okay let's look at this structure we can see we have a carbon here and then we have in parentheses PH2 so that means there's three carbons here that three carbons plus one here that's going to mean a total of four carbons now we might ask ourselves why is everything kind of looking like these little kinks or whatever well they're not really Kinks they're more like chains and the reason why carbon is able to catenate is because they can create these longer chains and again the reason why we actually write them in these little chains it's because of the tetrahedral nature of those sp3 hybridized orbitals folks so that all kind of connects so we're looking at this here hold on remember each of these are their own little tetrahedron each of these are their own little tetrahedron okay and so because of that we get this sort of chain like existence which is where the cation name ples so here we're going to have four carbons and it's attached to an oxygen as we can see this D structure I don't have any lone pairs here and so you want to be able to recognize everything first that's what this whole portion is about we're going to talk about drawing next the first thing is recognize recognize recognize now I'm going to draw the skeletal structure of this have one carbon attached to another attached to another attached to another 1 2 3 4 this carbon is attached to O now that is a perfectly fine uh skeletal structure here right it doesn't have any long pairs but I could add the lone pairs if I like now as you can see this oxygen doesn't have a charge if it did have a charge then I have I would have to write the charge I would actually have to write the charge just to keep that thing so again it's all about recognition the easiest one to recognize is going to be the Le structure because we're just used to that the real goal is like okay how do I go back from this condensed structure to a l structure we're going to get more practice as we go along okay so now let's get to drawing okay we know that carbon can make a maximum of four bonds we've seen that we know it's going to be sp3 hybridized and those are the orbital that allow carbon to make these stable bonds we also know that's going to be in a tetrahedr um pattern right that's kind of like the overall structure if you're doing sp3 hybridize so I kind of tell myself okay carbon can make more Bond carbon can also make double bond carbon can also make triple bonds so you just kind of want to orient yourself and say let me just think about what carbon can do now we didn't talk about these double bonds here we mainly talk about double bonds attached to single bonds especially in organic compounds but you can have situations where in the same organic compound you have a carbon double bond on either side now if it's carbon double bond on either side they will be SP hybridized just like the linear triple bond so just keep that in mind okay folks so just go ahead and start yourself and say let me write off some stuff about carbon and as you can see yes this is a flash card moment meaning you can stop yourself and say carbon skeletons on the front and then on the back actually give yourself examples or at least how to kind of recognize and draw them on your own okay now when we're writing like carbon here carbon and single and double and triple bonds we have to start thinking about carbon in different chains or the catenation part all right because these organic compounds are large they not always going to just be one single carbon so it could be 10 carbon 25 carbon 30 carbons right etc etc and so because of that we want to make sure we're kind of keeping that in mind and also make sure we're writing things a proper way again the ball and stick model which is down here is just the perfect model to help us kind of visualize what's actually happening when it comes to why these pinks look the way they look or why the branching exist okay so as you can see here we have one carbon one carbon one carbon one carbon and that actually equals the chain that you see here same thing here and if you have that same chain in one of these carbons decide to be in a different orientation at the bottom guess what they're the same exact thing we talked about how sometimes you can have certain amounts of carbon carbon chain specifically that can then start to Branch differently but they're also ended up being the same exact molecule and here's an example of that but where does that all start let's go there all of the excess branching or changes or isomer that you can see isomer means same type okay ISO down ISO means same and my is like a piece same type so really you're saying you have the same type of molecular formula but a different Arrangement now when you have situations where the branching changes slightly that's not a different Arrangement that's simply the same molecule that is able to rotate around this single Bond right an isomer is actually going to be a brand new molecule that yes because of its branching or the way it's attached gives you different molecule okay folks so we want to go ahead and think about that first now that's when you only have like carbons that are like or organic molecules that are more than four carbons so if you have carbon four or more you can have isomers carbon one carbon two carbons or three carbons you only have one structure so yay yay yay that's the only one we got to focus on but when you have four or more carbons you can have isomers meaning different same molecular formula but different functions because of the way that they're arranged right and there's going to be structural isomers with's one like we saw the double bond like geometric isomer which we'll talk about here of course we'll see later too a geometric isere is going to be based on spatial Arrangement so we have a double bond here we see the ch3 groups here and when they're on the same side that's this and when they're across from one another that's trains and so these are going to be our geometric isomers we also have of course structural isomer as well okay folks and structure means that the structure are the same um and but of course they have have different functions because it might change slightly okay so now not only does carbon attached to hetero atoms or hallogen ining structure and of course function now Arrangement does as well so that's another layer of information so you're looking like okay we have carbons and what is this layer of information helping us with it's helping us understand the diversity of carbon itself right so yes it can have diversity from the functional groups of attach to it can have diversity in its actual structure and structure and reactivity giving us everything we need right folks and this is why it can make so many millions of organic compounds in R from of course single bonds with different branching you can all mean the same thing and rotate around to double bonds of course that are in different amounts so I have one single one double bond over here that's attached to course five carbons cyclical arrangements as we'll see here okay folks and so all this things helps us understand with diversity what we're going to be doing is basically stopping ourselves getting practice with drawing these carbon skeletons of course the practice is really going to come next I just want to make sure we're orienting and understanding wait a minute where do we start we have to start with carbon these carbons are going to be attached to one another different ways okay and we need to basically be able to recognize and draw some of these basic skeletons just so that it can help us understand those functional groups and families later on okay folks so we also keep into consideration the rotation around bonds so single bonds versus rotation around double bonds we keep that in mind you also want to make sure that you're bringing out and understanding SP hybrids for triple bonds SP2 hybrids for double bonds sp3 hybridization for single bonds because all that's going to relate to how carbon's able to make all these amazing skeletons so again our last little example is going to be here let's look at this four carbon compound so you got one carbon one carbon one I'm sorry five one two 3 four five this five carbon compound can be arranged in many different ways because of the rotation of that carbon so when you're thinking of hey could this be an isomer your first question is is it a single Bond rotation meaning can I rotate this Bond here and create create this okay so if I want to take this Bond and say move it down for example we still have one two 3 four five carbon and I would just have to rearrange this carbon here and make this one up still one two three four five carbon and it will actually be the same model nothing has changed just because this carbon decided to rotate the carbon and attached to and that's what's going to be very important first ask yourself if this a rotation of the carbon due to a single bond for example or is it's really a brand new molecule with different functions