as as you view the screen here i'm kind of hoping that you're wondering what these things are so you're probably looking at here you go okay planes what's that well let's see if we can address that planes are a really useful way of describing movement okay and i want you to realize first of all each of these little kind of mannequin folk and we're going to replace them with performers and i'm not sure what i'm going to say movement um we're going to replace them with real performance second each of these is standing in what we call an anatomic anatomical standing position now we don't really study this on this course but it's a nice thing just as a little addition to be aware of you see it's the palms facing forwards uh the ankles are just sort of slightly flexed outwards and so on and we're in kind of a neutral position we call this the anatomical standing position and once we sort of start to describe moving away from the anatomical standing position we can describe that movement by which plane that movement is occurring along so let's get sort of into this by looking at an example this here is what we refer to as the sagittal plane now notice single g double t i cannot tell you how many times i've corrected that in students writing please try and get it right if you can single g double t now the sagittal plane is really interesting because as i said a moment ago movements occur along planes along planes so therefore what kind of movement is occurring along a sagittal plane well imagine for example that this elbow here was to flex and the hand was to come into that position or we were raising a dumbbell that came here or if we really flexed it a lot and it came here that would be movement along the central plane so we've got things like flexion by definition then it must be extension as well right because if we were to extend that elbow back let me choose a reasonable color back to here back to here extending back therefore we're going to get movement along that sagittal plane through extension now a couple of other examples imagine for example these toes were to point downwards here that would of course we would refer to as plantar flexion plantar flexion two words of course that plantar flexion is moving along the sagittal plane and because of course we've got plantar flexion by definition we also have our single word dorsiflexion along that same plane so start to think about actions and sporting techniques that would occur along or predominantly occur along this plane what i'd like to address for you the running obviously a central feature of so many sporting activities running happens along the sagittal plane when this knee moves into this position and what we would call of course flexed or when the hip moves to here in an extended position those are happening along that central plane so we've got running we've also got actions and i'll show you a bit more detail of this in a second such as somersaulting imagine if this person was to rotate all the way around here in a forward roll somersaulting back some assaulting in the opposite direction of course those are the examples of movements along the central plane i also like the example of kicking i think kicking is a really nice one whether that's a penalty in rugby or some kind of football experience we've got kicking as well now let's move it forward what we have here is the frontal plane okay so nice simple word frontal plane now notice this time plane which is exactly the same structure is sort of moving across the whole of the body from shoulder shoulder from hip to hip from ankle to ankle rather than sort of through the mid splice of the body which is what the sagittal does now kind of actions that we would be expecting here we'd be expecting things such as abduction to occur along this plane how do we know that because if the shoulder was to abduct here or here or here or here you can actually see that that is along that plane if they were to move back towards the midline of course they would be examples of adduction okay so abduction adduction now types of examples of sporting movement you're probably going to tell me things like a star jump you might say james what about a cartwheel that's the classic example right absolutely cartwheel's a lovely one the other one i really like to read students to write down or have students write down is the idea of something like a diving save for a goalkeeper maybe in hockey something like a diving save imagine this goalkeeper this this character flings themselves this way their arms abduct at the shoulder and they save or tip a ball over in the top corner of a goal something like that that would be movement along that um frontal plane i really think that's a nice example now finally we've got this one it's by far the most complex this is what we call the transverse plane now i've said it's complex i probably shouldn't have really but let's see if it actually is where the transverse plane occurs it helps us to describe movement such as rotation so if this character here was to kind of rotate around in this direction or vice versa i've sort of set it there in a clockwise direction but it could be an anti-clockwise direction that'll be an example of rotation now rotation happens along that transverse plane but it's not just a rotation imagine that this person kind of lifted their arm to here and they had like a cleansed clenched fist and they did sort of a hook shot in boxing this is what we would call of course horizontal flexion so movements like horizontal flexion let's say you're throwing a ja a hook in boxing but they've also got horizontal extension drawing that arm back those would be along the transverse plane and the reason that is that this transverse plane can sort of be further up the body or further down the body okay it can actually be further up or further down so there are three bass planes that help us describe movement and how what movement occurs along now i've put some really high quality images in here just to emphasize those points or bring them to fruition the first one is effectively what somersault here so here's the somersault example we've already said this is along the sagittal plane now notice here this leg is literally moving along that plane this leg this arm even the head is sort of split along that plane now just to be clear if this athlete moved her arm out here that would be a different plane right that would actually be moving along the frontal plane we do get movements which are combined we've also got our cartwheel example up here we've got a really nice version of it here i think and notice here that this action here is the movement along in gymnastics of a cartwheel along the frontal plane that's a really nice one and this is actually my favorite one here we've got the notion of a transverse plane of course what we've got here is a spin and we're spinning in this case in relation to a discus stroke but notice where it says rotating the circle only when spinning because if you notice guys if we bring the arm out here and here this actual action itself just holding that that way that's along the frontal plane it's abduction of the shoulder but it's the rotating that that we're interested in the rotating is moving along the transverse plane the spinning itself only the spin and that's really the intuition i want to draw you to the end yes we teach you'll teach you sagittal frontal transverse but please as sports scientists realize that these happen in almost all sporting movements in a combination type factor sometimes explicitly so hope that's helpful thanks