hey everyone today we're going to go over every single question type that can possibly be on your SAT exam make sure you stick around to the end of the video because we will be also covering sat grammar everything that could be on your sat will be in this video all of these question types everything the College Board puts on its official website is in this video so make sure you stick it through and good luck we're going to start off with textual evidence okay we are getting started with our first topic here textual evidence likely the biggest one you'll see on your sat almost all four of these example question types you will see on test day so what they're going to ask you is some variation of Which choice is either going to best or worst support the conclusion right Which choice is better Which choice might weaken that conclusion which finding white might support a conclusion which quotation might support a conclusion these words conclusion hypothesis argument claim they all mean the same thing they will be used interchangeably on test day we've got a pretty simple three-step plan here okay the first step is you got to identify their argument this whole question is going to Center on what the conclusion is what the hypothesis is what the claim is right if you can't identify that you're not going to know how to answer the question this is the most important step what you're going to do then you're going to read the answers and you're going to read the supporting information in other words every part of the paragraph every part of your passage that's not the argument okay then you'll eliminate choices that either go against your argument or that don't make sense with a supporting IND info you might have a choice that sure argues the same thing but it uses completely different evidence to argue that thing and that's going to be an incorrect Choice let's take a look at this example question in a research paper a student argues that the so Soviet Union's victory in the Battle of Stalingrad right we're going to have a little bit of a non-essential phrase here which is something we're going to get to in boundaries was more symbolically important than it was strategically important so this argument if I characterize that argument in just two words all right symbolic right symbolically not strategically right three words there symbolically not strategically okay so which of these quotes is going to effectively illustrate this claim let's see let's take a look at this does this really think about symbolically no this is describing how the war was fought here this is this is describing the Battle of staling itself so this is not the correct answer let's take a look at the next one most Scholars debate which would have occurred what would have occurred with the German forces attacked the you know more advantageous location that's not related to this at all this is not the answer okay after suffering humiliating losses west of singr the Red Army generals knew that singr would be the target of a major nope I can already see here we're not talking about you know how important it was strategically symbolically what not now a defeat at stying gr which bore the name of revered Soviet leader revered means that it's probably important this is a Sy Sy right would have yielded some important territory but would not have significantly stuned the war effort which means it was not strategically important there's our claim here crucially though it would have crushed the Soviet Spirit if this had not happened right again symbolically here so we see our answer is D and now we're going to move on okay this is our this is our last question here for textual evidence all right topic two quantitative evidence so quantitative evidence is slightly different from textual evidence and that you'll be given some sort of graph or table it's kind of the same idea though okay it's the same choices it's the same idea the same question as textual evidence and pretty much it's the same strategy well we're going to introduce a third step here our third step is to analyze and to read the graph or table given but first we read the answers in the supporting info okay often what you'll only need from the passage is the last sentence okay in this case we have a different type of question right this is a more difficult question but often you only need to know the last sentence for the argument okay then after that we just follow our same procedure as textual evidence we we're going to read the rest of the answers we're going to analyze then we're going to eliminate you know question or answers that are clearly wrong let's take a look at that first Which choice most effectively used data from the graph to complete the statement let's find the argument economists have long noted that in periods of economic D downturn people fewer people can afford to purchase their own homes so what is this saying in our argument here they're say saying that when economic downturn increases when economic downturn increases we're going to have home ownership go down so which of these makes sense this one immediately I can just tell you without looking at the graph it doesn't make sense because when a recession occurs when we have economic down term it's saying that home ownership did not change okay this does not complete that statement right because it's trying to show a pattern now this is the next one C homeowner ship rates fell significantly again we know economic standstill economic downturn so it could be be all right let's take a look at another one in January 4 home ownership hit its highest level it's not really related okay it's not really related we don't know what happened in January 2004 right the College Board is not expecting you to know what happened in January 2004 so this is not our answer all right now D within any given year the home ownership rate varies slightly in response to minor economic changes again doesn't really relate doesn't really make sense that it's equally unsurprising no that's that's pretty that's right that that just makes sense but it doesn't fit in with this cycle here what they're trying to show you here is that there's a cycle right that when there's downturn people will not be able to afford their houses okay and we see here in the graph that when there's downturn people cannot afford their houses we really didn't even need to use the graph in that question and that's common theme that we see at quantitative evidence questions always read the answer joy and figure out the description first because you'll likely be able to eliminate a bunch of those answer choices if not all of them as we just did sat topic 3 Central ideas is one of the most important skills that you're going to want to have in your back pocket for the SAT exam there's only two questions the College Board can really ask you here they're pretty much the same thing which Choice best states a main idea which Choice best states the central idea there's three steps for that you're going to want to keep in mind here so the first thing you want to read the entire passage of course you cannot know what a main idea is is unless you read the entire passage and you know what the main idea of the whole passage is as you go through you should highlight repeated phrases or transition words that indicate that something is being supported for example if I had a topic sentence to start off my paragraph and then I had firstly secondly thirdly fourthly clearly all of those are kind of supporting what that topic sentence was probably that topic sentence or something similar to that is going to be the main idea of my paragraph next thing we're going to do is we're going to eliminate anything that's too detailed or too wordy it's too detailed it's too wordy it's probably not the answer because of course you cannot have a main idea that's you know super detailed it's got to Encompass the entire passage not just part of it of course if you got an irrelevant answer you know you got to cross that out let's take a look at an example question here many intellectual histories of black power movement of the 1960s and70s rely heavily on essays and other explicitly ideological works as primary sources a tendency that can over represent the perspectives of a small number of thinkers most most of whom were male historian Ashley D farer has shown that expanding the array of primary sources to Encompass more types of print material like political cartoons advertisements and artwork leads to a much better understanding of the movement and The crucial and diverse that rol is that black woman played in shaping it all right male woman we kind of see a little play here should note that down for sure okay let's see if we go back through here we got over representing blah blah blah blah blah blah right let's just kind of categorize this let's write a note here over represent okay expanding the array we've got a list here this is kind of like a transition word okay and let's take a look at the answers here so we're looking for a main idea before Farmers research historians had largely ignored intellectual Dimensions you know I take a look at this I don't see the word you know intellectual Dimensions I see intellectual histories all right and that kind of even if that was related here that would sort of deny question a right deny question a because um what they're saying is that you know there were intellectual histories that were that were um noted here they were just all males okay now let's take another one Farmers methods and research have enriched historical understanding of black power movement and the black woman could the black the female black contribution to it I would say this is their correct answer we should always make sure to check our answers now why do I say this is correct because this entire half of the thing here right is tell telling you that she's she's she's contributing to the to the um to the pathora of evidence that black women played in supporting the Black Power movement and this first part here is detailing what it was like before showing that she was doing some enriching okay so we see here right you know we're we're kind of encompassing the entire passage with this answer Choice let's take a look at another ones other historians have criticized farmer use of unconventional primary sources does not say that anywhere in here we can just cross that out figures in the Black Power movement who historians tend to site would have agreed with Farmers conclusions about woman's role in The Movement we don't see any evidence of that does not say that we don't know what these people would think they're not you know they're likely not alive today and even if they are they're not you know mentioned in this paragraph at all so we can say that D is not the answer that leaves us with Choice topic four textual details is likely one of the hardest parts of the SAT and part of this is because the College Board does not give us a specific question type we have to figure out a formula and I've got that right here so why is some detail some characteristic and that seems pretty vague we're going to get into a little bit more in a second but we got this first let's take a look at some steps on how we can solve these types of problems first thing you want to do is you want to skim the whole passage especially you know the portions that may relate right to the detail then we're going to match some question related words and synonyms so the question might have you know it's going to have this detail this characteristic right what are some synonyms of this characteristic that might pop up in the text and then you want to match those okay the next thing you want to do is eliminate something that's General because we're looking for a detail here we're not looking for a central or main idea we're looking for you know information on a specific part of the text so you're going to eliminate those times those kinds of answer choices and I that's irrelevant then you're going to correlate the question to the text to the answer let's see what that means with our example question so until recently astronomers speculated that Sagittarius A a prime was a mysterious object at the center of our Milky Way galaxy was a super massive black hole pointing towards inter evidence such as the velocity of stars operating rapidly around the object to support their claims in a 2022 study that enhances our understanding the make of the galactic core astronomer Jeffrey Bower and colleagues captur the first image of Sagittarius a region itself observing a ring of superheated glowing gas encircling a completely dark Center which is a phenomena only observed the case of black holes why is this significant let's take a look what do we see at significant well enhance is probably significant first is probably significant anything that's the first is you know just significant okay observing a ring of superheated glowing gas that seems a little bit significant encircling a completely dark Center which is a phenomenon only that's pretty significant observed in the case of black holes so we kind of correlated our question text here let's correlate to an answer okay first evidence that Sagittarius A lies at the center of the Milky Way does not say that because we already already have speculation that we are at the center of or we already know that it's at the center of our Milky Way galaxy speculation here is whether it's a super supermassive black hole or not this is not true now B the image helps establish that the supermassive black holes are typically surrounded by rings of superheated gas that's not true this image we already know that this is something that happens with supermassive black holes right now C the image helps to establish evidence that stars rapidly orbit an object at the Milky Ways galactic center we already know this we already have the indirect evidence so this is not correct now the image provides the first direct evidence this is significant again we're kind of tying back our we're correlating our qta our question text answer here all right the first direct evidence direct direct evidence that Sagittarius A is a super massive black hole this is true okay we are first right we are enhancing our understanding of the makeup but we are capturing the first images of the Sagittarius a region and proving that it has to be a black hole because this phenomenon is only observed in the case of black holes making our answer D so now we're going to look at topic five which is transitions so there's only really one question that the SAT is going to ask about a transition and that question is Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition so it's pretty simple basically which of these words right here is the best word to put in a blank so it's going to ask you a question we'll have a blank and you'll need to figure out which one so how can you do that so first thing you want to do is skim what we call a sentence sandwich and that means you have the sentence that you're focusing on with a blank you have the sentence before and you have the sentence after okay then you're going to determine what the function of that transition is what is it trying to do is it trying to show cause and effect is it trying to show like a list is it trying to show similarities examples emphases uh contradictions or opposites right you have to figure out which one of these it is trying to figure out and you do not need to memorize all of these just try to remember one or two and then see if you can find synonyms for those in your answer choices when you actually get a question okay now that you know which of these is the correct thing you're going to substitute a word that you know makes sense so let's say that you're thinking of a contradiction and you know the word but or you know the word however you're not really thinking about these words like nevertheless nonetheless that people don't really use as often you're going to just put this in the blank as bus so just like pretend that the word is but and then go look at the answer choices and find the word that's most similar to but and that's your five-step plan for figuring out what's the most logical transition that is quite question type number five all right and now we are on topic six inferences so the main question that the SAT will ask you for an inferences question is Which choice most logically completes the text basically which answer is the most is the best answer that makes sense that you can put in a blank like this one there's are three step strategy that's extremely easy that you can follow so first thing is you want to skim all the passage don't read every single word just kind of look over it and take note of which um which words are either details or transition words as we T covered in topic five and make sure if you see a topic sentence like this one usually the first sentence wheat and barley were the most important staple crops in most ancient river civilizations definitely take note of that too on your college board blue book test you'll be able to use a highlighter and you'll be able to use multiple colors of that highlighter so you can make sure that your answers are perfectly coordinated so now we're going to just take a look at an example question here all right wheat and barley were important staple crops in most ancient river civilizations archaeologist Dora fulman argues that the absence of Wheat and barley deposits in the Indus River Valley modern day India before 1900 bce. suggests that prior to this time these crops were imported to rather than grown in the region historians however note that several Millennia ago soil and weather conditions in the area were not favorable for preserving evidence of these grains for a long periods the fact that wheat and barley do not appear in the Region's Arch archaeological record therefore and then we have a blank so let's take note of what we have up here so we already kind of highlighted our topic sentence now we're going to take a look at details and transition words so our first detail here Argus archaeologist Dora fulman argues that the absence of Wheat and barley deposits in the indis river valley before 1900 BCE suggests that crops were imported rather than grown however however it's a transition word however historians note that several Millennia ago that would have been you know thousands of years ago around and before this time period soil and weather conditions in the area were not favorable for preserving evidence right the fact that wheat and barley do not appear there okay what well the historians here are contrasting and we see that because of the usage of the word how ever right therefore they're saying that her idea might not be true why because if soil and weather conditions couldn't preserve the evidence that there was wheat or barley then how could archaeologist Dora fulman know that there was wheat or barley or not right so a says suggests that staple grains were often imported by indust river valley civilizations prior to 1900 BC no this therefore is trying to prove the historians however a is trying to prove Choice a is trying to prove uh Dora fulman Point here right now B says does not eliminate the possibility that these grains were grown in the indis river valley before 19900 BC I would say this is the correct answer remember you should always eliminate all answers before moving on to your next question right but this makes sense because it's eliminating the possibility right because if evidence was not preserved then they would not know if there was we or barley now it's difficult to explain if these crops were grown historians believe that it it's true that the that soil was not favorable for preserving evidence so it's not necessarily difficult to explain we just don't know so there's a possibility proves that pre 1900 BC staple grain deposits are not often observed in Indus River Valley archaeological sites well we know this we know that they can't find anything because there's there's no way to preserve the soil right there's no way to preserve the evidence in the soil we know this but that's not related to this idea this therefore connects the however again we're using transition words right and this idea this idea here right saying this it's not mentioning this fact this was kind of the first part of the paragraph here and that's how all you need to know for your inferences officially the SAT no longer has vocabulary specific questions but in reality what they've replaced them with are words and context questions and these questions are extremely important to be able to use logicon to deduce the correct answer so you don't have to memorize hundreds and hundreds of vocabulary words that you might never use again so here I'm going to show you a quick strategy for how you can get these questions done so there are multiple questions you could be asked relating to words and context and if you don't know there are only a couple of questions again that the College Board can ask you in general in the English section and these are the ones that relate to words and context so here we have Which choice completes the text with the most logical or and precise word or phrase okay and here we're focusing on words all right now sometimes they'll give you a couple words that really Mak sense but again there's going to be a main word so here for example in congruities or deferences or preferences or Independence Etc right and then as used in the text what does and this is just going to be some vocab some vocab word what does that most nearly mean okay so what they might give you here is a is a word that has you know a bunch of a bunch of different meanings like date let's say you know you have the fruit you have the calendar date you might have a romantic date Etc what does that most nearly mean that only give synonyms for the different meanings of that word now here's how you're going to solve one of those the first thing we're going to do is skim the entire passage and you want to skim the entire passage you can get a general idea of the connotation of the passage so what kind of tone are we striking here are we informational are we happy are we joyful are we gloomy Etc then you're going to look at restatements now what's a restatement sometimes a college board will make a statement let's call it statement a all right and statement a has a blank all right now we're going to have statement B but statement B does not have that blink it is a restate of statement a but without the blank okay so you can find which word will correspond to this blank in statement B in statement a right you can find out which word corresponds to that blank and then you'll know the answer right you just need to find a synonym for that word that corresponds to the blank and your answer choices all right now you can always use context clues on our transition words from topic five to also help you figure that out now the next thing you're going to do is you're going to eliminate some of the words remember remember you may not know what all the words mean and that's okay what you first want to do is you want to eliminate the ones you know are wrong okay that you know are wrong or if that doesn't work if you can't find an answer after that then what you should do is eliminate ones that you think might be tonally incorrect for example if you want a positive word something that has a a prefix like on or dis or something like that probably isn't as positive as you want it to be so it's probably not the right answer so let's take a look at this example question the wide ranging catalog of J Jazz Trump Miles Davis has garnered an array of opinions from Jazz critics some argue that the obvious blank Davis's early traditional BBU output in the highly experimental Jazz Rock Fusion that would define his the end of his career reflected a genuine change in the artist's musical preferences While others contend that Davis's efforts across genres represented a shrewd response to changing commercial demands so I emphasize the word change here why because it appears twice and because it seems like that's kind of forming our statement a statement B here right so let's take a look Let's test our answer choices now some argue that the obvious independence of early traditional B output in the highly experimental Jazz Rock Fusion work that would define the end of his career reflected a genuine change well independence of doesn't really make sense this sure this might be independent but that doesn't really relate to this part here okay in rties between if you don't know this word let's just say we skip it for now okay what it means is differences all right now deference to some argue that the obvious deference to Davis's early traditional bbop in the highly experimental Jazz Rock Fusion work that would define his at the end of his career reflected a genuine change well deference 2 doesn't really make sense there he's not deferring to anything right if anything he's deferring to this because that's what he eventually switches to some arue at the obvious preferences for Davis's early traditional bbop and the highly experimental JZ Fusion work that would define the end of his career reflected a genuine change well preferences for doesn't really make sense either especially because let's say if he had a preference for this right he wouldn't he wouldn't choose a switch right so the answer should be this one just out of kind of out of process of elimination here right but even if you didn't know this see we were able to figure that out now in congruities makes sense incongruities means a difference it means a change something like that some sort of difference right between two things here we're comparing this and we're comparing this okay and we have a genuine change another change right so what we're trying to look for here is a word that involves some change and that is how you sol a words and context all right topic eight text structure and purpose this is one of the most important skills that will show up on your sat guaranteed these questions will be on there there's only two question types and I guarantee there will at least be one or two of these questions on that exam so the question types here we have Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text this is almost word for word on every sat they don't really change the structure of this question at all now they also have Which choice best describes a function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole this is also word for word on a lot of SATs we're going to split this up into two different method so let's look at the method for step for this first question here so the first thing is you read the answer choices then the passage why is this because when you're looking at a problem like this right what you need to know is how the entire function how every sentence essentially in the entire passage is functioning now passages in the SAT can be no longer than 150 words these ones are pretty close to that limit often okay now once you read the passage after you're done reading the answer choices you want to generalize each sentence okay generalize each sentence make it like one or two words summary so you can kind of look back at the answering choices and reference them like does this match what I'm seeing here what am I seeing and this might seem a little abstract but we're going to go over an example question in a second that should make this pretty simple okay then after you do that you're going to match your one word descriptions to the answer choices and that's pretty simple now we're also going to go over one little technicality here if you have a question that ask for the purpose the purpose is the why okay why is the author writing this what reason does the author have of giving this to you giving this information to you why is this author including this sentence or that sentence or whatever the structure is the how how is the author working to convince you of something how is the author telling their story all right so let's look at an example question here studies of consumer Behavior re reveal that in the minds of consumers prec prices never exists in a vacuum okay I'm going to go back and read the answer choices now so which Choice best describes to structure of the test text we know that it's going to be one of these problems here it's the exact same wording so a it presents a study a consumer Behavior then critiques the methods used to conduct the study B it outlines an experiment and it provides details and again you're going to see a lot of these keywords when you do one of these questions so I'm just going to kind of underline the keywords here so it presents a study then it critiques the methods it outlines an experiment then it provides details it introduces an argument then describes an attempt to alter that it states a finding then provides an example let's read the let's read the passage here studies of consumer Behavior reveal that in the minds of consumers prices never exists in a vacuum there is no price no matter how low that is always reasonable because consumers always measure current prices versus historical ones and against prices of other Goods we might think that 10 cents which is a quantity of money that most of us have mindlessly lost between couch cushion sheets around the sidewalk is always Expendable and it is when assigned to an item that normally costs $2 like a candy bar but charge 10 cents a checkout for a single-use plastic grocery bag an item for which consumers are not accustomed to paying directly in study that consumers are repelled refusing the bags about half the time rather than spending their dimes so let me kind of characterize this in the one sentence method so here I would kind of just call this a topic sentence right that's like two words but it's fine so let's call this topic sentence all right it could also be you know it's kind of like a you know if you were to think of a word here right what it's saying is it's kind of giving a little bit of a claim or a fact or just basically a statement now we might think okay what what does this sentence really doing this is kind of providing you with an argument I would say right maybe an argument because it's saying that it's always Expendable we might think maybe it's not the author is going to introduce that maybe it's not right and it is maybe so let's say this this one I would say is kind of a short send it it's not really it's kind of part of this one so I'm not going to ass a new word okay then it says but charge 10 cents at a checkout for a single-use plastic grocery bag and studies will show that consumers are repelled this is an example this is pretty simple so I'm going to go back and look at my answer choices again let's try to match this up so it's not presenting a study that's definitely not true it's not criti critiquing any methods used to conduct that study so it's definitely not a it's outlining experiment no there's no experiment that we have outlined here okay there's definitely no procedure outlined it introduces an argument well maybe but it definitely does not describe an an attempt to alter those habits we don't see that here say it's a finding States well we had the word statement up here right I kind of said the word statement it's a topic it's claim it's a fact that's what we're starting off with then it provides an example have that here for sure demonstrating that finding so we can you can just say it's D and that's how you want to solve one of those problems now let's take a look at a different problem right kind of similar Which choice best describes the function the underl sentence as a whole so the first thing you read here is you read the answer choices then you read the sentence okay you just read the sentence and then you read the surrounding sentences so we're going back to that sentence sandwich okay and then we're going to do we're going to do in one word all right we're going to describe our sentence sandwiches so each of these words is going to have one sentence description our sented sandwich is a sentence before the line sentence and the sentence after let's take a look at this question from the lightning rod man the standard The Stranger still stood in the exact middle of the cottage where he had first planted himself okay that's just kind of introducing it now we're going to take a look at our answer choices here so which Choice blah blah blah blah we know what the answer what the the question's asking here so it sets of the character description presented in the sentence that follow it establishes a contrast with the description in the previous sentence it elaborates on the previous description of the character it introduces the setting that is described the sentences that follow so first sentence stranger still stood in the exact middle of the college where he had first planted himself okay that's kind of just like a description I guess his Singularity impelled a closer scrutiny a lean gloomy figure this is kind of short so we're going to kind of extend our sentence sandwich okay because we see that this could be a comma and this all right it could be some other form of of linking phrases here and now kind of works hair dark and Link matted stre over his brow his sunken pitfalls of eyes were ringed by Indigo Halos and played with an innocuous sort of lightning The Gleam without the bolt the whole man was Dripping he stood in a puddle on the bar o floor his strange walking stick vertically resting at his side so let's try to characterize our sentence sandwich here so this is a description right this is just a description it's further description this is kind of introducing that description right it's an introduction it's a why right his sing what is impelling this description why are we having this description because of a singularity in the sentence before it's kind of just introducing us all right it's kind of just context where is he what's he doing what's where's he at right so I would say immediately this is a this is our why it's impelling a closer closer scrutiny and it's leading to this this whole rest of the passage which is our character description there's no contrast he hasn't moved he hasn't done anything there's no description of the character really here he's in the middle of the college in the middle of the cottage he's a stranger that's pretty much it it's not really elaborating on that it's kind of more elaborating on his looks at this point right introduce the setting not true that's the first sentence and that is how you would solve any sort of teex structure and purpose question all right now we move on to topic n rhetorical synthesis so this seems like a lot rhetorical synthesis sounds like a complicated topic but it's really not any time that they ask you a question like this it's going to say Which choice most evly uses info from the students noes to accomplish the goal okay and this seems a little bit weird at first because this has never been a question that was asked in the paper sat digital only pretty much but it's pretty simple so when we look at our steps here we have read the question then you read the answer choices and this is important you read the question first okay because the question will give you important information all right in these cases the rhetorical synthesis questions they sound complicated I would say objectively they are the easiest questions on the SAT okay you eliminate clearly incorrect answers this is a huge one for rhetorical synthesis because often a lot of the answers at least two or three of them are completely wrong you're just completely wrong they don't answer the question then once you do that once you eliminate questions you're probably only left with one or two choices okay you're going to validate the info and the remaining answers so you just read the passage and that's when you actually read the passage okay and then you're going to choose one let's take a look at this example question so when researching a topic a student took the following notes there's a bunch of notes student wants to emphasize a similarity what choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish that goal this is a similarity they're both both this is not even a similarity okay we can just elimate this one straight off the Box this one says unlike also not a similarity I don't have to read the passage I don't know any need to know who Charles Dickens is I don't need to know who Tom Jones is Harry Henry filing whatever I can already tell you that these two choices are wrong because there's no similarity here completely wrong so now I just need to figure out which one of these is correct so let's take a look at peer pesque novels or whatever I don't even know how to pronounce it doesn't matter okay this one says David Copperfield is a buildings Roman but only Tom Jones seems to be a PES novel so a is wrong we know must be B but let's see both of them focus on the adventure their title characters see David Copperfield David Copperfield at the main character look grows learns changes from experience we're focusing on the adventures of the Title Character since also focusing on the adventures of its title character with the main character so we know it's B again these questions are super simple you can often eliminate quite a few answer choices right off the bat without even reading U make sure use the answer Eliminator in Blue Book when you take the SAT to just quickly eliminate those choices and get them out of your mind um and then you just need to read the passage just skim them you know it's notes it's bulleted notes it shouldn't be hard to skim so once you do that you should be all set for these types of problems real quick real easy all right everybody topic 10 cross text connections is our next topic here so question types based on the text the authors of both Pages would most likely agree on which statement or how would the authors of text one respond to a claim from text two or you know text two to text one Etc okay these are pretty simple they're kind of like rhetorical synthesis isn't that you do have to do a lot of reading sometimes but here are steps to solve those types of problems so the first thing you're going to do you want to skim passages you don't necessarily need to read every word just make sure you get the general idea make sure you know which side of the argument both are on which reasoning what line of reasoning they have Etc then you're going to eliminate conflicting choices or choices that conflict with these lines of reasoning and these and their and their you know their point of views now remember that the correct answer okay the correct answer will extend the author's point of view they'll extend their ideology what does that mean well the in each text there's going to be some sort of ideology that's stated some sort of Point Choice view opinion whatever right and they're going to they're going to back that up with some sort of reasoning but what your answer Choice should do is your answer Choice should should kind of continue their logic continue their line of reasoning right it shouldn't conflict with it it shouldn't do anything like that let's take a look and just read these okay I'm not going to read them word for word I'm just going to skim them give you a second here to skim them maybe see if you can answer the question okay so let's start off with answer Choice a by pointing out that Moore would assert that external World skepticism is at odds with other beliefs that these proponents must unavoidably hold okay and this is how author one is responding to author two so author two is saying that external World skepticism is philos philosophical stance supposing that we cannot be sure of the existence of anything outside of our own mind and G Moore who is the guy up here is offering a proof refuting this stance refuting The Stance okay and I would say that this immediately is our answer all right why is this because more is asserting right that to think about this right to even think about external World skepticism you can't be sure of anything so to be sure of something to be sure of anything you need to have your basis you need to be sure of something to be sure of anything right so I would say this is a now this is pretty philosophical right we're getting kind of deep here but by B okay so by arguing that it is valid if it is valid to assert some facts are true based on Instinct it is also valid to assert that other proofs are inadequate based on Instinct well this isn't really what he's offering up okay there's not too much on Instinct here the main choice is definitely not an instinct and this one doesn't even really mention Instinct right so he's not going to respond to text two by talking about instinct when text two didn't even talk about Instinct now Choice C by AR agreeing he's not going to agree we can just take this out right here but with agreeing that proponents that contr his own is fundamentally unserious and that's not how somebody's going to argue they're not going to say oh you're silly right so this is this is not the right answer now our last Choice here by suggesting that instinctive distaste for moris position is preventing external World Skeptics from constructing a sufficiently rigorous reputation of more now she's calling an obviously annoying failure right and they haven't found out how to refute it exactly but I would say that this is not the answer right because although they are instinctively distasteful of it right external World Skeptics aren't explicitly mentioned here right external World Skeptics here are here we don't know if she's necessarily specifically and external World skeptic because it just as many philosophers right and this is not what the what this aru what this author is arguing here okay this is a better answer maybe this could work if this if we didn't have a but D is just simply not as good of an answer because of course he's going to go after the root of the issue this goes after the root of the issue and this basically just says well if you can't do it if you can't refute me then I'm right okay they're going to try to give some more reasoning they're going to back up their previous reasoning they're not going to keep saying you know I'm right and you're not that's not productive argument so that's that means that a would be our better choice there all right we've got boundaries now we're moving on to Standard English okay which Choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventure of Standard English you're going to see this phrasing a million times on the SAT it's guaranteed to be on there these are just some of the things we're also going to get into form structure and sense but this is boundaries so first thing you need to know is your types of Clauses so you got two types of Clauses you should know this right this should be common sense there should be common knowledge independent and dependent clauses so an independent clause uh can stand on its own so something like the man and the dog went to the park all right this part here is an independent clause but this part here the dependent clause is where they played catch if I just said where they played catch it doesn't make sense okay like just think about it think about it in your head it doesn't make sense you wouldn't say that right so a dependent clause is something that requires some other Clause some independent clause to kind of qualify it so it makes sense right the where is now answered by to the park now we have to link Clauses right we have to link our dependent and our independent clauses and how we do that there's quite a few ways so the first thing is end Punctuation is kind of just like a qualifier for any of this right you need to make sure that if you're asking a question you're sentence asking a question it's going to end in a question or if you're making a statement it's in the period or an exclamation point right if you're making a command or something okay that should just be common sense you should just you know have that all set now coordination is our first way that we use to link independent clauses and we need to use Fanboys what's Fanboys it's an acronym for four and nor but or yet or so okay now we're going to use this formula here okay and you should you should memorize these also independent clause plus comma plus fan Bo plus another independent clause okay this is how you link using the coordination skill so you have a first independent clause then you add a comma a fanbo and another independent Clause so let's say we have our first here this is independent clause comma this is one of our Fanboys then another independent clause let's look at subordination we're going to use to link independent clauses again but we're going to make a clause dependent by doing a subordinating conjunction so we have a subordinating conjunction an independent clause a comma and independent clause although it was riging think about on on its own it doesn't really make sense because you're not you need to say something else although what right it doesn't make sense the sun was still shining another independent clause lastly we got our semicolons here we're going to use to link independent clauses again semicolons are the easiest one you just have to have an independent clause then a semicolon you know your space and then an independent clause ice cream was well scented semicolon the air smelled like chocolate now we have supplements or otherwise known as elements okay essential elements are necessary for this sentence to make sense and they don't require any separating punctuation a non essential element is separated from the rest of the sentence by either a comma or two commas a pair of commas a pair of dashes or a pair of parentheses right and the sentence still makes sense when a non-essential element is not there but if a sentence doesn't make sense when something is missing it means there was an essential element now if you have a non-essential element at the start of a sentence or at the end of a sentence you just separate that using one punctuation mark for example a famous president comma Abraham Lincoln was known for presiding over the the United States during the Civil War it's in the middle of a sentence you separate your non essential element using two punctuation marks again must be a pair of dashes parentheses or commas so I could make this parenthesis I could make this commas okay they're only going to give you one option that's correct so this also must match this I cannot have a dash and then like a comma it just doesn't make sense so Abraham L Lincoln a famous president was known for presiding over the United States during the Civil War lastly here's just a brief punct uation guide commas can be used to separate lists to separate elements as we see saw earlier and to link those Clauses together colons can only come at the end of an independent clause they can either provide an explanation to something or they can just you know give you a colon and then you have a list after that so you have a list okay dashes are used to separate non-essential elements as we discussed and that's pretty much all you'll need to use dashes for on the SAT and that is some basic grammar we are rounding off our study of topic 12 form structure and sense this is just the basics of sat grammar this is the final topic that we're going to go over here so let's start it off with some subject modifier placement subjects must be next to their modifier so if we have a subject of a sentence having being asked to write an essay on metaphors and MOB deck the white wh for which the novel is named was the topic chosen by most of the students students here is our subject because who's being asked the students are being asked okay so what's the answer well this is our this is our modifier this first sentence is almost always the mod modifier what's our subject the students that mean students must go right next to it must go right here and our answer is D okay now for our verbs and our subject verb agreement we're going to try to keep all of our sentence and passage it's going to it's got to be in one tense right we can't have you know some parts of senten is past tense some parts is future whatever whatnot all right and we also need to conjugate you know we can't say like they was it's they were or you know he were right he is or he was or whatever all right got to make sure that that's correct now I'll take an example question here reading fiction cooking from scratch and spending time in his garden is some of the ways that Frank relaxes no that doesn't make sense just think about it in your brain for a lot of these verb things here like does that make sense is that the right grammar um if you are an international student and these conjugations are a little tough for you try looking up some sort of um conjugation chart and memorize that before you go any further with your subject verb and your verb agreement but the answer here is R okay this is present tense he's currently he's currently doing the relaxing right they are some of the ways that he relaxes they aren't they is not some of the ways that he relaxes right they are some of the way okay your pro your pronoun antecedent agreement ensure that pronouns are accurately pluralized it's basically what this is right so though D's shoes were read in The Wizard of O books it was changed to Red in the movie it is not an it there were multiple shoes so I would say they were change to write in the movie because they were it's a plural these wases don't make sense right and she was makes even less sense right this doesn't really agree the shoes are not a she okay English is not a language where nouns are all necessarily gendered and our last bit here this is the last part of sat English we're at the end here plurals and possessives so plurals require no apostrophe right when you pluralize something you don't need to add an apostrophe never ever ever add an apostrophe even for an abbreviation let's say you're trying to teaching assistants Tas it is Tas there is no Tas with an apostrophe it's just Tas you never never add an apostrophe all right now singular possessives your apostrophe plus s okay when you make something possessive right when something is the companies okay say like the the desk is the companies you add an apostrophe s okay plural possessive also apostrophe unless it already ends in s okay this also applies for this rule so let's say we have you know vice president kamla Harris right Harris when Harris has something you just add an apostrophe you don't necessarily add an S now in some newspaper like the New York time style book they still add the extra s but conventionally we do not need to add the extra s this is a unusual thing that New York Times does with their style book you know AP will not recommend the same thing take a look at this a boa constr can give birth to dozens of live young who will first develop inside they are they are is what this says here right when we when we expand this Mother's body protected from predators this is a usage of the wrong there wrong there okay it's the wrong one all right they are it doesn't make sense just think about it you know expand the contraction if you need to and if it still sense you know put it down in the comments make sure that we know all right if you need more help with their all the different theirs but which Choice modifies the underlined text so that it conforms to this conventions of Standard English are typical question no change no because we know this this there cannot be correct so we can just eliminate that right at the spot their mother's body well whose body is it the mother has possession all right the mother has possession the mother has a singular possessive so the mother should have a positive the S okay it should not go after that doesn't make any sense it should be a apostrophe plus s which we see here the answer is D and that is the end of sat English