Cardio A&P Final Exam: Practice Questions

Overview of Cardiopulmonary Anatomy and Physiology

• Cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology explores the structures and functions of the heart and lungs.
• Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
• Lungs: Facilitate gas exchange – oxygenates blood and removes carbon dioxide.
• Importance: Essential for diagnosing and treating cardiopulmonary diseases, optimizing patient care and outcomes.

Practice Questions Overview

• Practice questions cover heart and lung structures, functions, and interaction.
• Key topics include diagnosing conditions, interpreting tests, and understanding physiological responses.

Sample Practice Questions

Oxygen and Breath Sounds

1. Hypoxemia in Pneumonia:

   • Causes: Diffusion defect, capillary shunting, alveolar consolidation, hypoventilation.
   • Correct Answer: D. All of the above.

2. Breath Sound in Pneumonia:

   • Expected Sound: Bronchial (C).

Blood Gas Interpretation

3. Arterial Blood Gas Results:

   • Interpretation: pH 7.50, PaCO2 30 torr, PaO2 85 torr, HCO3- 24 mEq/L indicates respiratory alkalosis (D).

4. Electrolyte Imbalance in CHF:

   • Expected Finding: Hyponatremic (A).

Diagnostic Imaging and Lab Values

5. Chest Radiograph Interpretation:

   • Finding: Diaphragm below the 10th rib implies hyperinflation (C).

6. Arterial Puncture Preparation:

   • Critical Lab Value: Prothrombin time (C).

Blood and ECG Analysis

7. Allergic Reaction Lab Findings:

   • Increased eosinophils (B).

8. Elevated White Blood Count:

   • Interpretation: Leukocytosis (C).

9. Significant Emphysema Severity Indicator:

   • Key Value: PaCO2 (A).

10. ECG ST-segment Depression:

    • Indicates: Cardiac ischemia (D).

Tissue Types and Blood Pressure

11. Epithelial Tissue in Cardiovascular System:

    • Type: Simple squamous epithelium (A).

12. Pumping Tissue in the Heart:

    • Type: Cardiac muscle (C).

13. Main Tissue Types:

    • Correct Exclusion: Myocardial (C).

14. Factors Influencing Blood Pressure:

    • Incorrect Option: Emotional state (C).

15. Artery Characteristics:

    • Correct Statement: Arteries carry blood away from the heart (B).

16. Primary Function of Capillaries:

    • Function: Exchange of nutrients and gases (D).

Cardiovascular Dynamics

17. Pulse Pressure Definition:

    • Calculation: Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure (B).

18. Blood Flow to the Skin:

    • Increases with rise in environmental temperature (B).

19. Tissue Perfusion Exclusion:

    • Not involved: Blood clotting (D).

20. Arteries Feeding Capillaries:

    • Type: Arterioles (C).

21. Blood Pressure Influencing Factors:

    • Correct Statement: Excess red cell production increases blood pressure (D).

22. Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation by Oxygen Levels:

    • Location: Lungs (B).

23. Hypertension Indication:

    • Reading: 170/96 in a 50-year-old man (C).

24. ATP Production without Oxygen:

    • Process: Anaerobic metabolism (B).

Respiratory System

25. Air Passage Post-Larynx:

    • Next: Trachea (D).

26. Chamber Pumping Oxygen-rich Blood:

    • Chamber: Left ventricle (D).

27. Largest Artery:

    • Artery: Aorta (A).

28. Oxygen-Carrying Blood Component:

    • Component: Red blood cells (A).

29. Pressure in Arteries:

    • Term: Systolic (B).

30. Acidity Regulator Produced by Kidneys:

    • Substance: Bicarbonate (B).

Neural and Muscular Function

31. Neural Signal Transmission:

    • Signal: Action potentials; Chemicals: Neurotransmitters (A).

32. End-diastolic Volume Effect on Stroke Volume:

    • Explanation: Increases strength of contraction (D).

33. Ventricular Contraction:

    • Periods: Systole; Diastole for relaxation (C).

34. ECG Ventricular Repolarization:

    • Component: T wave (C).

35. Preload Determination Factors:

    • Factors: End-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume (B).

36. Effect of Increased Venous Return:

    • Result: Increased end-diastolic volume (B).

37. Cardiac Output Variables:

    • Variables: Heart rate and stroke volume (C).

38. Blood Ejection from Left Ventricle:

    • Condition: Ventricle pressure greater than aorta (A).

39. Pacemaker Cell Concentration in Heart:

    • Regions: Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node (B).

40. T-Q Segment in ECG:

    • Measures time between heartbeats (B).

Conduction Pathway and Heart Valves

41. Correct Conduction Pathway:

    • Pathway: SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers (C).

42. Cardiac Cycle Phase with Open AV Valves:

    • Phase: Ventricular filling (B).

43. Cardiac Output Equation:

    • Equation: CO = HR x SV (B).

44. All Four Heart Valves Open:

    • Phase: None of the above (D).

45. Vein Compliance:

    • Feature: Accommodate large volumes with little pressure change (D).

46. Increase in Heart Rate Mediation:

    • By: Decrease in parasympathetic and increase in sympathetic activity (D).

47. Long-term Blood Pressure Regulation:

    • Involves: Control of blood volume by the kidneys (D).

48. Increase in Mean Arterial Pressure Exception:

    • Exception: Decreasing end-diastolic volume (A).

49. Poiseuille’s Law on Flow Rate:

    • Proportional to radius' Fourth power (D).

Vascular Structures and Functions

50. Arteriole Characteristics Exclusion:

    • Incorrect: Act as pressure reservoirs (B).

51. Effect of Acetylcholine on Bronchioles:

    • Result: Constriction via Muscarinic receptors (D).

52. Air Conduction Pathway Functions:

    • Function: Warm and humidify air (A).

53. Gas Exchange Location in Lungs:

    • Location: Alveoli (A).

54. Albuterol Effect on Receptors:

    • Receptors: Beta2 adrenergic (D).

55. Diaphragm Contraction Effect:

    • Result: Inspiration (A).

56. Alveoli and Expiration Aid:

    • Feature: High surface tension (A).

57. Pulmonary Edema Effect on Gas Diffusion:

    • Reason: Increased distance (A).

58. Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation in Low Metabolic Rate:

    • Shift: Left, increased affinity for oxygen (C).

59. Dorsal Respiratory Group Function:

    • Location: Medulla; Function: Generate rhythm (D).

60. Cause of Respiratory Alkalosis:

    • Cause: Hyperventilation (A).

61. Capillary Bed Reabsorption and Ultrafiltration:

    • Occurrence: Reabsorption at venous, ultrafiltration at arterial (C).

62. Capillary Exchange in Bowman's Capsule:

    • True Statement: Filters out components smaller than proteins (B).

63. Fluid Movement through Nephron:

    • Order: Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, CD (D).

64. Effect of Diuretic Agents:

    • Purpose: Decrease blood volume (C).

65. Primary Site of Reabsorption in Nephron:

    • Site: Proximal convoluted tubule (A).

66. Agent Blocking Na+/Cl- Transporter:

    • Agent: Thiazide (C).

67. ECG Purpose:

    • Use: Monitor electrical events in cardiac conduction (A).

68. Major Cause of Arrhythmias:

    • Causes: Heart attack, stress, drugs (D).

69. P-wave Representation on ECG:

    • Represents: Atrial depolarization (D).

70. Receptor Activation Leading to Tachycardia:

    • Receptor: B1 adrenergic (B).

71. Atrial Flutter Effect:

    • Result: Compromised ventricular filling (A).

72. Blood Flow in Arteries:

    • Direction: Away from heart towards tissues (C).

73. Blood Flow in Veins:

    • Direction: Towards heart, away from tissues (A).

74. Baroreceptor Response to Blood Pressure Drop:

    • Exception: Decrease in heart rate (D).

75. Bronchodilation Mediation in Lungs:

    • Mediated by: Beta-2 adrenergic receptors, epinephrine (B).

Final Thoughts

• Understanding cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology is essential for healthcare professionals, especially respiratory therapists.
• This knowledge aids in the effective diagnosis and management of cardiopulmonary diseases.
• It is crucial for providing high-quality patient care and excelling in academic and clinical settings.