OH- has negative charge so these two are nucleophile now let's see all type of nucleophile so nucleophile are of three types negatively charged nucleophile neutral nucleophile and ambident nucleophile so let's see each of them one by one so first comes negatively charged nucleophile so its example is H- OH negative, RO negative, Hydride, Alcohol and Alkoxy. Now this negative charge means that they have electron excess.
And this negative charge is sign of nucleophile. Now next is neutral nucleophile. Neutral means that there will be no charge on it.
So let's see neutral nucleophile. NS3 and S2O, Ammonia and Water. Now let's expand. both of them.
So this is NH3. The lone pair on NH3, these are excess electrons. So because of this, we will call it neutral nucleophile. Neutral because there is no charge on it and nucleophile because there are excess electrons on it.
And water, we have two lone pairs on water and lone pair is a sign of nucleophile and again there is no charge on water so it is neutral nucleophile. Now in the same way, ROH and RNH2 both are nucleophile. So, these two dots on ROH are lone pair.
So, lone pair is present on both of them. So, both of them are nucleophile. So, this was our neutral nucleophile.
Now, next is ambient nucleophile. So, what is an ambient nucleophile? On normal Nucleophile we have lone pairs on the same atom but in this nucleophile one lone pair is on carbon and one lone pair is on nitrogen so this nucleophile can attack with carbon and can attack with nitrogen so it has two attacking sites so this is cyanide and this is a special type of nucleophile and this is called ambident nucleophile so we have done nucleophile so all our reagents are done Electrophile as well as nucleophile So why are we doing all these things? To understand the reactions of organic chemistry we will need these concepts So that's why we are doing all these concepts So first of all, let's see a normal organic reaction So this is our organic molecule And we will add reagent to this organic molecule.
And because of adding that reagent, we will get this product. So this is a normal organic chemistry reaction. So in the middle of the reaction, there are many things happening which we are not mentioning in this reaction. So for this thing, there is a mechanism. So in the mechanism, we see every step by which this product is made from this organic molecule.
So I am giving you an example of Organic Reaction Mechanism So this is our organic molecule We put a reagent on it And we get Reaction Intermediate So this is something which is made in between of the reaction It is made in between of the reaction But this is not our final product We are not going to get this finally Now, there will be changes in this reaction intermediate due to which we will get the product. So, this is now complete reaction. First, reaction intermediate made from organic molecule, then product made from reaction intermediate. So, this is the complete reaction.
So, what is this reaction intermediate? Reaction intermediate is something that is made in between of the reaction. Which is made in between of the reaction.
and the action intermediate This is a speciality that it is very unstable. So let's see all types of reaction intermediates. So first is Carbocatine.
Second is Carbinan. Third is free radical. Fourth is Carbine. And fifth is Nitrine. So let's learn about each reaction intermediate step by step.
So the first one is Carbocatine. So what is the meaning of Carbocatine? So there are two words in Carbocatine.
One is Carbo and one is Cation. Carbo means Carbon and Cation means Positive charge. So in Carbo-Cation, we have a Carbon on which there is a positive charge. So let's look at this example. So this is CS3, CS2, CL.
Now we will break this. We know that CL is more electronegative than Carbon. So chlorine will take both electrons of this bond towards itself. So because of this, negative charge came on chlorine.
And on carbon, positive charge is given. So finally we get this compound. CS3, CS2+.
Now this CS3, CS2+, is carbon with a positive charge. So this is Carbocation. So similarly, this is also Carbocation.
On all of them, there is a positive charge on carbon. So all of these are Carbocation. Now let's move to the second reaction intermediate. And that is Carbinion.
So Carbinion is made up of two words. One is Carb and one is Anion. Carb means Carbon and Anion means Negative Charge.
So, Carb-Anion is a species which has a negative charge with Carbon. So, let's see this compound. So, CS3, CS2 are negative. This is a Carb-Anion.
So, in the same way, all of these are also Carb-Anion. Because, it has a negative charge with Carbon. So, this is Carb-Anion.
Now, next is Free Radical. Free radical is a species which has an unpaired electron. So this is an element and it has only one electron. So one electron means that this electron is unpaired.
So this is a free radical. Now let's look at this compound. So this is a chlorine.
It will split in the presence of UV light. Now how will it split? It will split homolytically.
It means it will split equally. So this bond means it has two electrons. And from two electrons, one electron will go to this chlorine and the other electron will go to this chlorine. So finally we get this. We get two chlorine free radical.
So on both the chlorine, there is one electron. So this is a free radical. Similarly, all these compounds will also be free radicals.
So this is free radical. Now let's move on to the fourth reaction intermediate. And this is Carbene. So in Carbene we have a carbon and it has two electrons. So this is a carbon with a lone pair.
So this type of species is called Carbene. Now let's see how it is made. So we have a compound Cs2N2.
Now when it splits, nitrogen will be released from it. So we will get Cs2 and N2. So this compound is Carbene. So we get a carbene from this compound. Now let's move on to the next compound.
And this is Nitrene. So let's look at these two examples. So in Nitrene, we have two lone pairs and one bonded pair.
Now let's look at this one. So in this, one part is bonded with CS3 and the other two lone pairs are left. So this is also a Nitrene.
So these are reaction intermediates. And they are very unstable and reactive. So when we do reaction, then you will observe that.
So till now we have done reagents and we have done reaction intermediates too. Now it is time to observe this organic molecule. So this is the time to understand electronic effects. Through that we will know where the reagent will attack and why it will attack.
So let's Do electronic effect and understand it step by step So this is a compound. After electronic effect, I came to know that here electron density will be high and here electron density will be low. So where electron density will be high, I will put negative charge.
And where electron density will be low, I will put positive charge. Now we have two reagents. One is electrophile and one is nucleophile. So we know that positive and negative attract each other. So, this is the reason why the electrophile will go to the part which has negative charge and the nucleophile will go to the part which has positive charge.
So, this is the benefit of electronic effect. So, we have basically these four electronic effects. First one is inductive effect, second is resonance, third is hyperconjugation and fourth is electromeric effect. So, let's do all of them one by one.
So the first is the electronic effect, inductive effect. So let's see an example and understand it. So this is CS3, CS2, CS2, CL.
Now in this compound, chlorine is more electronegative than carbon. So chlorine will pull the electron towards itself. So the electron density will increase on chlorine and the electron density will decrease on carbon.
So because of this, negative charge will come on chlorine. So we will write it as partial negative charge. and carbon will be positive charge.
So we will write it as partial positive charge. So like a magnet, magnet has more effect on the nails near it and less effect on the nails far away. Similarly, chlorine is a magnet and electron clouds are nails.
So chlorine had a lot of impact on the first carbon's electron cloud because it is very close to it. But on the carbon far away, on the second carbon, its impact will be a little less. So chlorine will pull the electron clouds of second carbon but not with the same intensity as it pulled the electron clouds of first carbon.
So chlorine has impact on second carbon but less impact. So we will write it as partial partial positive. Similarly, third carbon will also have impact but that impact will be much less than both of these carbon. So this will have partial partial partial positive charge. So this thing is called inductive effect.
In this, an electronegative atom starts pulling electrons towards itself. So this was the inductive effect and it is a permanent effect. The distortion that has been created is permanent.
It will always remain. This chlorine will be partial negative. This carbon will be partial positive.
So this is permanently created. Now inductive effect is of two types. One is plus I effect and one is minus I effect.
So the example that we did just now, that was minus I effect. In minus I effect, we have an electron withdrawing group. Electron withdrawing group means, the one which withdraws electrons.
So, what was chlorine doing? Chlorine was pulling electrons. So, chlorine was electron withdrawing group.
So, this was minus I effect. Similarly, cyanide, nitro, and bromide are also electron withdrawing groups. They also pull electrons towards themselves. So all of them shows minus I effect.
Now next is plus I effect. Plus I effect is complete opposite of minus I effect. In minus I effect, we have an electron withdrawing group which snatches electrons.
And in plus I effect, we have an electron donating group which donates electrons. So in short, we write it as EDG. So let's see an example and understand it.
So this is our amine group. Now on this amine, we have 3 methyl. And these 3 methyl are electron donating group. They are donating electrons. Methyl are pushing their electron towards nitrogen.
So on nitrogen, electron density will increase. So here it is looking like plus I effect. Now apart from methyl, ethyl, propyl, all of these also show plus I effect. All of them are electron donating group. Now where will this inductive effect be useful?
So let's see it. So we have these two carbocations. Now we have to tell which of these two carbocations is the most stable.
So let's see it. So why is carbocation unstable? Carbocation is unstable due to electron deficiency.
Look at this. Here we have positive charge on it. Here is electron deficiency. And for stability it needs electrons. So, from where will we get these electrons?
So we have CS3 around it. We have methyl around it. What does methyl do? Methyl pushes its electrons.
So it will push the electrons it has. So methyl is an electron donating group. It is donating electrons. And when it will donate electrons, then the electron deficiency of this carbocation will be over. So this carbocation will become very stable.
Because it has 3-3 methyl. But let's look at the other case. In the second case, we have only two methyl.
And these methyl will help in stability. It will not make it as stable as the first one. In the first one, there were three methyl.
But in this one, there are only two methyl. So it will be comparatively less stable than the first one. So this was stability of carbocation.
Next is stability of carbonyne. So we have these two compounds. Both of these have carbonyne. Both of them have negative charge.
This means that that this carbon has high electron density. And due to high electron density, it is unstable. Now look at these methyl groups. Here are three methyl groups. And what are methyl groups?
Electron donating group. So they are pushing their electrons towards this carbon. So what will happen? Electron density was high on this carbon earlier. Now it will be even higher.
So what happened? This carbon ion became highly unstable. Now look at this second one. So here we have two methyl, which is less than the previous one.
So these two methyl are pushing their electrons. They are electron donating group. We know that.
But it will not affect this carbon ion as much as the first one. Because there were three methyl and here only two methyl. So the first one was highly unstable. And the second one is comparatively less stable.
So this means that second one is more stable. than the first one. So, inductive effect is used here. So, let's see next application of inductive effect. So, next is stability of acid.
So, we have two acids here. Now, in both of them, carboxylic acid is used. So, what actually makes them acid? This part.
If it easily loses H positive, that is, proton, then it is a good acid. So, from both of them, whoever easily loses H positive, That will be the best acid. Now we have to find out which is the most acidic of these two. So first of all, expand both.
So let's look at the first one. So we have chlorine around this carbon. And what is the use of chlorine?
It is electron withdrawing group. These electrons snatch to their side. So we have three chlorines here.
That means we have three electron withdrawing groups. So they will snatch electron towards them. So what will happen in its return? This carbon will snatch electron from this carbon and this carbon will snatch electron from this oxygen. Now what will this oxygen do?
This oxygen will snatch electrons from this hydrogen. And due to this, these two electrons will go towards oxygen and electron will not be left near hydrogen. And this H will leave as H positive.
So due to 3 chlorine, so much electron deficiency will be created that this H positive will leave this compound. So this compound is very acidic. Now let's move on to the next compound. So in this compound, we have 2 chlorine.
So these 2 chlorine will also create electron deficiency, but not more than the previous one. So yes, H positive will leave this compound, but it will not be as acidic as the previous one. In the first one, there were 3 electron withdrawing groups, and in the second one, there were 2 electron withdrawing groups.
So the first one is more acidic, and the second one is comparatively less acidic. So this was the acidic strength. Now next is the basic strength.
So let's do it. Now let's look at these two compounds. Now we have these amine groups.
Now there is a lone pair on these two. Now due to the lone pair, these will be the Lewis base. The one who can easily donate their lone pair, that is a good base.
So let's see which one is a good base. So in the first one, we have three methyl groups. And what are these three methyl groups?
Electron donating group. So they will push their electron towards nitrogen. So nitrogen will increase electron density.
Now the lone pair on this nitrogen is very likely to donate that lone pair. So that's what makes it a very very strong base. Now let's see the next one. In the next one, there are only two methyl groups. So electron density will increase in this but not as much as the first one.
So this one will also donate lone pairs but not as strongly as the first one. So If we talk about basicity, first one is more basic than the second one. So this was strength of base. So this was our first electronic effect, inductive effect.
Now let's move on to our next electronic effect and that is resonance. Now next electronic effect is resonance. So resonance is an electronic effect which makes the compound very stable. So this is benzene and on this is resonance. So in benzene these double bonds are alternately placed.
That means double bonds are after one gap. So this is a sign of resonance. So, there will be resonance in it. Now, let's see what will happen.
Due to resonance, these double bonds will shift. So, this bond goes here, this one here and this one here. So, all these double bonds are displaced.
Finally, this is what we get. Now, these double bonds will shift. All of these double bonds will shift. So, after the double bond shifts, we will get this structure once again.
So this same chain will keep on running. This structure will convert into this structure. And this structure will convert into this structure.
So this is resonance. Resonance is a sign of stability. The compound in which this is present, it becomes very stable.
Now for resonance, one thing is very important. And that is conjugation. If there is conjugation, only then there will be resonance.
So let's look at all types of conjugation. So these are all type of conjugation. So, first is double bond, then single bond, then double bond. So, these double bonds are alternately placed. So, this is a sign of conjugation.
And if conjugation is there, then resonance is there. As we saw in the previous example, in that conjugation was this type of conjugation. Now, double bond is called pi bond.
So, this is also called pi pi conjugation. Now, next is P-Pi conjugation So in this you can notice that we have a double bond and after one bond we have a lone pair So if we get such a structure then there will be resonance So we will call this double bond as Pi bond and this lone pair is a sign of P orbital So this is P-Pi conjugation Now next is this conjugation Now here we have a double bond and after one bond we have a positive charge So if this happens then there will be resonance. So these are all types of conjugation. If these will be there, then only there will be resonance, otherwise there will be no resonance. So conjugation is important for resonance.
If there is no conjugation, then there will be no resonance. Now look at this compound. First there is double bond, then single bond, then single bond again, and then later double bond.
So this compound is not in conjugation. Double bond should be placed alternately for conjugation. But here double bond is not alternately present. So this is not in conjugation. Means there will be no resonance on it.
Now next electronic effect. So let's do hyperconjugation. So what is hyperconjugation? So let's do an example and understand it.
So this is propene. Now in this propene we have a double bond. So this is double bond. And after double bond this carbon we will call it alpha carbon and the hydrogens on alpha carbon these hydrogens are called alpha hydrogens so just like double bond and double bond have conjugation so similarly, the bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen and this double bond there will be conjugation between these two so hyperconjugation is also a type of resonance so let's do it step by step So shift the bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen here.
So we shifted it. Now what happened? Now this carbon has 5 bonds in total.
So the electron density is very high in this. So what will happen? So this double bond will shift here.
So from this one bond, 2 electrons will shift here. So now finally, it is balanced. So this is finally what we get.
So this compound will turn into this compound and this compound will turn back into this compound. So this same chain will continue to work. Both of them will interconvert into each other. So this is hyperconjugation.
But now the thing to notice is that there is no bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen. So that's why it is also called bondless resonance. There is resonance in this but in the time of resonance, a bond disappeared. And it is also called sigma pi conjugation. Because this bond is sigma bond.
And this bond is pi bond. So this is sigma pi conjugation. The question is, how are they connected even though there is no bond? Even if an electron has left between them, but still overlapping still exists between them. So that's why both of them are connected.
Only electron has been delocalized from this. But overlapping still exists. The compound which has hyperconjugation, That compound becomes very stable.
So, hyperconjugation is a sign of stability. Now, let's do some application of hyperconjugation and understand it. So, let's do stability of alkene. So, we have these alkenes.
So, these are all alkenes. So, we have double bond in each of them. Now, encircle alpha carbon in all of them.
So, these are all alpha carbons. Now the hydrogen applied on alpha carbon, they are alpha hydrogen. So the more alpha hydrogen there will be, the more hyperconjugation there will be. And the more hyperconjugation there will be, the more stability there will be. So we have this compound.
It has 3 alpha hydrogen. Now let's move to the next one. In this, we have 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here.
So in this, there are total 6 alpha hydrogen. Now about this compound. We have 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here. So here we have total 9 alpha hydrogens. Now last one.
In this one we have 6 alpha hydrogen here and 6 alpha hydrogen here. So we have total 12 alpha hydrogen in it. So the more alpha hydrogen there is, the more stability there will be. So let's number each of them.
1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. So stability wise, 4th is the most stablest, then 3rd one, then 2nd one and then 1st one. So this is the concept of hyperconjugation. So till now we have done 3 electronic effects. And this is our 3rd electronic effect.
Now next electronic effect. It's Electromeric effect. Now next electronic effect is Electro-meric effect. So let's see this compound and understand it. So this compound has a double bond.
And this double bond will remain normal until we add any reagent to it. So in the impact of reagent, this double bond will get distorted. So let's say that from A and B, B is more electro-negative. So by adding reagent, this bond's electron will shift towards B.
So on B, partial negative charge And on A, partial positive charge. Now as soon as we remove the reagent from it, this compound will turn back to this compound. So till the time we put the reagent, till then there will be distortion. And as soon as we remove the reagent, this distortion will end.
So this is electromeric effect. And this effect is temporary. It does not happen permanently. It happens till we have a reagent in this compound. Now, Electro-Meric effect is of two types.
One is Plus E effect and the other is Minus E effect. So, let's see what's the difference. So, in Plus E effect, Reagent Electrophile is present.
And in Minus E effect, Reagent Nucleophile is present. So, let's see Plus E Electro-Meric effect first. So, this is our Alkyne and H-positive will attack on it.
So, H-positive is our Electrophile. So this is plus E effect. Now due to this attacking reagent, this double bond will get distorted. The electron of this bond will shift on this carbon. So what will happen?
This carbon will get positive charge and this carbon will get negative charge. Now we know that positive and negative attract each other. So H positive will attract with this negative carbon. So ultimately we will get this compound.
Now next is minus E electromeric effect. Now in minus E effect, we use nucleophile. So let's use it here. So this is our carbonyl.
And this is our cyanide. So cyanide is our nucleophile. This is our reagent. Due to which it will have an electromeric effect. So what will happen in carbonyl?
This double bond of carbonyl will get distorted. Electron will shift on oxygen. So carbon will get a positive charge.
And oxygen will get a negative charge. Now we know that negative and positive attract each other. So cyanide is will go with the positive part.
So we will get this compound. So this is our minus E effect. In this we used a nucleophile. And this is a temporary effect. Till the time there is a reagent, till then there will be a distortion.
And when the reagent is removed, then this distortion will be finished. So these were electronic effects. To understand organic chemistry, it is important to understand this concept.
And whenever we do organic chemistry, This concept will come again and again. You will see that. So this was electronic effect. Now let's move on to our next concept. Now let's move on to organic reactions.
Now it's time to do organic reactions. So organic reactions are basically of four types. First one is substitution reaction.
Second is addition reaction. Third is elimination reaction. And fourth is rearrangement reaction.
So first of all we start with substitution. reaction. It is a reaction in which one atom replaces other. So we have this organic compound.
Now we will add attacking reagent in it and this attacking reagent will replace an atom from this compound. So consequently this atom will leave the compound and new atom will come on this compound. So we will get this compound. So this is a simple substitution reaction. Now there are three types of substitution reactions.
One is electrophilic, one is nucleophilic and third is free radical substitution. So let's do each of them one by one. So first comes the nucleophilic substitution reaction. So it is very clear that in this nucleophile will replace the other atom. So this is nucleophilic substitution reaction.
So nucleophile is attacking reagent. So it is doing its work. It is attacking.
Now after attacking, nucleophile will take place of this atom and this atom will come out. Now let's see an example and understand it clearly. So let's do a reaction between OH negative and CS3Cl. So OH negative became our nucleophile. Now this nucleophile will do its work.
It will attack on this compound. Now first let's break CS3Cl. So, let's break the cycle.
So, on breaking, we will get CS3 positive and Cl negative. This is because chlorine is more electronegative and carbon is less electronegative. So, carbon will get positive charge and chlorine will get negative charge. Now, our OH negative is negative.
So, this negative part will go with the positive part. Negative part attracts positive part. So, this is why CS3 positive and OH negative will connect with each other. and consequently CL negative is compound coach So we will get CS3OH and Cl-. So CS3OH is what we call Methanol.
So this is Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction. Now next is Electrophilic Substitution Reaction. So this is also a Substitution Reaction just like the previous one. But this time instead of Nucleophile, it will attack an Electrophile.
So let's see an example and understand it. So this is our Benzene and we have this Cl- and Electrophile. Now this electrophoresis Electrophile will attack on benzene.
So this Cl positive will attack on hydrogen and it will remove it. So hydrogen will leave as H positive. So what happened?
We get this compound, benzene with chlorine. And H positive is out. So this is chlorobenzene.
So this is electrophilic substitution reaction. So nucleophile replaces nucleophile and electrophile replaces electrophile. to replace the last example.
In this example, OH- replaced CL-. So, OH- and CL- are both nucleophiles. So, nucleophile replaced nucleophile.
In this example, Cl- replaced H+. So, both Cl- and H- are electrophiles. In this case, electrophile replaced electrophile. So, whenever you do substitution reaction, remember this.
A blast substra- Reaction free radical substitution reaction. So here we have a methane and a chlorine. So now we will react these two in the presence of ultraviolet light. So UV light will split chlorine.
So how will chlorine be split? One electron on this chlorine and another electron on this chlorine. So we will get chlorine free radical from it. So because of UV light light ke kaaran we get chlorine free radical so this free radical will now attack on methane. So this chlorine free radical will replace hydrogen.
So this hydrogen will leave as hydrogen free radical or chlorine free radical is methane. So we will get this compound CS3Cl chloromethane. But still we have a chlorine free radical left. A chlorine free radical from chlorine is left on the compound but a chlorine free radical is left.
That will connect with hydrogen free radical. and they will form HCl. So this was complete free radical substitution reaction. So substitution reaction is done.
In case you haven't seen our substitution reaction video, so definitely check that out. In that video, we have covered this topic in depth. Now next is addition reaction.
So in addition reaction, we have a double bond and a reactant. And this reactant gets added to this double bond. So this is the sign of addition reaction. And the second way to identify addition reaction is that after reaction in addition reaction, triple bond changes to double bond and double bond to single bond. So this is the sign of addition reaction.
Now let's do some example and understand it completely. So this is our alkene and we have to add HBr in it. So first split HBr. So we will get H positive and Br negative.
Now where to add H positive and where to add Br negative? So this is the problem. So for this we have a rule and that rule says that the negative part should go to that carbon which have less number of hydrogen. So out of double bond carbon, the second carbon has the least amount of hydrogen.
So this means that Br negative will go to this carbon. so, here we have gone negative And hydrogen is on 3rd carbon. So we get this compound. So in this double bond is converted into single bond. And in this HPR is added.
So this is an addition reaction. So guys we have done addition reaction in greater details in our previous video. We have done these reactions in it and also done the mechanism in it. We have done that completely.
So definitely check that out. Now next addition reaction example. Again same reaction. and HBr. So we have to react these two.
But this time the difference is that we have to add peroxide in it. And due to adding peroxide, everything will be upside down in this. Last time, Br- went to that carbon on which hydrogen is less. This time, Br- will go to that carbon on which hydrogen is more. So Br- will add here and H- will add here.
So finally, we will get this compound. So this is completely opposite of what happened last time. So it is because of peroxide. So this is also an addition reaction.
Now next example. Now look at this part. This is carbonyl.
Now you will notice that till now whatever addition reaction we did, we did on alkene. But this time we are going to do addition reaction on carbonyl. So carbonyl also has a double bond. So addition reaction can be done on this also. So let's do addition reaction on carbonyl group.
So this is carbonyl. and we have to add HCN to it so split HCN and we will get H positive and CN negative now look at this CO part oxygen is electronegative then carbon so what will happen? both the electrons of this bond will go towards oxygen and carbon will become electron deficient so what happened because of this?
so carbon became positive and oxygen became negative now positive is attracted with negative So cyanide will go towards C positive and H positive will go toward O negative. So we get this compound. So this may be addition reaction. So addition reaction happens on double triple bond like alkenyl kind or carbonyl group.
So addition reaction we have covered in detail in a separate video. So definitely check that out. Now next is elimination reaction. Elimination reaction is kind of opposite of addiction reaction.
We used to add in addition reaction and eliminate in elimination reaction. So in addition reaction, double bond converts into single bond. In elimination reaction, single bond converts into double bond.
So this is our compound bromobutane. Now we have to do elimination reaction in this. So to do elimination reaction, we have to add a reagent in it.
And that reagent is KOH alcoholic. Because of KOH alcoholic, there will be elimination in this. Consequently, H and Br will be eliminated. Due to adding K-O-H, H and Br will be eliminated. And another bond will be added between these two.
So we will get this compound, Erbutene. Now let's look at one more example. So this is an alcohol compound, Propanol.
And we have to do elimination reaction in it. So to do elimination reaction, we have to add a reagent in it. And that reagent is S2SO4. So by adding H2SO4, this H and OH will be removed from the compound.
So consequently, there will be one more bond here. So we will get this compound. And along with this, H2O will be formed.
So by adding H2SO4, H and OH will be removed from this compound. And these two together make H2O. So H2SO4 is also called Dehydrating Agent.
That means it removes water. So, due to S2SO4, water got eliminated from it. So this is also called dehydration elimination reaction. So these two examples are enough for this video.
But if you want to do elimination reaction in depth, then you can check out our elimination reaction video. In that, we have covered elimination reaction in detail. So till now, we have done substitution reaction, addition reaction, elimination reaction. Now let's look at another reaction. rearrangement reaction.
So rearrangement ka aapko matlab pata hog. So rearrangement ka matlab hota hai rearrange karna. Yani ki dobara arrange karna.
So let's look at this example. So this is a primary carbocation. Aur isme rearrangement reaction hog. So this is a methyl.
Agar is methyl ko hum rearrange kare hain. So yeh methyl chale jayega idhar. So we will get this.
Methyl ko shift karne pe Okay. Now, electron deficiency will be created on this carbon. And electron deficiency will be finished on this carbon. So now, we get positive charge here. So, in this reaction, there was a rearrangement reaction.
So, earlier, it was primary carbocation. But now, it has become tertiary carbocation. Now, because carbocation wants to be stable, so it will spontaneously change into tertiary carbocation. So, in this reaction, we don't need to add any reagent.
Methyl shift will happen. automatically so that this primary carbocation changes into tertiary carbocation so this major rearrangement reaction who were that happened spontaneously up next rearrangement reaction so this is butane or is me humming rearrangement reaction Karna so this is not a carbocation this is a normal organic compound to is my rearrangement reaction up near up naoga we need to put some reagent so that is my rearrangement reaction hope So we added AlCl3 in this. So by adding AlCl3, it will shift the methyl. Now this methyl will shift to the second carbon. So we will get this compound.
So the rearrangement reaction is done. And we get 2-methylpropane. Now this reaction is also called as Isomerization reaction. Now why? Because these two are isomers.
Both of them have same molecular formula. but different structure. So their formula is C4H10.
This one also has C4H10 and this one also has C4H10. So this is also called as Isomerization Reaction. So Re-Arrangement Reaction is done.
So we have done all of the organic reactions completely. So all the reactions you will get in organic chemistry will be one of these four. So now all the reactions you will do in organic chemistry, notice this.
By the way, if you want to do isomerism in detail, then you can watch our this video. We have done isomerism completely in that video. So this is everything A to Z you need to know about organic chemistry.
Guys, organic chemistry starts from this video. If you make these concepts strong, you will definitely understand entire organic chemistry. So that's why we took so much time to understand this concept. Aane wale jitne bhi organic chemistry video hai, sabhi me is concept ki zarurat padegi.
So guys, this is basics of organic chemistry. So if you like this video, then like, comment and share. Don't forget to subscribe and press the bell icon. So I am Sumer Poddar and you are watching Play Chemistry.