AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Introduction

• Quick review of Unit 2 focusing on population and migration.
• Use of study guides and review packets recommended.

Population Distribution

• Major Population Regions:

  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea
  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam
  • Europe: Relies more on natural resources due to Industrial Revolution

• Influencing Factors:

  • Physical Factors: Climate, landforms, water bodies
  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural and historical influences, political environments

• Population Distribution Terms:

  • Dispersed: Spread out over a wide area
  • Clustered: Concentrated in a specific area

Population Density

• Types of Density:
  • Arithmetic Density: Total population divided by total land area
  • Physiological Density: Total population divided by arable land
  • Agricultural Density: Farmers divided by arable land

Consequences of Population Patterns

• Political: Greater political power in densely populated areas, impacts voting patterns
• Economic: More opportunities in high-density areas, more expensive goods and services
• Social: Better access to services in densely populated areas
• Environmental: Urban sprawl, impact on carrying capacity

Population Composition

• Demographic Characteristics: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, occupation
• Population Pyramids:
  • Age ranges: Pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive
  • Used to infer trends and challenges
  • Important metrics: Sex ratio, dependency ratio

Population Dynamics

• Key Terms:

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• Factors Influencing Dynamics:

  • Healthcare, education, economic development
  • Gender roles, political policies

Demographic Transition Model

• Stages:
  • Stage 1: High CBR and CDR, subsistence agriculture
  • Stage 2: High CBR, decreasing CDR, population boom
  • Stage 3: Decreasing CBR, urbanization
  • Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR, zero population growth possible
  • Stage 5: Speculative, declining population

Malthusian Theory

• Theory: Population grows exponentially, food production arithmetically
• Neo-Malthusians: Concerned with depletion of resources

Government Influence on Population

• Pronatalist Policies: Encourage higher birth rates
• Antinatalist Policies: Encourage lower birth rates
• Migration Policies: Affect economic growth, cultural diversity

Women and Demographic Changes

• Increase in opportunities decreases TFR and IMR
• Education and economic participation lead to demographic transitions

Migration Patterns

• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

  • Economic reasons, short distances, step migration
  • Counter-streams created
  • Urban growth through migration

• Types of Migration:

  • Forced Migration: No choice, e.g., refugees
  • Voluntary Migration: Economic or personal choice
  • Transnational, Chain, Step Migration
  • Guest Workers, Transhumance, Urban Migration

Impact of Migration

• Political: Citizenship debates, policy impacts
• Economic: Talent pools, brain drain
• Cultural: Diversity, acculturation, assimilation

Conclusion

• Encourage further practice with study guides and resources.