Built-in Types Overview

Main Built-in Types

• Numerics: Integers, floating-point numbers, complex numbers.
• Sequences: Lists, tuples, range objects.
• Mappings: Dictionaries.
• Classes, Instances, Exceptions.

Collection Classes

• Mutable Collections: Some can change elements in place; methods return None instead of the instance.

Comparison and String Conversion

• Comparison: Objects can be compared for equality.
• Truth Value Testing: Objects evaluated to False include None, False, zero of any numeric type, empty sequences and collections.
• String Conversion: Use repr() or str().

Truth Value Testing

• Default truthiness: Objects are True unless defined otherwise with __bool__() returning False or __len__() returning 0.

Boolean Operations

• Operations:
  • x or y: Returns x if x is True, else y.
  • x and y: Returns x if x is False, else y.
  • not x: Returns True if x is False, else False.

Comparisons

• Eight Operations: <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=, is, is not.
• Chaining: Comparisons can be chained, e.g., x < y <= z.

Numeric Types

• Types: int, float, complex.
• Precision: Integers unlimited precision, floats typically double precision.
• Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, floor division, modulus.

Bitwise Operations

• Operations on Integers: Bitwise or, xor, and, shifts left/right, bit inversion.

Sequence Types

• Types: list, tuple, range.
• Common Operations: Length, concatenation, repetition, indexing, slicing.
• Additional Methods for Lists: Sorting, appending, inserting, removing.

Text Sequence Type

• Type: str (unicode strings).
• String Manipulation: Methods for case conversion, searching, replacing, splitting, joining.

Set Types

• Types: set, frozenset.
• Operations: Union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference.

Mapping Types

• Type: dict.
• Dictionary Operations: Access and modify keys/values, iterate over keys/values/items.

Type Annotation Types

• GenericAlias and Union: Used for type hints in function annotations.

Other Types

• Modules: Attributes can be accessed and modified.
• Functions and Methods: Objects that can be called with arguments.
• Code Objects: Represent compiled Python code.

Special Attributes

• Attributes: __name__, __module__, __doc__.

Integer String Conversion

• Limit: Protection against excessive computation by limiting digit length in conversions.