IGCSE Edexcel Chemistry Lecture Notes

Introduction

• New 9-1 Specification for IGCSE Edexcel Chemistry
• Website: Science With Hazel
• Available resources: revision guides, courses, tuition

States of Matter

Particle Diagrams

• Solids: Fixed arrangements, vibrate in place, strong forces, low kinetic energy
• Liquids: More spaced, intermediate forces, vibrate more, no fixed positions
• Gases: Far apart, high kinetic energy, weak forces

State Conversions

• Solid to Liquid: Melting
• Liquid to Solid: Freezing
• Liquid to Gas: Boiling/Evaporation
• Gas to Liquid: Condensation
• Evaporation: High energy particles leave first, lower average kinetic energy remains
• Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration, passive process, no energy required

Diffusion in Chemistry

• Example: Ammonia and Hydrochloric Acid diffusion in a tube produces ammonium chloride

Solutions

• Definitions:
  • Solute: Dissolves in solvent (e.g., coffee)
  • Solvent: Liquid in which solute dissolves (e.g., water)
  • Solution: Mixture of solute and solvent
  • Saturated Solution: No more solute can dissolve
  • Solubility: Mass of solute in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution

Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

• Atom: Smallest particle of a substance
• Element: One type of atom, cannot be split
• Compound: Chemically combined elements
• Mixture: Not chemically combined, can be separated
• Pure Substance: Only one type of material, fixed boiling point

Separation Techniques

• Filtration: Separates insoluble solute from solvent
• Evaporation: Separates soluble solute from solvent
• Distillation: Separates based on boiling points
• Chromatography: Separates based on solubility

Periodicity

• Group 0 (Noble Gases): Unreactive, full outer shells
• Metals: High melting/boiling points, conduct heat/electricity, malleable, ductile
• Nonmetals: Low melting/boiling points, brittle, form acidic oxides
• Ions: Charged particles, formed by gaining/losing electrons

Chemical Equations and Calculations

• Balancing equations using tally charts
• Mole Calculations: Mass = Mr x Moles; Moles = Mass / Mr
• Empirical Formula: Simplest ratio of elements
• Percentage Yield: (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100
• Titration: Calculating unknown concentrations

Bonding

• Ionic Bonding: Metal + Nonmetal, transfer of electrons
• Covalent Bonding: Nonmetals, sharing of electrons

Chemical Structures

• Giant Structures: Ionic, covalent, metallic
• Simple Molecular: Low melting points, weak intermolecular forces

Electrolysis

• Requires molten/solution ionic compound
• Inert electrodes
• Anode/Cathode: Anions to anode, cations to cathode

Group Trends

• Group 1 (Alkali Metals): Reactive, stored in oil, react with water
• Group 7 (Halogens): Reactivity decreases down the group, can displace less reactive halogens

Air Composition

• Oxygen Test: Copper or Iron Filings method
• Reactions with Oxygen: Magnesium, sulfur, hydrogen

Reactivity Series

• Order of metals by reactivity
• Methods to determine reactivity
• Rust Prevention: Galvanizing, sacrificial protection

Extraction of Metals

• Blast Furnace: For iron
• Electrolysis: For aluminium
• Properties/Uses: Aluminium - lightweight; Iron - various steel types

Acids, Bases, and Salts

• pH Indicators: Universal, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, litmus
• Salt Formation: Reacting acids with bases

Organic Chemistry

• Alkanes: Saturated, single bonds, CnH2n+2
• Alkenes: Unsaturated, double bonds, CnH2n
• Crude Oil: Fractional distillation, uses of fractions
• Combustion: Complete (CO2 & water), Incomplete (CO & water)
• Cracking: Breaking long hydrocarbons
• Reactions: Alkanes and alkenes with bromine water

Alcohols

• Functional Group: -OH
• Oxidation: Produces carboxylic acids

Esters

• Formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol
• Uses: Perfumes, flavorings

Polymers

• Addition Polymers: Monomers join, e.g., polythene
• Condensation Polymers: Loss of small molecule (e.g., water)

Environmental Issues

• Non-biodegradable plastics
• Biodegradable alternatives

This comprehensive set of notes covers all major topics discussed in the IGCSE Edexcel Chemistry video transcript.