Lecture Notes on PHIL 101: Manson Final Terms

Introduction

• Overview of the course's key philosophical discussions and themes.
• Focus on philosophical terminology and concepts.

Key Philosophical Terms

• Ontology: The study of being and existence.
• Epistemology: The investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
• Ethics: The philosophical study of moral values and rules.
• Metaphysics: A branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality.
• Logic: The study of reasoning and argumentation.

Philosophical Theories and Concepts

• Utilitarianism: Ethical theory that prescribes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals.
• Deontology: An ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.
• Existentialism: A philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice.
• Nihilism: The belief that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value.

Prominent Philosophers

• Plato: Focus on forms and idealism.
• Aristotle: Noted for empirical approaches and categorization of knowledge.
• Immanuel Kant: Known for deontological ethics and the categorical imperative.
• Friedrich Nietzsche: Advocated for the reevaluation of values and the concept of the "Übermensch".

Important Philosophical Questions

• What is the nature of reality?
• How do we know what we know?
• What constitutes a good life?
• What is the role of free will?

Conclusion

• Recap of the importance of understanding philosophical terminology and theories.
• Encouragement to apply philosophical thinking to everyday life challenges.