Lecture Notes on Respiration and Kidney Function

Respiration

• Events of Respiration:

  • Ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration
  • Cellular respiration

• Breathing:

  • Mechanism of moving air in and out of the lungs

• Pitch of Vocal Sound:

  • Controlled by changing tension on the vocal cords

• Larynx:

  • Location of the vocal cords

• Laryngitis:

  • Inflammation of the larynx

• Pharynx

  • Part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity

• Trachea:

  • Lined with a ciliated mucous membrane
  • Contains 20 C-shaped cartilage rings
  • Serves as a passageway for air

• Atmospheric Pressure:

  • Force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration

• Inspiratory Reserve Volume:

  • Volume of air entering the lungs during forced maximal inspiration

• Vital Capacity:

  • Maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome:

  • In newborns, caused by lack of surfactant

• Tidal Volume:

  • Volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle

• Boyle's Law:

  • Inverse relationship between pressure and volume

• Hiccup:

  • Sudden inspiration caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm with closed glottis

• Carbon Dioxide:

  • Important for maintaining blood pH

Hyperventilation

• Usually results in decreased blood carbon dioxide concentration and increased pH

Kidney Function

• Kidneys:

  • Organs responsible for filtering blood and forming urine

• Renal Corpuscle:

  • Initial blood-filtering component of the nephron

• Nephron:

  • Consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

• Renal Medulla:

  • Composed of renal pyramids

• Renal Tubule:

  • Part of the nephron where filtration occurs

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):

  • Primary site for reabsorption of glucose

• Nephron Loop:

  • Countercurrent mechanism primarily functions here

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

  • Promotes water reabsorption through walls of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

• Glomerular Filtration:

  • A dilated efferent arteriole increases the rate
  • Produces about 180 liters of filtrate in 24 hours

• Renal Clearance Test:

  • Measures rate at which kidneys remove a substance from blood

• Urea and Uric Acid:

  • Waste products filtered by kidneys
  • Up to 80% of urea is filtered and recycled

Additional Notes

• Lung Lobes:

  • Total of 5 lobes: Right lung has more lobes than left

• Serous Fluid in Lungs:

  • Lubricates lung surfaces

• Parts of Renal Tubule in Order:

  • Proximal, descending, ascending

• Components of Normal Urine:

  • Water, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes

• Organs of the Urinary System:

  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

• Kidney Cell Degeneration:

  • Begins in your 20s