C++ Operators

Overview

• Operators: Used frequently in code, also important for MCQ rounds in company selection processes.
• Topics: Operators, precedence, and associativity.
• Approach: Understand each operator with code examples. Practice along for better understanding.
• Categories: Divided into arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise, and miscellaneous.

Arithmetic Operators

• Basic operators: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus.
• Important to consider the resulting data type of operations.
• Examples:
  • Addition: a + b
  • Subtraction: a - b
  • Multiplication: a * b
  • Division: a / b (result type may vary)
  • Modulus: a % b (gives remainder)*

Relational Operators

• Compare values and return true or false.
• Types:
  • == (Equals to)
  • != (Not equals to)
  • > (Greater than)
  • < (Less than)
  • >= (Greater than or equal to)
  • <= (Less than or equal to)
• Example: a == b, returns true if a is equal to b.

Logical Operators

• Used to combine expressions.
• Types:
  • && (Logical AND): True if both expressions are true.
  • || (Logical OR): True if at least one expression is true.
  • ! (Logical NOT): True if the expression is false.
• Example: a && b

Assignment Operators

• Used to assign values.
• Shorthand operators:
  • +=: a += b is same as a = a + b
  • -=: a -= b
  • *=: a *= b
  • /=: a /= b
  • %=: a %= b
• Example: a += 1

Bitwise Operators

• Operate on binary representations.
• Types:
  • & (AND)
  • | (OR)
  • ^ (XOR)
  • ~ (NOT)
  • << (Left shift)
  • >> (Right shift)
• Binary Representation: Conversion between binary and decimal.
• Example:
  • AND: a & b
  • OR: a | b
  • XOR: a ^ b
  • Left Shift: a << b (shifts bits left)
  • Right Shift: a >> b (shifts bits right)

Miscellaneous Operators

• sizeof: Returns the size of a variable.
• Ternary (?:): Conditional expression.
  • Syntax: condition ? expression1 : expression2
  • Example: a = (b > c) ? b : c
• Comma (,): Used to separate expressions.
• Pointer Operators: * (dereferencing), & (address of).
• DOT (.) and Arrow (->): Used in class and pointer contexts.*

Unary Operators

• Operate on single operands.
• Types:
  • + (Unary Plus)
  • - (Unary Minus)
  • ++ (Increment)
  • -- (Decrement)
  • ! (Logical NOT)
  • ~ (Bitwise NOT)
• Postfix and Prefix: Differences in evaluation order.
  • Example: a++ vs ++a

Operator Precedence and Associativity

• Precedence: Determines the order of evaluation of operators.
  • Higher precedence operators are evaluated first.
  • Example: * has higher precedence than +.
• Associativity: Determines the order of evaluation when operators have the same precedence.
  • Left to Right: Most operators, except assignment operators.
  • Right to Left: Assignment operators like =.
  • Example: a - b + c (left-to-right) computes as (a - b) + c.*

Summary

• Understanding of C++ operators including their categories, usage, and evaluation.
• Hands-on practice by predicting and verifying output.
• Learned unary, binary, and miscellaneous operators, and their precedence and associativity.

Next Topic

• C++ Statements