Transcript for:
AP Human Geography: Urban Development Review

[Music] Heat. Heat. [Music] [Music] Geographers, how we doing? Happy Saturday everybody. Uh we are here to review unit six of AP Human Geography. We are just a couple days away. Oh, I have the cahoot. I saw it in the chat pop up. My bad. That was from yesterday. I forgot to turn off the banner there. But we're just a couple days away from the AP Human Geography exam and you are going to rock it. So, as always, don't forget to get out those guided notes. If you're interested, you can get them in that ultimate review packet. We're reviewing the concepts in the CED. So, we're focusing on these ones here. Um, this is the stuff that College Board is going to test you on. So, this document, I went through the CD and kind of took the main things from it. So, when you're taking the AP test, this big document, this is what College Board actually looks at to see, all right, what are we going to test students on? Cool. Woo. So, as people are getting the guided notes and getting all that stuff out there, uh, let's see where people are from and then we're going to get just started. We're going to dive into it. Unit six, honestly, um, is kind of a beast of a unit. There is a lot in this unit and a lot of vocab in particular, too. So, get those guided notes out, follow along. Let's do some shout outs, and then we're going to get right into our notes. So, hopefully everyone's doing well this Saturday. Um, it's crazy crazy that we're this close. All right, we got people from South Carolina, we got people from Kansas, Nashville, LA, Georgia. Um, we got people from Houston, Texas. Uh, North Carolina, Houston, Texas, Vegas, uh, Utah. Represent Utah. Um, this is a funky unit. I hate it. Well, we'll see how you feel about it at the end. Texas. Alrighty. There we go. Another Texas. Another Texas. Texas. Texas. South Carolina. Charleston. Uh, Texas. Ohio. There we go. It's a different one. Indiana. South Florida. Um, Virginia. Woo. All right, we got people from all over the place. So, that is awesome. All right, we're going to get started with the notes. I want to be respectful of your time. Again, remember when we're doing the note part, we'll do the cahoot at the end, but while we're doing the note part, generally I'm not looking at the chat as much. I'll try to connect into it, but I want to make sure that we're kind of efficient there. Um, at the same time, we'll get off track here and there because we're also trying to have a little bit of fun. So, yeah. Cool. All right. Here's the YouTube intro. Um, and then we'll get started. So this is for the people who are watching it not live um not there as well. Um yes shout out seventh period you are awesome. So all right uh here we go. Hey there everybody on YouTube. Welcome. This is the unit 6 live recap. So if you're watching this it means you missed the live review. And no worries we do have another one for unit 7 coming up and there's going to be two more on Monday night. So if you want check those out. Monday night, we'll have more of focus on FRQs and multiple choice questions. But today though, we are going into unit six and we're going to be looking at cities and urban land use. So, without further ado, let's get started. Woo! All right. Uh, and real quick, people were asking this. Um, it is in the ultimate review pack and now all this stuff is free. The only one that I'm doing that's going to be just for the URP as kind of a thank you for those students is this one. That's every theory and model. Um it's going to be tomorrow 3 pm. Um that will be when we're actually going to have that and it's already in the ultimate review packet. So you'll be able to just click it and you'll go from there. So if you're interested in that, that is in the ultimate review packet. Um there will also be another live stream tomorrow at 7 PM and that will be unit 7. That'll be on YouTube and that'll be normal um just like all of the others. So just wanted to quick do that shout out there in case people are interested um or had questions about it. So all right, let's get started. We're going into the urban hearths here. We're looking at these origin points. Um, which for the most part isn't like the craziest thing really. A big thing to focus here. Um, don't worry about like memorizing all these. Instead, focus on how like sight and situation impact um, actually why these areas became these focal points for these urban areas and why sight and situation factors influence in general settlements. So remember site we're talking about absolute situation we're looking at relative. So absolute things that are just physically there relative we're talking about like connections between other places. And if we notice if we're looking at some of these origin points here we can see a lot of these are all focused around trade. So these are things that are connected to like rivers or an ocean. They're areas that have better access to arable land. So it was easier to kind of start off of growing some of these different um societies. So uh the next thing when we're talking again for our concepts here, we're going to get into transportation and realize infrastructure. Transportation is a big part of this unit and it influences how people live. It influences how different societies shape, how opportunities are provided for people. It can lead to how where people live. So there's a variety of things with transportation, infrastructure, but really understand that changes in transportation, um, infrastructure, communication, all of this stuff is going to influence urbanization. So all of our cities are living, breathing places that over time evolve and change with culture and population and new economic development. So this is a theme that kind of comes up throughout this unit. All right, we're going to go more in depth into that a little bit later. So, I'm not going to spend too much time right now of the examples because there's a lot of vocab that will connect back to that. So, we'll talk about that in just a bit. Um, two vocab terms though that we want to highlight is a mega city and meta city. So, these are really easy to mix up on the actual exam. Spend some time then making sure when you're on your actual AP exam that you're taking your time. You want to make sure that you're reading carefully. Remember a mega city here we have a city with more than 10 million or more residents while a meta city is an area with more than 20 million. And that's easy to like mix up on the test because if you're reading really quick and you accidentally skim read, you might flip the terms in your head. So definitely don't do that. You want to make sure that you get that correct. The other thing with these that I want to just kind of highlight here is notice for some of the locations. So when we're looking at these projections, they're located more in the periphery. They're located more in like semi-p periphery countries. Some of our core countries, which again here when we're talking about that, we're looking at economic development. So periphery or semi-p periphery is focusing more on less economically developed areas where core would be more economically developed. Um but a lot of these cities now are starting to locate more in these less economically developed areas. So that's one pattern and trend that we're seeing with some of the distribution of these cities and that also connects into stage two of that demographic transition model. We have these areas that have really high population growth rates and a lot of people are moving to urban areas and so their cities then are expanding where some of the more economically developed areas are seeing a slowdown. our population growth rates are decreasing like in the United States we talked about for unit two our TFR that replacement rate is actually under um in the chat let me know what is the replacement rate so what number is the replacement rate if we're below this number that means we're actually shrinking as kind of a society our population is decreasing there yes it is 2.1 2.1 2.1 yes 2.1 and that's connected again to that um the TFR there so yes awesome job so we can start to see connections between our different units um already starting to come. Now, one of the things that you want to also have an idea of is as we start to see more economic development happen, one concept that you might see on the AP exam is urban decentralization. So, this is a movement where we see our population starts to kind of shift away from the core urban area into more like the peripheral areas. So, maybe we're starting to see more suburbs take place. maybe we're starting to see um some boombs or even the exerbs um people are kind of shifting away and now when that happens that means money is leaving that urban area power is leaving there voters are leaving so we start to see some shifts in resources and that is urban decentralization so have an idea of what that term means it is in the CED it could come up on the test um and generally again it's this movement of a population away from like the core urban area to more like the periphereral rural areas there. So, kind of connecting into um also counter urbanization. We can make a connection there. So, hopefully that helps uh there. Next concept that I want to talk about when we're looking at urban areas um and this one has some negative environmental impacts to it and it is urban sprawl. Now, realize and we can put the definition up for you here. Urban sprawl is just this unrestricted growth, this expansion. And in the chat, let me know. Do you know where this is? So, do you know where this is? So, let me know in the chat. Um, but this is where we continue to see this urban area just expand. And you can notice we don't have green spaces anymore. Everything's expanding over. Uh, people are saying Seattle. People are saying uh Shanghai, Phoenix, um, Boston, Atlanta. Nope. Nope. There we go. Found one. This would be Tokyo. So, Tokyo, if you look at images, it's massive. It's just this concrete jungle. So, um, this would be Tokyo. Yes, not New York City. That was one there there. But these are Tokyo. The city here is Tokyo. Um, but urban sprawl again often times it ends up replacing arable land. It ends up kind of expanding um and taking away from uh the surrounding environment. So Tokyo is a massive massive place. All right. Couple other things. So for ver vocab here we also see some new land uses some forms here. suburbanation and sprawl has led to this decentralization. So again, when we're talking about urban decentralization, we're talking about that power coming out of that urban core and kind of shifting to some of the other areas um that are in that periphery. So not necessarily in that center there and that is in the form of money, of resources, of power, of votes and things of that nature. So these are three terms that are in the CD. You want to be familiar with them. One is boomberb. So we can see here this rapidly growing suburban area kind of developing its own unique identity. Exerb is a settlement that's going to be outside of that suburban area still connected to the metro. Um not as many um opportunities here. So smaller area and then edge city when you see the term beltway. So generally beltway we're talking about kind of like a highway some connection there. So that is going to be um factored into a couple of things that we'll talk about later when we look at some of the models. Um but it might be where the edge city has like a a big hospital or maybe like a college campus. Um highway interstate, same thing. Yep. So that could be um if that helps you. Yeah. Depending on where you live, you might call a highway something different. So that could be there. But generally edge cities have a very high concentration of something like businesses, a shopping center. They have different goods and services. they're a little bit more self-sufficient there. So hopefully that helps. Um the one thing they don't have everything. So they still have some connections to a larger urban area. And uh one thing too in particular with excerbs that is the one that's going to have the lowest population density. So there people will have a lot larger of a lot size. You'll be able to have more space. It's more likely that places are going to be more dispersed. If we want to connect back to settlement patterns, that'd be more the exerb edge city and stuff. It's going to be a little bit more uh compact, per se. All right, another vocab term here is world city. So, um I realize I'm going fast. There is a lot in this unit. So, um the goal of this hopefully is that you've already learned these things. We're trying to get it right back into your mind. Again, I interact with the chat a lot more towards the cahoot part. That's where we'll go more in the back and forth. Um but we got to be able to get through all the notes. So world cities here just realize these are major cities that have an influence on the greater global population. So this could be through their economy, their culture. Oftentimes we see like stock exchanges located here. You could have embassies located here. Um if something happens in these cities, they there's this ripple effect that they go through. Um Paris, New York, Tokyo, London. Yes, all of those would be examples. Awesome. uh thank you for helping people out in the chat. So it's always great when people interact and can help them out. But those would all be examples of world cities. So have an idea there. World cities generally too are going to sit on the top of this urban hierarchy. So these have a lot of ability to diffuse different cultures and ideas um throughout the periphery areas and then also the global community. Another term, speaking of this, that I actually want to make sure we just review again, I mentioned it with unit five, um, but it's linkages. Um, and linkages, a lot of times students just kind of forget to study this because it's not like a core key concept, but it's one that could come up in a question or in an answer. And so, you want to have an idea of it because I don't want you to get like thrown off on the test. Linkages, just remember, are these connections between different places, industry, sectors. Um you can think of like communication and migration this flow of goods and services. A lot of times we could even connect to break of bulk points which would be from unit seven here which remember is where we're transferring from one means of transportation to another for example like a shipping port. Um the boats come in. We're going to take all of the freight off. We're going to put out maybe on a train or it's going to go onto a semi. Um so it gets transferred there. So linkages are these connections and quality infrastructure leads to um more linkages there. Uh all right, next part is going to be our size and distribution and with that comes the primate city and rank size rule. So I'll put these up on the screen linkages. I quick looked over some people are saying for the gravity model you could connect linkages to a bunch of different stuff and we're going to talk about it again in unit 7. So, anytime we're talking about like global trade, generally you could connect the term linkage in there because you're looking at infrastructure, you're looking at supply chains, you're looking at shipping and all of that stuff. So, we'll be uh bringing it back up. I just wanted to make sure that you knew what that word meant just in case it comes up on the exam. But, primate cities rank size rule. When we're looking at this, just realize primate city here, this could be like South Korea, Mexico City. Um, I try take a screenshot here. It's a little bit blurry, but if we look at Mexico City is significantly larger than the rest of the cities in Mexico. The same is true for South Korea as well. Um, if you have a primate city, realize one of the things is to take this and kind of go to the next level. That means you're going to have more of your opportunities, more of your resources, more of all the jobs and economic things happening located in that one primate city. So, it's more likely then that the country might have some inequalities um particularly in the distribution of resources and opportunities. People might have to travel farther to get different services um if they don't live in that primate city. So, generally that shows us that there is uneven economic development happening. And one risk of that is if anything happens to the economy of that primate city, I mean the rest of the country then is really going to feel that then. So that's going to be an issue there. You kind of are all of a sudden putting all of your eggs in one basket. Uh we connected yesterday, we looked at actually uh commodity dependent. So if the majority of our exports are uh focused on one commodity like over 60% we're really dependent on one thing and if anything happens to that the economy is going to go down. It's a similar concept here where that primate city has a lot of the power, a lot of the opportunities. So, have an idea there. Uh, rank size rule. So, here I'll make it full screen so you can see it. Again, realize you don't have to worry about doing the math on the actual test. So, are you going to have to like calculate out a scenario and do all the division? So, the rank size rule, we're looking at the population of the city. Essentially, the second one's going to be half, then a third, then a fourth, and going down. Uh you do not have to have um a calculator. You're not allowed to have a calculator. Uh you're not going to have to do that. You don't have to calculate out the densities, arithmetic, agricultural, physiological, but you want to understand what they are. Sometimes knowing the formula can help for the rank size rule. You want to understand that that second settlement will have half the population that the third is going to have a third and the fourth is going to have a fourth. and realize this generally shows a little bit more even economic development um because we have opportunities kind of spread throughout um society. So different places then have different um cities. It's not all just focused on one massive like primate city. So an example here we can look at could be Canada. We can look at um Brazil. There's a couple others. Some people look at the US. Um so this is looking at rank size rule and primate city. So have an idea there of it. Um, yes, but don't worry about like trying to calculate out the math. Some people in the chat I can see are like trying to say like, "Oh, do we have to do this? Should we calculate?" You don't have to do math on this test. So, uh, you don't have to worry there. All right, we're going to go on to our next component here, um, which is interdependence. So, we've already been talking a little bit about linkages. We looked at, um, world cities and interdependence. Again, we talked about unit five. It comes up in this unit and it comes up in the next unit. This just realize is this reliance between different groups, organizations, it could be different regions. Um and it's where people depend on one another. Countries today do not exist in isolation. Um we looked yesterday at exports and imports of food and we saw countries all over the world are trading and so we there is a dependence that occurs. So interdependence, just realize if you see that it might get used inside a question or inside an answer um similar to linkages. It's not like a main focal concept, but it's a term that could come up. Um so it helps to have an idea so you don't get thrown off, but it's just focusing on this mutual reliance between different groups and organizations. So hopefully that helps there. All right, the next thing that we're going to be going into is the gravity model. So, this comes back in this unit. And the last time we talked about this was with unit two. Anyone remember um where we talked about this with or who it was connected to? Let's see if we can figure it out and I'll try to pin it on the screen. So, this is connecting back to unit 2. It comes back again in unit 6. Um gravity model again. We're looking at So, some people are saying migration. It does. That is the part. Yes, Ravenstein's laws. There we go. Uh yes yes yes Ravenstein Ravenstein um is laws of migration. So he talked about that counter stream that occurs. So remember if I travel to like if I'm we'll go this way. If I live here and then I'm going to travel over here there's now like a connection there's also a counter stream that gets created. And with the gravity model, realize when we're looking at this, the larger the place, the larger that city, the more opportunities they have, the more jobs, the more money, the more resources, the more infrastructure, the easier it is to get there. And so there's a greater pull factor that brings people in. As we see smaller places, even if they're closer, they're more likely to still interact with um these large areas. So for the arrows here, the thicker the arrow there, the stronger the pole. You can think about it too if you want. It's like a planet. The larger the planet, it's going to have a bigger gravitational pole pulling other things in. Uh even if there's like a smaller planet, maybe closer to a different like star or something there. Uh it's going to get more pulled into the larger one. So you don't have to worry about the math on this or anything like that. It's just really understanding the concept and the idea there. Um so hopefully that kind of makes sense. So just realize the gravity model is looking at the likelihood of these places interacting and it's factoring in the size and then the distance. Those are the two factors that it's really looking at and again the larger on the size there bigger pole. All right speaking of different places we have to also talk about the central place theory. Now the central place theory consists of threshold and range. These are two concepts you want to know. Anyone know what threshold is? So threshold what do we got? What do we got for threshold? Uh, someone's saying for Raven's laws, I'm not going to go over all the unit two stuff again. So, if you want, you can check out that live stream or my videos. There's a ton of stuff there. Um, so we're not going to go into all of that right now. Um, but that would be from unit two. Uh, the amount of people need to support the city. Okay, so we could talk about city minimum amount for a business. And this is where it's interesting. Central Place theory can connect to businesses and services. We can also look at different settlements as well. Yes. So, this is that minimum amount. What about range? What about range? So again, threshold is the minimum number of people that are actually required to support any good or service. So that is part of that requirement there. Range is the absolute distance or sorry the amount the the amount of distance yes someone is willing to travel for a good or service. So range is looking at kind of that pull factor. If we're looking back to the gravity model there, how far will people travel for this good service, the settlement, whatever it may be. Now for the central place theory, if we want to look at settlements, one of the things not to get overwhelmed on, we can see some hierarchies form here. This little urban hierarchy. So the larger our settlement, the greater the pull. Um, notice the cities in the center there. Also notice the village which would be on the low end of our urban hierarchy here. Notice how where they're located, they're all surrounding a larger place. Uh they can't necessarily exist just in complete isolation on their own because they don't have enough goods and services um to be able to support themselves and so they will surround these areas and they're connected by like realistically we'd have roads and stuff here um that go through it. Um again notice too as we move up this urban hierarchy. So, urban hierarchy, we're ranking by the size. We're looking at the amount of population for these places. Uh, notice that the one that's second, the town, those can be a little bit farther away from our city. And then our market towns kind of surround both. So, that way they always have access to these areas. So, what we're looking really here is a spatial distribution of where cities are located. Um, and we can kind of see this throughout like the United States. If we look at the South, we can see this in a variety of ways in real life. And it it makes sense. Um, if you ever play like the game Sim City or City Skylines, it uses a lot of the concepts from urban geography. Um, for a while actually I used both I used to actually Sim City. We would teach it um this unit by just playing Sim City. One of the things that students would make the mistake of is they try to build a town right away and they put a police station, a hospital, they'd have fire department, they'd have a high school, an elementary school, a college, all these services, which was great, but they couldn't actually support it. Their population was more of like a village. it was a very small area and so they'd go bankrupt because they couldn't afford it and so that's why we see today a lot of different settlements don't have all the goods and services they have to rely on other places interdependence here um because their populations do not support a larger thing so that's looking at crystallory um real quick too with that we can also connect into goods and services so for example the more specialized a good or service the longer the range would be So for example, um football teams like professional football teams or basketball teams, any pro team, they can have a big stadium that has a large range. People will travel a long distance there. It also has a higher threshold. It's more expensive. So generally they're going to locate in a larger urban area and they're going to locate closer to like airports and things of that nature which allow for people to quickly get in and out. Um, if it's something that is not necessarily unique, like a gas station, a gas station is super important. Everyone needs a gas station. Um, but the range isn't that big. And that's because you're only going to go to a gas station when you need to. So, you'll notice we'll have a lot more gas stations located throughout a city uh than we would of like a specialty um resource or service there because the gas stations that range is smaller. I'm only going to that gas station if I'm in that area and I need gas. Again, range is the distance that people are willing to travel for that good, for that service. Threshold again is going to be the amount of customers needed to support it. And realize with threshold, it's not just the actual numbers. It also depends on other factors that we get from the census. So businesses realize that, hey, um depending on what I'm selling, not everyone's going to buy it. Like if you're opening um a Ferrari, if you're going to start to sell Ferraris, you you're not going to just look at the population of a town, you need to look at the medium income as well because you have a certain threshold that you need of money that people are making for them to actually afford your cars. So there's other factors that go into it. The cool thing with honestly the central place theory is like this is businesses using this all the time to determine where should we open a new store. Like where I grew up, we had two targets in our city. Uh, and they originally when I was growing up, I thought, "Oh, that's weird. Why would they build a second one? They're going to take away from each other." But Target knew that they were actually in two different kind of regions created. Their range only extended so far from the city because it's more densely populated area. So, they built another target on the other side to then attract that part of the city that they weren't capturing in their market. So, there's a lot of stuff there that can connect into the real world. Hopefully, that helps a little bit. All right. Hopefully this is making sense. We're going to go into everyone's favorite part, which is the urban models. I know they're great. They're awesome. And for the urban models, I'll probably just leave them on the screen. I'll kind of explain some concepts of them, and hopefully that'll help you out. Um, no, you love them. Awesome. We got someone who loves the Irvin models. Um, yes. Yay. I've heard a lot of people Yeah. Okay. A bunch of people now are saying like, "No, these are terrible." Um, yes. Gotta love it. The Urban Models, there's a lot of them. I get it. Um, also some people ask about the CD. I have a link in the description. Otherwise, just Google AP human geography CD and it'll pop up. All right, here we go. Let's get into it. Here is our first one. Um, I can take this off so we can see the whole thing. So, when we're going through all of the urban models, realize we're looking at this distribution of where different activities are located, where different people are. Um, so we are talking about spatial distribution here. The bid rent theory does impact these. We're going to talk more about that a little bit later. So, we're not going to talk about at this exact second here, but bid rent theory would connect into these aspects. So, with our concentric zone model, we can see our decreasing density. As we're moving further out, that density is going to decrease. So, we're going to go from more high density, medium, and low. And that's going to be similar for a lot of our models here. Uh realize that lower income residents typically are going to be found in this zone of transition. We might have more immigrant families and stuff that are living there. Um, as you start to move out into these workingclass homes, um, we start to see some, uh, older homes there occupied by people who are working in that CBD, u maybe in that zone of transition. And then as you get out to finally the zone of better residence, you're also getting into the newer homes. There might be some more space that's out here that might be a little bit more dispersed. People are more likely to have some single family homes here. Front yard and a backyard have a little bit more um, opportunities there. when you're more closer into that CBD, you're going to have more multifamily homes. You're going to have uh more apartments and things of that nature. So, all of this starts to shift on what's going on. Again, that zone of transition model generally is where we see some more of the lower income residents. Um this is where we're going to have more of those apartments and stuff um there and also some industries as well. All right, Hoy sector model. Um here we go. Big focus we can see right away is transportation. So notice right here we are now trying to factor in transportation. Now one thing real quick all these models we can see that actually because of um advancements in transportation advancements in communication in internet social media they've all started to change a little bit. Our cities are very complex like I said at the start of the stream. Um they're almost like living organisms. They evolve over time. And so some of these models have shifted for sure. they're not necessarily as accurate as maybe they once were. And that could be something to even focus on when studying. What are aspects that work of these models and what are aspects that do not work? And maybe that could come up on an FRQ with like an explain question or explain one limitation or explain the degree. So, all right, we're going to quick get back into this. Um, some people in the chat, don't worry about like memorizing like the names of every single individual person here or like the dates and stuff. Some of them like the Hoy sector, the Burgus concentric zone, like the names in it. So that's part of it there. But all right, other things with the Hoy sector model I just want to kind of focus a little bit on here is uh one of the things we can see is a lot of the industries. So what's unique here um industries and our different businesses are going to locate near these areas. So next to the transportation, it just means that it's easier to get goods in and out of the city. So it makes sense. If we actually look at like where a lot of car dealerships are, they're located off of highways or interstates um because it's quick to get their product in and out um which then helps reduce their costs. They also use a llomeration. They all kind of group together. A glomeration comes up in our next unit. Um cool. All right, next one. Multiple nuclei model. Just think of it as like multiple nodes centers. One of the things here when we're looking at we got a bunch of different more zones here. Um just realize essentially these nodes attract different people and will push different people away. And so for example, if we have a hospital that is built, we'll see more doctors actually live by that hospital. Or if we have factories, so if we have some factories like over here where six is heavy uh manufacturing, we're going to see maybe then more people who work in this area located in like zeit. So maybe some lower economic class levels there, maybe some medium as well. But generally what this one's looking at really is looking at how cities um start to see different areas form based around the activities um that is happening in those particular areas. So these kind of center points um one thing it still has a central business district. So if we're looking at this this area that's elevated would still be our like most densely populated area. So this center point here is still going to be the most densely populated. Um some people in the chat are saying like think of it like a cell where it's kind of living. You got the model the nucleus there. That's great. Yeah, think of it that way. That can help a lot. Um, the other thing too with those nodes, realize they also attract people, but they also push people away. So, for example, like that zone six, the heavy manufacturing might attract more people around that area who are lower income, who are going to be working those jobs. However, the people that are going to be working more um in a business district, they're not going to be as interested living there. So, it's going to be a more of a push factor for them for that part of the city. They're going to live in a different area. So we can see some division there um that can occur. So each area kind of pulls and goes apart. A node here is going to be like a center point. It's going to be something that's going to like attract people bring out. Think of it almost you could connect a little bit into like a functional region from unit one. So um the node that I kept referencing is six there where it's like a heavy manufacturing zone attracting the workers to that area. Cool. All right. Yeah. Centrifugal centrial. You could connect into some of that as well. All righty. Um, going on to the next thing. Again, don't worry about like connecting this into like 500 different real life cities. Just focus on understanding some of the models, some of the pros, cons of it. Um, and again, how they've changed. Um, there is no city that's like a 100% one model today. All right. The next one is the galactic model. This is one that kind of factors in here when we're looking at it. Um, edge cities. We have this beltway going around. So, that's one thing that is unique with this. This is looking at more like aspects of like modern-day transportation, infrastructure, technology. Um, it takes into account that people kind of live outside of those city boundaries and that they might travel in. And all of this stuff is due to advancements in infrastructure. So, it's trying to kind of update um a little bit more of these uh city models here. So, we can see we have different areas like a shopping mall, service centers, things of that nature. This beltway though, beltway would be this highway or interstate system depending on what you call it from where you're from. Um, could be different there. So, this is the only one that has edge cities and this beltway factored in. If we go back here, we can notice these do not. They're not factoring in a beltway or some of this modern infrastructure. So, uh, hopefully that kind of helps. That's the thing that makes this one a little bit more distinct. So, again, focus here on advancements on technology and transportation, which the other ones don't focus on. All righty, going on to our next ones. We're kind of leaving. So, so far real quick, the ones we've just kind of talked about are looking more at North America. Um, that's the focus there. Now, we're looking at we're going to look at Latin America, subsaharan Africa, and then also the East Asian one. These are the ones that are in the CD that you want to have um a good familiar um grasp with. So, with Latin America, we can also connect back to unit four. So, we have some stuff with colonialism here definitely impacting it. So realize during this colonial era, a lot of these cities are centered around this kind of like market, the central plaza. Um if we look at the cities today, there's often a church located there. Um and then we have kind of this spine. A lot of times actually some of these things would connect out to like a port and then we' be able to export goods. If we remember back to unit 4, some of the colonialism there um and imperialism, the focus there was on resource extraction. So they're trying to take take stuff out. Um so that is aspects of it. So we can see the spine, the mall here, the market, the CBD. These are remnants of uh colonialism. So the spine today would consist generally of the wealthier residents, these higherend commercial activity and connecting to these different commercial sectors. Now outside of the CBD, we can start to see this kind of zone of maturity. So this would be kind of five here. So this is where we start to see some of those older homes. Some neighborhoods maybe have had gentrification. We're going to talk about gentrification a little bit later. Um, but anyone remember what gentrification is? Anyone remember what gentrification is? What do we think? So, we are going to go into it because gentrification comes up later on. But, um, some people asking squatter settlements. These are going to be informal settlements. They don't actually own the area. We'll talk about that actually in just a second. Um, essentially, yeah, more wealthier people move into an area. It pushes out lower income individuals. So, renovations in an old neighborhood. Um, poorer people do have to move. So, that would be kind of an impact of it. Um, realize gentrification generally is because this area, this neighborhood starts to get fixed up more, more people move in, the property values start to go up, taxes start to go up, and then it displaces lower income residents that were already living there. So, that would be gentrification. So, hopefully that helps. Uh, there. Cool. Um, one of the things too on this outside here when we're looking at um, different components like these dismenity zones, these are going to be our lower income areas. A lot of times we have a lot of informal economy jobs here. So ones that are not regulated by the actual government. So we're looking at these zones kind of right here. Um, these are also going to be areas where we might not have services. You might not have access to clean water. You might not have access um, to quality infrastructure. So that is some of the stuff about being in this periphery area. Alrighty, going on to our next thing here. Um, it's informal settlements. This is going to come up in the other units or sorry, other models as well. So, that's just the definition for it. We already kind of went over it. I'll wait for just a second if people are taking notes. But realize informal settlements, they sometimes are called favllas. They could be called squatter settlements. Um, a variety of different names depending on where you are looking in the world. But we're really looking at areas where residents have built structures, but they don't legally own the land. So they have no legal authorization. And that leads to a variety of issues. They'll lack basic services, infrastructure, legal protection. It's easier for exploitation to happen there because you don't have necessarily as many rights. So that would be an informal settlement um that you want to be familiar with. All right, going on to our next city model here. We're moving over to Africa. Again, we can see the impact of European colonization. I mean, we have one right here, the colonial CBD. Now, notice when we're looking at this, notice how this is like kind of this grid shape that is also kind of a remnants of the Europeans and colonization. So, very kind of like traditional European architecture would be found there. It's this grid form. As we start to get more and more into eventually we have the traditional CBD or the market zone, you'll notice it's a little bit more um different shapes. It's not as formal. The market zone is where we're going to have actually a lot of informal um uh sellers participating there. So that is an aspect of this colonization that has occurred. The other aspect I want to highlight too, notice how the roads, so when we're looking at this, these roads kind of divide different ethnic neighborhoods. um and they create division. That is again another aspect of some of this colonialism. So apartheid for example, we can actually see some of the continued influence of that today. The spatial arrangement of these roads and these streets actually was kind of set up in a way to create distinct ethnic neighborhoods and all of these are legacies of that colonial era. So one unique thing again here is we have these three CBDs. Um, otherwise again this informal satellite. These are going to be these like squatter settlements, these areas where they don't actually own the land. So, uh, hopefully these are starting to make a little bit of sense. Again, I realize there is a lot on all of these different things going on for the models. Um, you're not like going to get an F or you're not going to get like a multiple choice question that's like which of the following perfectly shows exactly what every single zone is. Um, but they're more going to be focusing on do you understand the main concepts of them or the influences or that spatial interaction. So, have an idea there. All right. Next one is our Southeast Asian city model. This is our last one. Um, realize with this one, this port when we're looking at it is one thing that's really unique here. Uh, we don't have a traditional CBD and this is because of the location of these cities. So, the port zone is where we had a lot of trade going on. um a lot of international kind of people coming here, a lot of foreign exchange. That's also why the government zone was here. This was really just to monitor um this western commercial zone and monitor the port and make sure that we're not having influences that we don't want actually coming into um the city. So that's why the government was kind of located there. So there's mainly the reason why we have the port. One, it's due to the geography. So a lot of these cities are located on an island or peninsula too. We already talked about it but some of that colonialism and the trading. So they acted as trading posts during the colonial era. A lot of western countries came to uh trade there. And then also because of the rapid urbanization these cities uh experienced. We can see here the density as it kind of expands outwards. Um one thing that's different we have a little bit more integration. So here we have like these zones of we have like nicer communities but we also have like squatter settlements kind of mixed in. So again, some things that kind of stand out. This alien commercial zone um is going to be referencing some of these foreign investments and these people from outside of the actual state. So people who are um trading and traveling in these areas um and then again the production would happen kind of back here and then be able to go out. So hopefully this kind of helps with the urban models. There's a lot there. Um don't panic if on them. um they're only one part of the test. There's a ton of concepts in this class. Um so yes, we have those seven models. Um they are in the CD, so they could be on there, but you never know what'll actually happen on the AP test. But one aspect of the models that we mentioned and we need to talk about it is the density gradient. And this is going to connect more into that um bid rent theory. Uh someone's asking about the Islamic city model. You definitely could study the Islamic city model. I went over it in class. It's not stated in the CED. Um, so that's why I don't have it on here. I tried to just focus on the things that College Board put in the course exam description because College Board has said the CED is actually what we're using um to figure out what's actually going to be on the test. All right, the CD is that course exam description. All right, I got to get back into the stuff. I got to stop looking at the chat. Um, like the stream. Yeah, very kind of like the stream. Go for it. Sure. Share it out. All right, density gradient though. Realize we're talking about a gradual change here. So generally the more we're at that urban core, you're going to have a higher density. As you move away, the density starts to drop and that changes. Not only does it change what buildings are going to be constructed, what they look like, it's going to change how much space people have, it's going to change what different um services there are. It's going to change how far people have to travel. So this is referencing that density gradient. If you looked from like a top view of a city and we kind of zoomed out, you can kind of see it change as we have a lot more vertical and it gets lower and lower and lower over time. So, we have one kind of example there kind of um I know everyone's split on the AI. I just use the AI to try and make some quick images um for some of the stuff, but everyone's split on it. I get it, but this was kind of trying to show that gradient a little bit. Um but yes. All right. So with density, I'm going to go over high density, medium, and low. Realize when you're focusing on it. So again, density, we're talking about how many people are located in one area. This is different than population distribution. So remember that from unit two. Um, but when you're focusing on the densities, I want you to understand how that impacts life in these areas. So realize that high density areas, people are going to have to rely a lot more on public transportation. they are going to be closer to different goods and services. They're going to be more likely um to actually be able to access stuff quicker. Highdensity areas are going to also have a lot more access to tax dollars and so they're going to invest more in public transportation. They're going to have more possible unique cultural landscape, vibrant communities. They offer a lot of social and economic opportunities for residents. Um but and this is a but if density is or sorry if the city planning is not done well high density areas actually can have a lot of issues as well. Poor urban planning, a lack of quality infrastructure um can result in food deserts. We could see more um economic inequalities um that could occur. We could see some urban blight that starts to happen. Disenity zones as all of a sudden these areas become more poor. They lack services. Crime rates could go up. So, it's important that city planners um take things into account when planning and think long term. Now, as we move out of that urban core, we start to get more to medium density areas. We start to see our buildings kind of shrink a little bit. High density, we got a lot of skyscrapers. You have tall buildings. People are going to build even underground. Like if you go to Chicago and you go in the CBD, you'll notice like there's parking garages underneath. They go under. And that's because space is limited. Remember bid rent theory. When you're close there, land is more expensive. So, what do we do? We build up. We're not going to just build out. So, we don't see as much horizontal. We see more vertical. Now, medium density, it's still more expensive. We're still closer there. Um, but we do start to see some changes here. We don't have as tall of buildings. We might still see some low-rise apartment buildings, but we'll start to see more multifamily. Maybe we see some single family homes. We start to have some people having a front yard and backyard. So, there's some changes that start to happen here. Restaurants and stores still are relatively close to people, but there's a little bit more distance there. So maybe you're driving now a couple minutes, but uh we start to see the space um starts to appear. And for residential, too, realize we start to see a little bit more variety. So we might see some town homes here. We might see some duplexes, triplexes, single family homes. And it might be that they're all in one neighborhood. Realize duplex, triplex, um we're looking at multif family homes. So duplex would be like two people are actually um living there. Um so it's a split essentially home. It's different than a twin home, but we don't need to go into all of the different types of homes, but um but we start to see changes with medium density areas, medium densely populated. The last one then is low density. So this is now we're getting farther and farther away from that urban core. Now we definitely have a lot of single family homes. People are driving to get different goods and services. People have a front yard, a backyard. Um there is space. there's a lot more green areas. Um, people are going to be driving a lot more, so that could lead to air pollution and some negative impacts there. Um, you're going to be pretty dependent on your personal vehicle. Um, we're going to have also a lack of different um, automobiles. Um, sorry, not automobiles. Um, I don't necessarily have a script, so I'm just trying to like go through all. You're going to have a lack of public transportation here. And so some of these services that once existed in that urban area uh you now aren't going to have access to as you're in these lower density areas. So you have to travel farther. And actually we go back to Crystalar Central Place theory just to make another connection or realize that Crystalar central place this is one of the reasons why like those villages had to be connected and closer to a larger urban area. They were lower density and so they actually had to connect there. All right going on to our next thing. It is infrastructure. So here would be infrastructure. Just realize this is roads. It is going to be our our pipes, your internet cables, fiber optic, all of that stuff. It's going to be your power. These are things that allow people to function. The city to run and function. And the location, the quality of a city's infrastructure is directly affects it directly impacts the spatial patterns of economic and social development. So where we have different goods and services, all this stuff, it impacts how people are able to live. So infrastructure can connect to a variety of thing. Airports, we're look talking about infrastructure here. Highways, um when we're looking at roads, when you're looking at the lanes there, trucking stuff, u when you're looking at the ability like for Minnesota in the winter to be able to plow the roads, we have infrastructure for that. So all of these things, infrastructure is huge. Um and cities when they don't take care of it can run into some pretty big issues. And one of the reasons why generally infrastructure gets neglected is infrastructure is expensive. It is not uh cheap and so politicians don't always want to divert money towards it because it doesn't necessarily get votes but something that's very important for society uh to be able to function. All right. Going up next when we're looking at society and function we're going to start talking about urban sustainability. So realize urban sustainability is going to be an environment, an urban specific environment that promotes sustainable economic and social growth. It's also focusing on environmental sustainability as well. So it's a little bit broader here. Environmental sustainability is just going to be looking more at that carrying capacity. We're be focusing of our natural resources, but urban, we're also looking at economic equality, social equality. Are people having opportunities to succeed here? Economic sustainability would be do cities have economic growth that's open to all residents, not just certain parts of the city. Is small businesses being able to happen um throughout the city's different neighborhoods, entrepreneurs, local development. Now, social sustainability is going to be focusing more on different opportunities that residents have that could also connect into housing, education, health care services. That would be more of social. So it's important that cities focus on these things because it allows cities and individuals to thrive. Now one of the ways in which they can do this is through zoning. Zoning we can see is how government regulates how land can actually be used and how it cannot be used. So when we're looking at this realize um these areas are zoned that allows certain buildings to actually be able to be created in each of the zones. So you got commercial, agricultural, residential, industrial. If we want, we could connect this also back to our land use patterns. Remember, we talked about that in unit one and we talked about in unit five. So again, some of these concepts coming back here. But zoning is important. It allows cities to have a plan going forward, which allows them to have growth then in a way that can promote sustainability, economic, um, social, and also environmental. It also makes sure that we don't have some issues that pop up in these areas. Um, one thing you might see too on the test, municipalities, it's just a local government unit here. Um, but one thing to realize is that actually the fragmentation of government can create some problems for cities and individuals. And when we're talking about fragmentation of government, so this is in the CED. Um, what we're looking at really is the different levels. So, we got like our national government, we have um our regional governments, you have your city government, you might have a county government. There's a variety of different things that impact it. Majority of the stuff um when we're looking here at different cities, the cities are the ones who are going to control it. Like the federal level, they don't really have a lot of say on what happens at um urban planning for cities. What they can do, the federal level can is they can say, "Hey, we want to promote certain things or we want to promote certain projects. We'll tie funding to it." So, if you want this extra money, uh then you got to do this. But if you don't want to do it, that's fine. You just don't get this money, this tax revenue. So, they normally connect in there. Uh some people are saying like Houston doesn't have zoning. Yes, some places don't use zoning and it works just fine. Um it's kind of an opinion there of does zoning is it impactful? Is it not? Up to the individual there. Um but yeah, there's places in Texas that don't have zoning. So, uh that'd be up for the people who live there. Do you like that? Do you not like it? Does it create issues? Or maybe you don't even notice it. Uh one thing with zoning, so again, just if you ever play games, it's kind of fun. City Skylines um and also Sim City the OG um uses zoning but like this is an example like we create some of this industrial zoning here generally why I would put industrial to the side we can notice already some pollution so I want to keep that away from some of the residential I have this major kind of highway or interstate going through here so a lot of our businesses are located here which allows easy access in and out of these areas to get both goods transported in but also allows people to actually come into the area to purchase stuff. Um, so that's one of the factors there. So it's kind of interesting how cities are set up. Each one's different and they each have different impacts of it. Um, these would be examples of zoning. So like the green here is residential, the blue is commercial, and then the yellow is industrial. So this zoning is saying, um, hey, you actually can only produce this type of building or you can only create these industries in this particular area. So hopefully that helps there. All right. Next concept um is mixed land use areas. Mixed land use buildings in particular. And generally these are going to come up when we're looking in more medium or high densely populated areas. Every once in a while low density area might have one but not as much. And a mixed land use building is an area here a building that'll have different activities actually in the same building. So generally here we can put on the screen an example of it. Um but on the bottom it's common you'll see um some res no sorry not residential you're going to see more of the businesses that are located here. Um and that's because they don't mind that it's louder on the street. They don't mind that there's more traffic, more congestion and stuff. Um they actually kind of like that. So you're going to see more of the shops on the bottom because it allows them to actually get foot traffic which will increase sales. On the top is where you're going to have your residential. And that's because for the buildings, they can get the most money because now you have a view of the city. And this is also where you'll have less noise pollution, too. And sometimes, depending on the size of the building, you might get some offices and stuff in the middle. So, this would be an example of a mixed land use building. Um, again, you normally are going to see these in that kind of medium to high density populated areas, but realize that might come up on there. All right. Another thing when we're talking about these cities, realize we have walkable cities. Walkable cities is a term. It is exactly what it sounds like. Cities that are promoting people to be able to walk to different areas. They're trying to promote more sustainable things. Walkable cities are going to use mixeduse buildings. They're going to have things located in close proximity. The goal is that you don't have to get into a car to drive somewhere. So, it can reduce some of that congestion on the road. It allows people to have more access to different goods and services um because they'll be closer to them. Another thing too with cities. So, a couple more terms here and I'll actually just put them on the screen. We have a lot of vocab coming up. So, just heads up on that. Um, a lot of vocab coming. Um, but we have transit oriented development. So, realize here, um, this is this urban planning where we're going to strategically locate these public transit stations throughout a city. The goal here we're trying to reduce people using cars. So, a lot of times we're focusing on these compact cities, these mixeduse areas. it ends up creating more pedestrianfriendly communities. Um the other one here, new urbanism, don't mix it up with smart growth policies. So you can see the definitions there. Um both these concepts, so new urbanism and smart growth policies um do focus on creating kind of functional sustainable um urban environments. But new urbanism is more about kind of the specific design uh the the feel of a smallcale kind of neighborhood there. whereas smart growth policies address a little bit more broader policies. So they're mo focusing more on managing urban development and resources and the use of efficient use of resources across this larger area. So hopefully um that kind of helps there. These terms though have come up on the test. They we've had FRQs on new urbanism before where there's been like a picture and you've had to connect it to it. So a stimuli component. So realize some of that stuff there. um want to just spend some time with the vocab so that way you don't panic on the actual test. All right, green belt is our next vocab term here. We can see some examples right here. Um we're not going to spend too much time with this. Really, it's an area of land where we are essentially leaving things um blank. You're letting like the environment be there. It's intentional. We are not allowing development to occur here. And so it's for generally recreational purpose. It could be conservation. Um, this is generally found outside of an urban area. So, you can kind of see this big green belt, this stuff here around like London. Um, so that would be green belts there. Another vocab term. All right, infilling. So, infilling is a term that you might see on here. This is where we're starting to see buildings that are going to be built on an area of land that's unused or underdeveloped. So, here we have this like kind of vacant lot. Should have just put this on earlier. So, here we have this like vacant lot instead. And so, instead of having urban sprawl. So if we connect into urban sprawl, remember urban spraw is unrestricted growth going out. Some cities will focus on infilling. So instead of having that where we're replacing our arable land, we're replacing our um green spaces. They'll say, "Hey, let's find these lots here and actually develop it. We'll make some mixeduse buildings here. We can make more walkable cities. It's a little bit more sustainable. Uh we won't have to continue expanding outwards. So, it's a smart way to try and increase one the density of the area, but also make sure that we have more um services and goods for people in that area. So, that would be infilling. Hopefully, that one kind of makes sense uh for you. All right, the next ones we have slow growth cities. So, um I'm trying to go through all the different terms there. Just slow growth cities is kind of what it sounds. it's an urban area that they're actually trying to be more sustainable by limiting some of the actual um growth. And oftentimes they're doing this to reduce like urban sprawl. They're preserving open spaces. And one of the ways they could do that is actually through growth boundaries. So growth boundaries, remember, are a boundary that's going to be put in place to actually prevent anyone from building outside of it. So growth boundary can be great, and I can put the terms up if that would help you out. um growth boundary can be great. The one thing it's going to do though is it's going to increase the density of the city. That means you might start to see u more gentrification happen. We might start to see uh more displacement of lower income people because if we're not going to be allowing people to expand outwards, if we're going to now say like, hey, this boundary only development's happy inside there, we're going to start to see buildings go up higher, the density goes up. what we know if all of a sudden the amount of demand goes up, our supply is here, that's going to raise the prices. So, there is some negative consequences that could happen from it. Uh, the last one that you might see, smart cities. Maybe you'd see it on there, maybe you wouldn't. It's not a big term there, but these would just be cities that now are utilizing um different technology and data. And the goal here is to reduce some of these inefficiencies. So, that would be the focus there. A lot of times like for example we can see that some of the smart technology like with stop lightss now or tracking like where congestion is they can use this stuff to better understand exactly um where pain points are in the city and then they can implement policies to try and address that. All right. Uh someone was saying why would a city want to stop urban sprawl? Generally why you want to stop urban sprawl? It starts to replace arable land. It's going to be more harmful for the environment. You're going to have more commuters, so more people are going to actually have to travel by car, so you're gonna have more air pollution. You're going to lose some of your farmable land. I already mentioned that with airable land. Um, and you also kind of um get a lot more congestion. Plus, it's inefficient. If if you have urban sprawl, you now have to divide your money and your services across larger areas instead of just providing them in one. So, there's a variety of reasons why uh that would not be. All right. Next term that I want you to be familiar with is a brownfield. Now, this is going to be connected generally to a redevelopment. Brownfields are abandoned properties. Generally, there's contamination here. We have some contamination from commercial use, hazarded pollutants that have made it where you actually have to go in and clean this up. Like, no one can actually build here because it is contaminated. However, if the government can go in, clean it up, they could then redevelop it or redevelop it, which would again help with preventing urban sprawl. um because now you're taking land that was not inhabited and now you can make it where people can live there. So this would be a brownfield. Um have an idea of it. Again, it's in that CED so it could come up on the actual test. Okay, couple more terms when we're looking at urban areas and some negative consequences. Um one, post de facto segregation. I'll put these on the screen. We got a lot of terms here. Um postde facto segregation. This is the separation of people along racial, economic, um, ethnic lines. Now realize this is not enforced by laws or regulations. So that's one key part part of it. This is not like a legal segregation, but in segregation that happens. Now some of this the reason why some of our cities have segregation does connect back to legal things. For example, redlinining um that happened or blockbusting and things of that nature. So that is an a cause that led to eventually uh post-defacto segregation or just de facto segregation. So realize there's some connections there. Uh gentrification, we talked about it earlier. This is that process where we're starting to see cities kind of come back. People are moving in. Wealthier neighborhoods are. It starts to increase the price of the area and then it forces some of these lower income residents out. So that creates some issues there. and urban initiatives that help reduce urban sprawl and improve the walkability or transportation. Um it it's great but it can lead to gentrification. Um it could lead also to placelessness. So placelessness is a term from unit 3, but this is when we start to see a place lose its sense of place. It doesn't invoke any strong responses from individuals. And this is actually a kind of um a thing that people have brought up about some of these newer neighborhoods, actually sorry, older neighborhoods as they become reimagined as more people move in and they tear down some of the video uh the the old buildings there, they start to actually lose some of the unique characteristics that existed there. So that's one thing that could happen. So, some of these areas that originally were lower income, as all these wealthier people come in, they start creating new shops and businesses, and they start replacing the original street names. All of a sudden, the place could have placelessness where it loses some of those things that made that area unique. All right, I see a bunch of people asking about redlinining. Redlinining in the chat. Here we go. Discriminatory practice. This is where banks refused loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods. the banks deemed these areas as high risk and then they didn't give them loans and these areas were minority neighborhoods. Um so it was it is illegal today unfortunately it was legal in the past. Um but this let a variety of issues happened. Um for example like generational wealth. So with red lining eventually the process was removed. You had all these people now who have been denied um these cheaper loans and they weren't able to move into different neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods completely prevented like Jewish communities from moving uh minority like racial minority communities from moving into that area. Like in their town charter they said uh you cannot be a resident here. You can't own land if you have a certain color of your skin or a certain like religious practice. So this divided and created segregated areas. And unfortunately, even when this process was removed, now you had it where people who were able to get those loans originally were able to buy a house, then they were able to sell it and get a nicer house. Homes appreciate over time, but the people that were denied did not get that opportunity. They were stuck in these neighborhoods where the value wasn't as high. And so, finally, the process was gone, but they still couldn't afford to get into the other neighborhoods because now the they were priced out economically. So, that could lead into some other segregation issues there. um connecting even into um today. All right, we're getting down there. Don't worry. I see a lot of people are like, "This unit's super long." It is. There's a lot going on now with redlinining. We also have to talk about blockbusting, white flight, environmental injustice, and dismenity zones. Again, there's a lot of topics I realize in this unit, but I want to make sure we hit these because you got to know these terms as they are in the CED. People say unit 4 is bad. Um, yeah, there's a lot here. I realize I put a lot of text. That's why I'm going leave this up here. But realize blockbusting, this contributed to white flight. So blockbusting, you can see here, this discriminatory practice, real estate agents would actually use misinformation about minority communities moving into an area and then motivate white homeowners to sell their home at a lower price. Essentially, they're pushing them out. Um, which led to white flight, which then led to more segregation for environmental injustice. This is looking at neighborhoods that disproportionately have more environmental hazards, u more pollutants that are commonly found by these marginalized and vulnerable communities. So, one of the reasons why I'm just highlighting this one a little bit is sometimes people think like, oh, environmental injustice, how can the environment be unjust? Like, this is weird. The environment is just a natural thing. This concept is focusing on how people in power traditionally have used some of that power. um to benefit themselves. And one of the ways you could do that is locating like landfills or toxic waste dumps or recycling centers. You don't put that by the nicer, more wealthier neighborhoods that vote and have more political power. You put it by communities that have less power, that are more vulnerable, that maybe have less access to money to be able to fight that. And those areas then have higher pollution, which could lead to then more um unfortunately uh diseases or health complications. So that would be environmental injustice. All right. The other thing there, dismenity zone. This is this area within a city we are lacking um these services, public services. We don't have quality infrastructure here. Lot more crime, possibly poverty. Um we might even have squatter settlements. So some people that are living in areas where they actually um don't have access to um own the actual land. So have an idea on those concepts uh there. All right. Squatter settlements. we've already kind of talked about too. I saw some people in the chat just realized these are areas where people have built homes on land that they don't actually own. So they don't own it. Now one response cities have this is the last kind of section of the unit but cities have responded to some of these economics and social challenges and one ways in which they do is through inclusionary zones. Now again, some people who don't understand it like kind of will rip this. But what this is really is it's an area where local policies are put in place or legal requirements are put in place to try and incentivize developers to create affordable housing or lower income housing. And this helps create mixed income communities. So generally we'd say out of a particular neighborhood or area, we're going to take certain amount of homes there and then we'll have an income requirement. The goal here of doing it, the intent of it, people could argue the effectiveness of it, the intent is trying to make it so that you can have u more mixed income communities um which would allow more people to be able to kind of climb that social and economic ladder. Um that's a lot more effective than just having like a massive low-income community and then a big like high or wealthier community. Um because businesses and services what we see the goal is to make money and so if all the money is located in one area, businesses start to close down. that starts to shift out, all of a sudden we have higher unemployment. So inclusionary zones are areas that try to counter that. Another thing too that might come up is you might see something about like a city's ecological footprint. This is the amount of land and resources that are used to actually support the population of a city. So the variety of things can happen with this. So countering urban sprawl, we could see farmland protection policies used, redevelopment to brown fields, urban growth policies, um inclusionary zones, all of these things would actually try to counter urban sprawl, try to make more opportunities for individuals. So have an idea of that. When you see ecological footprint though, that is talking about the land and the resources that are used to support. So it's talking about both of those elements. So hopefully that makes sense. Um there. All right, we have like one last thing and it's just qualitative and quantitative data. It's part of the unit. Qualitative and quantitative comes up throughout the whole class. Realize qualitative information that we're witnessing, we're observing, we're describing. Um it's not clearly measurable. So it's opinions and things like that. Quantitative is going to be facts. This is data that's objective. It's not necessarily up for debate. We might debate on what causes the quantitative data to occur. Um, but the data itself is there. Like the crime rate of a city, that's quantitative. Now, we could debate why that's happening, but the crime rate there would be quantitative. And cities use both qualitative and quantitative to determine where should uh public funding go, where should policies um focus on, where do we need to change aspects of the city life, what is important for people. So, use that for both folk. Woo. All right, this might have been our longest one. Um, man, yeah, that's a long unit. Um, one thing just to remember, tomorrow we're going to have that exclusive one at 3 p.m. And actually, um, it's going to be I don't know why I have May 5th. It's May 4th. So, this is wrong. This is May 4th, Star Wars Day. May the 4th be with you, but the exclusive one will be at 3 p.m. Um, or sorry, 3:05. Wow, wasn't thinking. That'll be in the URP. There will also be one tomorrow at 7 p.m., which will be unit 7. So, if you're interested for that, unit seven will be on YouTube the same as all of these. There's only one live stream just for the ultimate review packet people. Um, and it's this one here. The reason why I'm doing that is as a thank you for those people who have gotten the packet. All right, we are going to do the cahoot. So, get ready for that. Um, if you're going to be on Discord, I'm going to post the code right now. Um, for all those of you watching on YouTube, thank you so much. Don't forget tomorrow we have that URP stream at 3:05 p.m. and later at night at 700 p.m. we have unit 7, the last unit of the course, people. Then Monday we'll do an FRQ and MCQ live stream there and then it's the test and you're done. Woo! Man, it's going to feel good. So, all right, I'm going to get the coup done. See you YouTube. I'll talk to you tomorrow. As always, I'm Mr. Sin and until next time, I'll see you online. All right, let's get the cahoot going. Uh hopefully that helped. I realize in the chat some people are like go faster, go slower, speed up. It's hard. We got a lot of people um that are all over the place. Everyone's learning different amounts. Some people this is a straight review. Some people are also learning it. Um which hopefully not for the first time, but that is the case sometimes. So that is okay. Nice thing is you can always rewatch [Music] slow down. All right, code is coming up on the screen. It just got posted for the Discord. And that should be our Cahoot code. All right, let's get everyone in. Woo! Saturday and we're rocking. I'll also try to interact a lot more with the chat um during this. All right, there we go. People are flying in. Always fun to see. All right, I'm gonna get started again. You can always join at any time. My mic was tweaking. I don't know why every time I do the outro, I feel like unless it tweaks throughout the stream, but I feel like whenever I'm doing the outro for the YouTube video, that's when it always kind of tweaks and it it cuts in and out and then it goes back. I don't know. Um hopefully the audio quality is okay. This is a different mic than I use when I'm filming the actual YouTube videos. So, it's actually a whole different setup, different camera and everything. Yeah, it's only outro. I don't know. Who knows? I'm going to go. Thank you. Thank you very much. It's very kind of you guys. All right, let's get into it. Here we go. Setup tour. I don't know. I mean, we got this little corner. This is like the office. Um, got I I would do it, but I'd have to like turn the camera. It would offset stuff. I got like lighting equipment. I got a monitor here in front. There's two monitors here. Got another monitor. So, got a ton of stuff all over the place there. All righty. All right. Shout out to Mr. Manning. Shout out to you. Thank you so much, Mr. Manning, for being an awesome teacher. Um, you rock, Mr. Manning. So, thank you very much. Shout out to your you and your class. Alrighty. Here we go. Oh yes. So federal um this is one of those things where we're looking at different levels of government and fragmentation. So federal can't like directly tell cities what to do. They can try to connect it though with money. So they can say like hey if you do this policy or if you build this highway or if you're going to do these maybe not highway but like these buildings if you're going to try to enact our agenda we'll give you money. And they could do that also with schools too and stuff of that nature. like if we follow what the president wants, we'll connect that to taxpayer money um to fund it, but they can't directly control. So, that'd be federal there. All right, Golden Frog in the lead. Congratulations. Here we go. Can you guys hear the Cahoot music? Is it too loud? Too quiet? It's got some bops as always. I don't know if you can or not hear it. Um, the lives on Monday. Oh, you can't hear it. All right. Let's get some music. What about this [Music] one? [Music] No, no. Oh, should we do lowfi? Let me know if you like this background music or no background music. All right. Uh, which city model grows outwards? Yes, that would be that concentric zone model. So again, you can see like the tree there kind of growing outwards. Um the zones, zone of transition, the better residence eventually get the commuter zone. So be kind of a way to remember that. Um if that helps. All right, Captain Badger in the [Music] lead. All right, no music. I see a bunch of people say no music. All right, we'll shut the music off. No worries. Turn it off. It's off. It's off. All right. All right. I'm going to quick take a drink of water and then I'll answer some questions. All righty. And we are back. Some people saying they misclicked. Okay. So again, when we're looking at squatter settlements, realize we're looking at this area where people don't have a legal claim and that creates a variety of issues. You're going to have more informal settlements if we want to connect into unit 7. Um you're also going to have more people possibly getting taken advantage of because they don't have the protection there to help them out. So those come up in the urban models. They also come up in um just in general challenges to urban areas. So have an idea there. My screen was frozen. Hopefully, it's not anymore. Let's see here. Um, first one was federal because they don't have the direct ability to like change um the impact of cities. They can only tie money into it. So, they could say, "Hey, if you do this, we'll give you funding." But uh we won't they can't like dictate to a city what they should do because that's more of a local level has the control there. So that's some of the fragmentation of government. All right. Which of the following most likely explains life in a highly densely populated area? Yeah. Residents have more access to public transportation, may not have their own car. Um it's pretty common for these larger areas. People don't have their own car. They don't get their driver's license till much later where if you talk to people from more rural communities, um that's like crazy. Everyone's excited to get their license right away because you want to be able to have access to the car and drive. But in urban areas, it's not as big of a deal. All right, let's see what other comments do we got. Someone's saying, "Have I played the Roadblocks AP Human Geography game?" I have not. Have you played it? I've heard about it. Um hopefully it was good. I should make one. I'll think about that. I feel like if I made one, it wouldn't be roadblocks. I'd make a Minecraft one, like a Fortnite creative map, but I would not be able to get it done before the AP test. I don't have the time for that, but it'd be one of those two. I don't know if I'd do roadblocks, but all right. Which of the following would not be a sight factor? And yeah, it' be the connections between two places. So, remember that would connect more to situation. So site and situation vocab terms from multiple units already. Um but have an idea of sight and situation that is important. They influence urban development, settlements in general and a variety of factors there. All right, question six coming up. Uh here we go. All right. Uh so we have a question here. Oops. No, we're good. Uh a question what is the difference between an exerb and edge city? So excerbs remember is a settlement that ex exists actually outside of an urban area that so it's more outside of the suburban area. It's still connected. The edge city though and exurbs are going to have lower densely populated um it's a lower densely populated area. People are more dispersed. Edge cities will be a little bit more densely populated. This generally is going to have its own economic district. It's going to be on the outskirts of a city. Um but remember with that edge city, it's also connected to that beltway or that highway. Um so that um allows them to get in and out really quick. But they have their kind of distinct um population that lives there. Maybe there's like a business district that's there or there's a hospital um or a mall, something there that gives it kind of an identity that people would then travel to that area where an exerb's a lot smaller. They don't have those specialized services and they're located a little bit farther out. All right. Yes, all of these would impact segregation. White flight, blackbusting, red lining, all of these would count um for that. And this would be an example today when we're looking at our neighborhoods in the United States. This is the racial dot map. It's based off the census data. Um and what we can see is that today, unfortunately, um neighborhoods are still pretty segregated oftentimes. So, this could be an example of like de facto segregation today. It's no longer a legal requirement that these neighborhoods are. Um, but we can see that they still are based on the current census data. All right, here we go. The diplomatic giraffe in first place. Shout out to you. Way to go. Way to go. Cahoot code is on the bottom of the screen if you're looking for that. Um, if you can't get in, I will be going and posting this in the ultimate review packet as well. So, if you want. All right. Some other people are asking difference between Edge City and Xerb. I just talked about that one, so I'm not going to do that one. Um, again, um, some people asking, are the quizzes in the ultimate review back the same level of the actual AP test? Um, the quizzes or even this Cahoot, it's meant to practice the concepts, but they're not necessarily like the same level. Um, if you go into like the exams, like those tests, that would be maybe closer to that. But the quizzes are very like focused on just like those topics. They're generally like 10 questions on like population pyramids. So they're all just focused on that where some of the AP tests, they're going to actually connect to multiple units at once. Where the quiz, since you've only learned certain concepts at that time, I made it so it's just on those topics there. But they're great practice because the more you practice these concepts and can understand it, the better you can do. All right, here we go. Areas where local policies create incentives to create affordable housing. Yes, that would be inclusionary zones. So perfect. Majority of people got it. Remember, dismenity zones would be these lower income areas um that don't have access for public services. Um we have higher poverty rates here. Um that would all be these dismenity zones there. So that' be your areas where it's kind of the worst um economic disparities that are occurring. So like differences of economic classes uh there. All right. Uh here we go. Going on to the next one there. All right. Try to look back in chat. Some people were saying about yellow. I'm sorry. I already don't remember what yellow was. Yes. Um, okay. Is there a list of laws, theories, models, um, and all of that stuff? Um, you don't have to necessarily like know a bunch of laws for this class. I mean pro-atalism and antiatalism off the top of my head is like closest like governmental policy or immigration quotas. Those are from unit 2. I guess like new urbanism and stuff or ways in which cities could pass um different like zoning things to influence that could be maybe but more of the models and theories and you can look through the CD and you can see the stuff that's posted in there. We've also been covering them in all these live streams as well. For instance, the bid rent theory. So like connecting into this density gradient, the bid rent theory for sure is the thing that explains it. And again, the reason why density gradient happens. Bid rent theory. Closer you are to that urban area, the more expensive it is to live in that area. And as you move farther away, there's less people living there. The density gradient goes down. Price of land goes down. And so we start seeing buildings no longer building vertical and they're building more horizontal. So hopefully that helps you out there. All right, going on to our next thing. Here we go. Alrighty. This city model has a disenity zone. City also struggles with squatter settlements and has division between wealth. Let's see here. What do we got? All right, other questions too about um content. Um some people are asking about Ravenstein's laws of migration. Um that's going to be more unit two, so I'm not going to go over all of them. I would have an idea of them. Um do you have to have like every single one perfectly memorized verbatim? No, you don't. Um especially where we're at now, it's probably not going to be the best use of your time. I would definitely try to know a couple of them. like step migration is the main way mainly people travel for economics that's going to be kind of important thing but have an idea too of how his laws have kind of shifted a little bit over time so that could help uh there just in case you get like explain a limitation or explain the degree question on an FRQ all right Latin American city model yes that is again remember we have uh the impact of colonization here with this spine the CBD this market area here um this colonial force that goes through Alrighty, Captain Wildcat in the lead. Congratulations. Question 10 of 25. Here we go. Um, what do we got here? Someone was saying for an F FRQ do we need to have one sentence or should we have multiple? So for an FRQ you want to try and have uh for sure always a sentence. So write incomplete sentences. Uh it depends on the task verb. So for the task verb if it is an identify task verb or define one sentence is is probably just fine. Uh if it's explain you're going to need more than one sentence. Now, there is no magic like, oh, at five sentences, you're guaranteed a point. There's nothing like that, but explain, compare, those require the most description. You want to try and connect into a real world example there. And we'll talk more about those uh the task verbs on Monday. Um, but realize those task verbs will require more writing because you have to be more thorough in your answer. You have to really make sure that the reader understands, you understand the complete thing. Where identify, you just have to say like that's what you're asking about. Um, same thing with define. you're just putting the definition there. So yes, process here of improving, revitalizing, deterioring part, urban renewal would connect to that. Um that would be the correct answer for gentrification. So one of the things to highlight here gentrification is not just gentrification might happen because of urban renewal but gentrification is this kind of phenomenon that's occurring that as these wealthier people start to move in the price of land goes up taxes property taxes go up and that ends up then displacing lower income residents. So gentrification could happen because of urban renewal policies, because of new urbanism. Um, but it wouldn't be gentrification itself because that's going to kind of be an effect of it. If that makes more sense uh there. Hopefully that does because I did see a lot of people put gentrification for that question there. All right, here we go. Next question coming up. Um, what units do I think will be on the F FRQ? Let me think. I don't know. Um, I feel like agriculture gets asked about quite a bit on it. That one comes up a lot. Um, this unit has a lot of terms that you could connect into. Same thing with unit 2, although unit 2 had a little bit more last year, so maybe it wouldn't be as much this year. I don't know what the FQ is. I haven't spent much time trying to like predict it. Um, one of these days maybe I should. I just I never have in the past. I've always just focused on like let's just study, do the best we can. Um not spend time worrying about hypotheticals that we have no control over and instead let's just rock this exam. But maybe one day, I know a lot of students want it. Maybe I'll I'll have to spend time and try to do a prediction. But right now, I'm not doing any predictions. So I haven't really thought about it. All right. When we're looking at this when we're talking about the central place theory, so yes, this would be um the location size. Anyone know for red? The likelihood of two places interacting, what would that connect to? So the likelihood of two places interacting, what would that connect? Yes, the gravity model. That would definitely be more of the gravity model. Yeah, red would be the gravity model. So remember, a bunch of people now saying gravity model, gravity model. Um, when we're looking at the central place theory, we're talking about range and threshold. So that could be applied to different settlements. It could also be applied to goods and services. So it can connect into both of those things. So have an idea there. Uh we do have a change in the leaderboard. The Jolly Piranha has moved up. So congratulations there. Um some people asking Susie is asking what is the difference between centripal forces and pull factors. Um pull factors could be part of that. So remember centripal is going to pull people together. It's going to unite. Um, a pull factor could just be a centripal force. It could be an aspect of that. Um, but generally pull factors too are going to talk about why people are going to migrate and move. Um, where centrial factors are going to connect into like culture, um, identity. It'll connect into polit. It connects into like a little bit more broader topics. So, pull's generally more focused on migration, um, motivating people to move to an area. So, hope that kind of helps there. All right. Yeah, world cities, they're going to be at the top of that global urban hierarchy and they would definitely promote urban or sorry, globalization 100% there. All right, the diplomatic giraffe is back at the top. There we go. There we go. Way to go. Um, are there certain topics that are more important um on the AP exam? Um, I'm thinking I'm thinking I there's some that I think are I mean technically every unit is 12 to 17% of the exam except for unit one. So proportionally they're all going to have the same amount of stuff taken out but things like the demographic transition model that can apply to like every single unit. Um when we're talking about globalization that can apply to all the units. when we're talking about like political factors, social, um, cultural, environmental, we see these themes coming up throughout all the units. So like those I would say are more important because they can connect into these other aspects um quite easily. So and you you kind of see that as you're studying, as you're going through the course, you notice there are certain terms that keep kind of popping up over and over again um and they can connect into it. So spend time understanding that because that can help you um make more connections on the test. All right, here we go. 14 out of 25. Here we go. Uh, some people asking about the Monday live stream. I will make sure to I I'll just post those today. I don't know why I haven't posted them yet. I've just been trying to do so many different things. I'll post them. I think it's going to be like 620 and then seven. So, it'll be those two, but I'll just post it so you can see it on YouTube. Um, all parts of the FRQ. Some people are asking about that. Yep. They're all worth one point. So, A is worth one point. B is worth one point. And it's one or zero you're going to get. It's it's kind of winner take all. Uh there's no half points. Yeah. Well, now bridal shop. So, when we're talking here with range, the more unique a service is, so the more unique a service is, um the more people will travel for it. Um particularly if it's something desirable. If it's something that's more generic that you can get anywhere, people aren't going to travel as far with it. That's why there's like so many Subways in one city or McDonald's. They know their range is really small and so they have to locate them throughout the whole city to be able to connect. All right. Um, some people asking how is de facto segregation different from redlinining? U, when we're looking at de facto segregation, realize that is looking at segregation that is not legally enforced. Redlinining was the discriminatory practice where banks were denying loans to minority communities um, in these neighborhoods that were deemed high- risk. Um, and also certain like um, ethnic groups as well. Quality. Love Chipotle. Chipotle is great. Just not consistent anymore, which is a bummer. All right. What is the problem with gentrification here? Yeah. So, we're looking at this taxes. Big thing. We've kind of hit this a lot. So, I'm going to go on to the next one. Majority of people did get that. So, that is awesome. All right. Question 16. Here we go. um fell behind on these. Uh shout out to Mr. Abrams. So shout out Mr. Abrams. Shout out to you. You are awesome. Great teacher, Mr. Abrams. So shout out there. Awesome. Cool. All right. Which of the following would not be one of the impacts of a state following the rank size rule? So again, we have a not question here. What do we got? All right. Um, yeah, if you missed the cahoot, you can always go I'll post in the ultimate review packet. All right. Yes. So, production and specialized services are clustered in one cities. So, remember when we're looking at primate city, generally things are going to be more condensed in one area. We're going to have more uneven economic development. Rank size rule, things are going to be kind of like dispersed a little bit more. It's we have different types of cities there of sizes. So remember the rank size rule. The second city is going to be half of the largest city. The third is going to be a third. The fourth is going to be a fourth and so on. Where the primate city, that largest city is going to be double the size of the second largest city. So hopefully that helps. Uh there. All right. Here we go. Next one coming up. Yeah, blue is referencing more of Primate City there. Uh should you understand the models? Yes, you for sure should. Um, at this point, do you need to memorize like every single zone? No, I I wouldn't necessarily do that. Um, I just don't know if that's the best use of your time. Um, but you want to have an idea of the models like how maybe they've changed, limitations of them, things of that, and what they also look at that spatial distribution. Um, and then for like the Latin America, subsaran, and also East um, Asian one, focus on that colonialism and that impact because that's something that makes them unique and has them stand out. Yes, this is just a definition question. Majority of you guys got it. That is awesome. So, just remember 10 million, 20 million, and we have meta and mega cities. So, that's what it connects to. Awesome. Someone asked, "What's my favorite Star Wars character?" Favorite Star Wars character probably Ahsoka. It used to be Yoda, but then when you really look at it, Yoda let a lot of stuff kind of happen. So, I really like Ahsoka though. Her arc is really cool. Clone Wars, if you watch the TV show and her show too, now she has her live action. So, it's been cool to see that arc. Alrighty, here we go. Uh, next question is on the board. We are on question 18 of 25. Here we go. You love Ahsoka Clone Wars represent. Yes, quality stuff there. All right. Yeah, current approval of the mayor there. That is not going to be quantitative. That would be more qualitative. So remember here qualitative. qualitative is going to be different every time we survey people. If I'm asking people the approval of the mayor, every time I do a survey, it's probably going to be different depending on who I survey, it's going to be different. Um, it seemed like demographics data. So, that was the second most b remember like the population. We're looking at the median and income. All of that stuff is kind of a fact like how many people are living there. Just a fact. That is fact there. Oh, now there's a debate. Obi-Wan is the goat. Obi-Wan's good. Obi-Wan is good. It froze. I'm sorry if it froze for you. Yeah. All righty. Any other questions? I'll pop back over to the chat now. Rex. Rex is also awesome. Yeah, Rex is legit. Okay, cool. Um, some people asking ways to study. So, the best way again, especially with vocab, make connections to the real world. Even if it's like a funny way or it's something that like doesn't make sense for other people. If it makes sense for you, that's all that matters. So, try to find ways that you can make the vocab stick. Sometimes it's hard to do that if you're just like straight trying to memorize the definition over and over again. Um, if you can't connect it to your own life, it's really difficult then to actually remember it there. So, all right. Yeah. Boom. Majority of people got this. So, we're going to go on to the next question there. Here we go. We are on question 20 of 25. What section of a unit is the hardest? Um, I think it's it's all up to you. I mean, based on the chat, a lot of people thought unit six was very hard. Yesterday, people were saying unit five was. So, everyone has like a different experience of these. I do think as you go through the course, the units get harder and harder. So, like unit two, I see is a very fundamental unit of the course and very important. Um, but it I wouldn't say it's at that difficult. Um, whereas unit four can get hard because you're changing the scale a lot. You're dealing with a lot of global events as well. Unit six has a lot of vocab as we've seen today. Um, and unit five also does as well. So, which unit has most vocab? I don't know. I haven't looked at the actual count. Maybe one of these times I should go through and count it and try to see there. But cool. We're getting the city models down. People are doing well. Awesome. Unit seven's tomorrow. Yep. So, that one is tomorrow. Unit six is the hardest for you. Well, hey, we're almost done. So, there you go. Uh, unit six does have a decent amount of stuff that has come up on the actual AP test. So, it's it's different though. Technically, everything's 12 to 17% except for unit one every year. We don't know what College Board is going to ask. All righty. So food deserts, we talked about this more yesterday in unit five. Now I'm bringing it back here because it also can connect oftentimes into urban areas and so it is in the CD kind of for both um units there. Um but yeah, residents are more at risk for obesity. So when we're looking here, notice we have lowincome households, we have obesity here, diabetes, carfree households more than grocery store way. This is going to connect more to a food desert. we can actually see some overlap on these things. And so, unfortunately, we do see that food deserts generally are going to be located in areas where people don't have access to as much money. Um, we have more poverty there. Um, blue is saying residents are less likely to not have access to healthier food options. So, it's a not thing there. It was kind of worded where um I honestly probably is a little bit of a trick question. I I should have worded that differently. Yeah, the double negative. Um, I I'll change it. That That was a mean one. That was mean. All right. Which of the following is not an example of sustainable development? Sustainable development. All right. Question. The droid. Will it focus on it? That one's R2. Um, I should switch. Maybe I should put some of the Lego heads that I have back there. Um, but yeah, R2-D2's chilling back there. Maybe tomorrow I'll put a different one up. I have a couple different Star Wars Lego things. So, uh, Brownfield. This is going to be an area in which the land has been contaminated. Um, it's abandoned. So, it could be where there's hazardous material or something there. And then what's happened essentially, generally how the AP test focuses on it is redevelopment. City's going to come in. We're going to clean it up. We're going to try and remove the contaminants, the pollutants, and then we'll build um maybe mixeduse buildings on top of it to now allow people to have a place to shop there, to live um which is more sustainable, and it can also counter um the urban sprawl that sometimes happens, which this question here was talking about. All right, people are also asking about infilling. So, let's talk about that one quick. Here we go. This is a question that I saw. What is infill development? With infill, what we're infilling, what we're talking about is identifying um like a vacant lot. So, brownfields are specific with that like pollutant hazardous material. Um when we're looking at infill and you're just looking at vacant area or maybe it's a building that's been just abandoned and instead of just expanding the city outwards, infill development is, hey, let's take this land that's not being used and let's build residential homes there or let's build mixeduse homes there. And so now we're just increasing the density of the city and we're better using our space. As cities grow realize over time as they expand um people move out of areas, some places can become abandoned and so they can become inefficient. Infill we're really like looking inwards and just saying like hey how can we improve our efficiency? So uh for a green belt that is going to be an area that we have deemed we're not going to build here. So, we're intentionally leaving this unoccupied space oftentimes for recreational use. Um, and it is a little bit more sustainable. That generally happens outside of the actual like urban core. So, it's not going to be just inside there. Man, today's good Saturday. We got plenty of people reviewing, studying. Uh, this is definitely one of the longer ones. I can definitely feel it in my my voice there. So, um, yes, colonialism, when we're looking at the difference there, this is connecting more to unit four. Um, realize colonialism is going to be focusing more on actually setting up a colony. You're physically going to be there. Imperialism is the policy of, um, going to like trying to extort resources and stuff, but you're not like physically there. Um, you're not going to like set up a colony. So, you're using your political power, your economic power to influence different areas. All right. Settlements there. Yes. So when we're looking at Edge City, remember these are going to be these spots that in Edge City kind of has that settlement that is its own economic district. It's located in the outskirts of a city. Maybe it's near like that beltway or highway. Um oftentimes has some unique aspect of it um that kind of differentiates from some other area. So people will actually travel there um for that particular city because of its unique things. All right, here we go. Question 25 of 25. Here we go. Um, some people are asking about the slideshows. The slideshows aren't posted anywhere. Um, a lot of the slideshows are just like pictures and stuff. So, most of this is me like I just have like the picture or like a term on the screen just as a reference for me as I go through. But, um, there isn't necessarily like a script or like a detailed slideshow that has everything on it. So, I don't post them uh just because of that. they they make sense to me and like when I show you different aspects it makes sense to you but otherwise they wouldn't be like the best to just randomly like study because they are missing stuff um that's where I'm filling in the gaps there but yes when we're looking here which of the following cities is more likely to see foreign states in bass uh embassies sorry and financial markets it would be these world cities here London the United Kingdom all of these would be the world's cities all All right. Of course. Yes. You're going to rock this test. You can get a five. You can do that. I know you can. All right. In first place, we have the diplomat, the giraffe. Congratulations. Here we go. Way to go. Awesome. All righty. Um yeah, for those in the chat who um maybe aren't as confident right now, I get it. Like we're getting closer and closer to the test. Um and so nerves get higher, stress gets higher, it's easier to panic, but you got to have confidence in yourself. And honestly, at the end of the day, it's it's just a test. I mean, if it doesn't go well, it doesn't define you, you'll move on. You'll eventually um be okay. um and you'll go take other classes and you'll go hang out with your friends and you'll do this stuff. But focus right now on what you can control. That is the important thing. Now, after this, go take a break and actually relax. It's Saturday. You have all been studying for a while now. We're going to wrap this up. Um again, tomorrow we have those two streams. So, there'll be one in the afternoon and one at night. Um but all of you are awesome. Thank you so much for participating. This was unit six AP human geography. Geographers, keep up that good work. We're almost there. Finish strong. I know you can do it.