Hello, Grade 8! Welcome to Quarter 2, Science of Materials, or also known as Chemistry. But in our new curriculum, it is known as the Science of Materials. I'm Sir Wawi, your EverCure Science Buddy. This week, we're going to explore something really exciting about the development of atomic theory.
But don't worry, we'll take it step-by-step over the course within 5 days. So you'll have plenty of time to understand everything about this topic. So, kita natin.
We have six topics to be discussed. So, don't worry. Okay, five days we will Google it here so we can discuss all of them.
And of course, before we begin, don't forget to like, share, and subscribe and hit that notification bell so you will always stay updated with my latest science videos. And oh, by the way, if you prefer a full lecture of this topic, I have one uploaded. In my channel, you can check it out anytime for a complete discussion. So, ito lang po ay ginawa ko kasi sa may nag-request.
May nag-request, Sir, pwede ba kayong gumawa ng day 1 lang? Okay, yun po. Sige, pagbibigyan natin. So, in this topic, we will only discuss the idea of atoms from Democritus to Dalton.
How the idea of atom was presented or introduced to us. Ano? Ayan.
So, before we begin, itong ating second activity, meron ditong first activity. So, mga may copy ng PowerPoint presentation, yung first activity natin is about unlocking vocabulary. And of course, we also have a review in that part. So, let's proceed in this activity, time travel, talks meeting Democritus and Dalton.
So, for our objective, students will understand how Democritus and John Dalton presented their ideas about Yatom by imagining a time travel conversation with them. and answering guide questions. So we have our PowerPoint presentation. And then for the instruction, listen or read the story dialogue as Democritus and Dalton share their ideas about the atom. Take note of the important points they explain about matter and atoms.
Answer the guide questions based on what you learn from their explanations. Of course, what good in this topic is we have the follow-up questions or guide questions after the dialogue of Democritus. So listen carefully, okay? So let's start.
So what really happened? So let's go way back to ancient Greece, around 400 BCE. A philosopher named Democritus. Actually, what he was called in other references is Democritus of Abdera.
But here, let's call him Democritus. He's quietly thinking about the nature of matter. He's thinking about...
The nature of matter. Okay? Parang napapatanong siya, have you ever wondered what is matter made of? Parang yung ganun yung question niya.
Okay? So, ayan, he asked himself, what happens if I keep cutting something like a piece of cheese, a rock, or a leaf into smaller and smaller pieces? Sabi niya is, what if ikat ko yung isang bagay?
Okay? In continuous, patuloy kong ikat ng ikat. Darating kaya ako dun sa point? na may isang piece, or pinakamaliit na piece na hindi ko na kayang ikat.
Okay, dun sa kanyang imagination, ang sagot niya is yes. He imagined that eventually, you'd reach a point where it could no longer be divided. So, darating daw tayo sa isang point or piece dun sa ating kinat na hindi na natin siya kayang putulin or edivide. Okay, at yung piece na yun na hindi na natin kayang edivide, tinawag niya yun.
as atomos. Democritus called these smallest pieces as atomos, meaning uncuttable. Kung bagay na yung pinakamaliit na peraso ng isang bagay na hindi mo na kayang i-cut or i-divide. Ayan. So, atomos.
He believed that everything in the universe is made up of tiny, invisible particles known as atoms moving through empty space. And of course, in addition for this, Democritus also described atomos. comes from different shapes. Okay. Indivisible particles that comes from different shapes.
Okay. Ibig sabihin, sabi ni Democritus, atomos comes from different shapes depending on the matter or state of matter. Okay. May mga triangle, square, circle, or sphere.
Okay. Yun yung kanyang imagination or representation of atoms. Okay. Again.
but during the time not everyone agreed to democritus hindi lahat naniwala kay democritus that matter is composed of atomos meaning uncuttable hindi lahat naniwala sa kanya but during the time democritus is on the right track na We're leading the right way. But Aristotle arrived. Not everyone agreed, especially Aristotle.
So who is Aristotle? Another great philosopher. Aristotle came along years later. He was respected, influential, and he completely rejected democracy.
Here, Aristotle arrived and totally or completely rejected. the idea of Democritus about atoms. Okay, bakit dinisregard or nireject ni Aristotel?
Because Aristotel, okay, believed that matter was continuous and made of four basic elements, the earth, water, air, and fire. He thought the idea of invisible atoms and empty space was nonsense, which is the idea of Democritus. Nonsense daw yung idea ni Democritus. Kasi nga, si Aristotel naniniwala that matter is continuous.
that matter is made of the four basic elements. And of course, before Aristotle came up on this idea, there were also early philosophers like him, especially Empedocles, who believed that matter came from four elements or made of four elements. Before Empedocles, we have Heraclitus, Thales of Meletus, and Axemenes. So there are many who support the idea. paniniwala ni Aristotel that matter is made of the four or made of the four basic elements.
Okay. Maraming naniniwala sa kanya at yung ilan doon mga famous din. Hindi lang po si Aristotel ang nag-reject sa idea ni Democritus.
Kasali din din si Plato. At sino ba tong mga to? Mga influential philosopher during that time. At syempre pag ikaw ay influential, ikaw talaga yung paniniwalaan ng ibang Tao. Sino ba sa Democritus?
Novice. Okay. Simple lang. Ayan.
Okay. So, and since Aristotle was more famous and influential, most people believe him, not Democritus. Ayan yung sinasabi natin. Even up to now, diba?
Okay. If we are going to relate the situation of Democritus in this current time, pag ikaw ay sikat, ikaw ang paniniwalaan. Pag ikaw ay simpleng tao, your idea is not you important or not highlighted even if you're the one who's right. What? Okay.
So anyway, we still got lost in that part. So for nearly 2,000 years, Democritus' idea was forgotten until scientists much later rediscovered the atom and proved he was actually in the right track. Okay.
It means 2,000 years that people's belief is about the four basic elements. That matter is composed of the four basic elements. 2,000 years. Okay.
Imagine. It's long. That's what people believed. Okay?
And after 2,000 years, the idea of Democritus or rediscovering the idea of Democritus has arrived. But before we continue, of course, let's have a short guide. Questions. So, draw a representation of Democritus' idea of atom. What is Democritus' representation about atom?
How did he describe the atom? Okay? Aside from uncatable. Okay? Describe it as, okay, what is it?
What does he say? Atomos comes from different shapes. Tinawag niya itong indivisible particle model. In other references, kung makikita natin, ang tawag sa model ni Democritus is atomism. Minsan hindi na siya din sinasama.
But to be particular or to be specific, ilagay na lang natin para alam ninyo kung paano din ascribe ni Democritus yung atom. So second, why do you think Democritus' idea of the atom was disregarded? Who influenced this movement?
Bakit nga ba? na-disregard or na-reject yung idea ni Democritus about atom. One of the, what do you call this, reason is that Democritus' idea was disregarded because it lacks scientific proof.
Walang scientific proof. At alam niyo ba that the idea of Democritus is puro lamang po philosophy, imaginations, without supporting evidence or scientific evidences. Wala pong nilagay si Democritus.
At yun yung kanyang mali doon. Kasi nga sa science, pag wala kang experiment, wala kang scientific evidence, your idea is not valid or considered as not fact. Pag walang scientific evidence.
Kailangan supported po siya ng mga scientific evidence. And then, sino ba yung nagre-reject kay Democritus? Aristotel.
Influence this by teaching that matter is continuous, not made of atoms. Okay, for the third one, cite other views related to matter which prevailed during the ancient time. What prevailed the idea of atom?
Okay, about atom in ancient Greece. What prevailed? What was the idea? That was the idea of Aristotle.
That matter is made of four elements. The four-element theory by Aristotle said all matter is made of earth, water, air, and fire. Yan yung pinakasikat na idea nung ancient Greeks.
Okay, ano? Ayan, so proceed na tayo. Sino kaya yung magre-rediscover?
Sino kaya yung magli-lead sa atin sa tama? Okay. Ayan, 2,000 years later, and John Dalton came.
Ano? Fast forward about 2,000 years. The world has changed. It's now the early 1800s, and science is growing rapidly.
Okay, a quiet but brilliant English school teacher and chemist named John Dalton steps into the picture. Dalton began doing experiments with gases and chemicals. Through careful observation, he noticed that elements combined in a fixed ratios, and he thought there must be something small and constant behind this.
There must be something small. Ano kaya yun? Ano kaya yung something small na bumubuo sa matter?
Ano? And of course... And then John Dalton revived Democritus' ancient idea.
He believed atoms were solid, indivisible, similar to Democritus' indivisible spears. But there are different ones, solid spears. John Dalton has a specific shape about atoms, solid spears.
Unlike Democritus, Democritus believed that atoms came from different shapes. And another, this time, he had scientific evidence, which is totally different to Democritus' idea. In Democritus, it's all imagination. Dalton has a statement, he has scientific evidence. So, these are the proposed postulates of John Dalton about atomic theory.
First, all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Ibig sabihin, Pareha sa dandini mo, courtesy. Believe that all matter is made of atoms.
Second, atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. In a simple explanation, like for example, the atom of hydrogen is similar to another atom of hydrogen.
The atom of hydrogen and atom of oxygen is different. Okay, ganun lang. But don't worry, this postulates will be further discussed in the next lesson, especially in day 2. Huwag ka mag-alala. Third one, atoms of different elements are combined together in simple proportions to create a compound.
Okay, yun yung mga elements nga daw, pwede i-combine to create a compound in a fixed ratio. Like for example, H2O. Okay, we have 2 is to 1. 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen, pwede tayo maka-form ng water.
Okay, which is combined in a fixed ratio, 2 is to 1. Okay, next. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged but not changed. And here in the fourth, during chemical reactions, like for example, in a simple reaction, we have water, we have NaCl. Okay, that's the most reactant.
And then in the product, NaCl and then the water still don't disappear. Though we won't see the exact NaCl, it can be rearranged but there's no element that disappears. And if it's that much, let's say 2 hydrogen, it's the same with the product. 2 hydrogen still.
Okay, it can still be together or it can be separated. But nothing can be reduced, nothing can be added. That's what 4 postulates means. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged but not changed.
So, let's do guide questions first. Draw a representation of John Dalton. Dalton's description of atom. What will John Dalton describe about atom?
Correct. Okay. Solid sphere model. Yung kanyang representation.
That atoms is a solid indivisible sphere. Kaya tinawag natin itong solid sphere model. And other references, ang ibang tawag sa model ni John Dalton ay billiard ball model.
Okay. But similar. Parehas correct or tama. Second, what are the similarities of Democritus and Dalton view on atoms? Ano yung pagkakatulad nung dalawa?
Okay. Both believe that atoms are tiny. invisible particles that make up everything around us. They both believe that everything around us is made up of atoms.
They thought atoms are the smallest pieces of matter and cannot be broken down into smaller parts. Okay, tama ano. Yan yun yung kanilang similarities. Okay.
Third, how does the description of atom differ between Delta and Democritus? Paano ba nagkaiba yung dalawa? Ano yung pagkakaiba? May malansin ako kanina.
Okay, Democritus said atoms are tiny and divisible and comes from different shapes. Dalton described the atom or said atoms are tiny, indivisible, and that atoms of the same element are exactly alike. Kungpaga, si Democritus sabi different shapes. Si Dalton, solid sphere. Another difference is, si Democritus, walang experiment.
Si Dalton, may experiment or may scientific evidence. Okay. Ayan, so...
That's the end of day one. Hopefully, you learned something about how Democritus and John Dalton introduced the idea of atoms. Okay, so see you on day two. Thank you so much.