hello guys and welcome back to my channel in this video we will be learning about the stomach to begin with the stomach is also called the gas stir or the winter the stomach is a muscular back forming the widest and most distensible part of the digestive tube it is connected above to the lower end of the esophagus as you can see right here and below to the duodenum it acts as a reservoir of food and helps in digestion of carbohydrates proteins and fats now looking at the location of the stomach it lies obliquely in the upper and left part of the abdominal now the abdomen is divided into nine regions as you see right here the nine regions now I will name that this is the right hypochondria this is the epigastrium this is the left hypochondria this is the umbilical region this is the right lumbar this is the left lumbar this is the right iliac fossa this is the left iliac fossa and this is the hypogastric now the stomach lies in the epigastric region the umbilical region and the left hypochondriac regions most of it lies under the cover of the left costal margin and the ribs now looking at the shape and position of the stomach it depends upon the degree of the tone of its muscles and also the tone of the muscles of the body in normal active persons the shape of the stomach is somewhat J shaped as you can see right here in thin and tall persons as well it is J shaped while in broad and strong and very active persons its shape is horizontal now looking at the size and capacity of the stomach the stomach is a very distensible organ it is about 25 centimeter long and the mean capacity is one ounce that is 30 milliliters at birth and one liter at puberty and one and a half to two liters or more in adults now concisely points of what we have studied till now stomach is also called the Gaston of enter the stomach is a muscular bag forming the widest and most distensible part of the digestive tube it is connected about to the lower end of the esophagus and below to the tottenham it acts as a reservoir of food and helps in digestion of carbohydrates proteins and fats no location of the stomach it lies obliquely in the upper and left part of the abdominal occupying the epigastric umbilical and left hypochondriac regions most of it lies under the cover of the left costal margin and the ribs looking at the shape and position the shape of the stomach depends upon the degree of the toll of its muscles and the tour of the muscles of the body in normal active persons that is thinik its shape is somewhat J shaped in thin tall persons hypostatic its shape is J shaped while in broad strong and very active people its shape is horizontal looking at the size and capacity the stomach is a very distant scible organ it is about 25 centimeter long and the mean capacity is one ounce that is 30 milliliters at birth one liter at puberty and one and a half to two liters or more in adults now looking at the external features of the stomach it has two orifices two curvatures or borders two surfaces and two parts now we look at it in detail firstly looking at the two orifices or the two openings of the stomach first is the cardiac orifice it is joined by the lower end of the esophagus and it lies behind the 7th costal cartilage to point five centimeter from its junction with the sternum as you can see right here at the level of the vertebra of t11 moving on to the pyloric orifice it opens into the duodenum in an empty stomach and in the supine position it lies 1.2 centimeter to the right of the median plane and at the level of the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra its position is indicated by two structures on the surface of the stomach one is by a circular groove and second is by the pre pyloric vein of my own which cannot be seen in this diagram moving on to the two curvatures of the stomach we have the lesser curvature and the greater curvature the lesser curvature is concave and forms the right border of the stomach it provides attachment to the lesser omentum the most dependent part of the curvature is marked by this notch which is called the angular not moving on to the greater curvature of the stomach it is convex and forms the left border of the stomach it provides attachment to the greater omentum the gastro phrenic ligament and the gastro splenic ligament and its upper end the greater curvature presents the cardiac notch that is the angle of fist that you see right here which separates it from the esophagus it is five times as longer as the lesser curvature moving on to the surfaces we have the anterior surface and the posterior surface the anterior surface of the stomach or the anthro superior surface faces forwards and upwards while the posterior or the postural inferior surface of the stomach faces backwards and downwards now before we move on to the two parts of the stomach let's concise the things that we have learned till now the stomach has two orifices or openings two curvatures or borders and two parts the two orifices are the cardiac orifice and the pyloric orifice the cardiac orifice is joined by the lower end of the esophagus it lies behind the left seventh costal cartilage to point five centimeter from its junction with the sternum at the level of the vertebra tea level the pyloric orifice opens into the duodenum in an empty stomach an in the supine position it lies one point two centimeter to the right of the median plate at the level of the lower border of the vertebra l1 there is a first lumbar vertebra its position is indicated on the sir of the stomach by a circular group and by the pre pyloric beam of my looking at the two curvatures there is a lesser curvature and the greater curvature the lesser curvature is concave and forms the right border of the stomach it provides attachment to the lesser moment the most dependent part of the curvature is marked by the angular notch the greater curvature is convex and forms the left border of the stomach it provides attachment to greater omentum gastro phrenic ligament and gastro splenic ligament and its upper end the greater curvature presents the cardiac notch which separates it from the II so Vegas it is five times as longer as the lesser curvature then moving on to the two surfaces the anterior or an through superior surface faces forwards and upwards the posterior or the post through inferior surface faces backwards and downwards now looking at the two parts of the stomach there is a cardiac and the pyloric part the larger cardiac part is further subdivided into a fundus and a body the smaller pyloric part is subdivided into pyloric Antrim and the pyloric canal now looking at the cardiac part of the stomach in detail the fundus of the stomach is the upper convex shaped part situated above a horizontal line drawn at the level of the cardiac orifice that is this is the fundus it is commonly distended with gas which is seen clearly in the radiography examination under the left door of the diaphragm next let's look at the body of the stomach it lies between the fundus and the pyloric antrum it can be distended enormous lis along the greater curvature of the stomach the gastric glands distributed in the fundus and the body of the stomach contain all three types of secretory cells namely the mucous cells the chief cells which secrete digestive enzymes and finally the parietal cells or ox entik cells which secrete hydrochloric acid now looking at the pyloric part which we describe more clearly in this diagram the pyloric antrum that you see right here it's separated from the pyloric canal by an inconstant sulcus called the sulcus intermedius that you see right here the pyloric canal is narrow and tubular and that is right end it terminates at the pylorus right here now concise in the important points are the parts of the stomach the stomach is divided into two parts and is the cardiac and the pyloric part the larger cardiac part is further subdivided into fundus and body the smaller pyloric part is subdivided into pyloric engine and pyloric canal looking at the cardiac part it has the fundus and the body of the stomach the fundus of the stomach is the upper convex don't shaped part situated about a horizontal line drawn at the level of the cardiac orifice it is commonly distended with gas which is seen clearly in the radiographic examination under the left door of the diaphragm the body of the stomach lies between the funders and the pyloric Antrim it can be distended enormous Lee along the greater curvature the gastric glands distributed in the fundus and body of the stomach contain all three types of secretory cells namely the mucous cells chief cells peptic or zymogen excels with second I step in Zipes and finally the parietal or Oxenberg cells which secrete hydrochloric acid moving on to the pyloric part the pyloric antrum is separated from the pyloric canal by an inconstant sulcus called the sulcus in the medius the pyloric glands are richest in mucous cells the pyloric canal is narrow and tubular at its right end it terminates at the pylorus moving on to the relations of the stomach first let's look at the peritoneum relations the stomach is lined by peritoneum on both its surfaces now what is peritoneum peritoneum is a large serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity at the lesser curvature of the stomach the layers of peritoneum lining the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach meet and become continuous with the lesser omentum as you see right here along the greater curvature of the stomach the two layers need to form the greater omentum right here now what is the lesser omentum and the greater omentum the lesser omentum is a fall of peritoneum which extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and first to centimeter of the duodenum to the liver the greater omentum is a large fold of peritoneum which hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach as you see right here like an apron and covers the loops of intestines to a varying extent near the fundus of the stomach the two layers need to form the gastro splenic ligament right here near the cardiac end the peritoneum on the posterior surface is reflected onto the diaphragm as the gastro phrenic ligament right here now cranial two this ligament there is a small part of the posterior surface of the stomach which is in direct contact with the diaphragm that area is called the bare area of the stomach moving on to the visceral relations of the stomach and looking at the relations on the anterior surface the anterior surface of the stomach is related to the liver the diaphragm and the transverse colon and the anterior abdominal water the relations amount in red color the pink color and blue color respectively the space between the costal margin and lower edge of the left lung on the stomach is called the Traub a space normally on percussion there is resonant note over this space now moving on to the relations on the posterior surface of the stomach the posterior surface is related to structures forming the stomach bed all these structures are separated from the stomach by the cavity of the lesser sac now what is a lesser sac the lesser sac which is also called the omental bursa is the cavity in the Domon that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum the structures of the stomach bed are the diaphragm here is an area related to the diaphragm the left kidney that you see right here the left suprarenal gland right here the pancreas the transverse me so : right here the splenic flexure of the colon and finally the splenic artery now concise in the important points under the relations of the stomach looking at the peritoneum relations the stomach is lined by the peritoneum on both its surfaces at the lesser curvature the layers of the peritoneum lining the anterior and posterior surfaces meet and become continuous with the lesser omentum along the greater curvature the two layers meet to form the greater omentum near the fundus of the stomach the two layers meet to form the gastro splenic ligament near the cardiac end the peritoneum or the posterior surface is reflected onto the diaphragm as the gastro phrenic ligament cranial 2 this ligament a small part of the posterior surface of the stomach is in direct contact with the diaphragm and this is the bare area of the stomach moving on to the visceral relations the anterior surface of the stomach is related to the liver diaphragm transverse colon and anterior abdominal wall the space between the left costal margin and the lower edge of the left lung on the stomach is called the true base piece normally on percussion there is resonant note over the space now the posterior surface of the stomach is related to the structures forming the stomach bit all of which are separated from the stomach by the cavity of the lesser sac these structures are the diaphragm left kidney left suprarenal gland pancreas transverse me so : splenic flexure of the cordon and finally the splenic artery moving on to the blood supply of the stomach we have to remember the names of seven blood vessels first is the left gastric then the right gastric left gastroepiploic right gastroepiploic gastro and largely short gastric artery and splenic artery now looking at how these blood vessels supply the stomach firstly the celiac trunk that you see right here is a branch of the abdominal aorta it gives three branches first is the left gastric that you see right here second is the splenic artery and third is the common hepatic artery so we have three branches from the celiac trunk first is the left gastric second is a splenic artery third is the common hepatic artery the common hepatic artery gives off two branches first is the right gastric artery that you see right here and the gastro to ordinary artery so the common hepatic artery gives off the right gastric artery and the gastro duodenal artery now the gastro duodenal artery divides to form the right gastroepiploic artery that you see right here the right gastric artery that you see right here which is a branch of the common hepatic artery as well as the left gastric artery which is a branch of the celiac trunk right here both of them Anasta most at the lesser curvature of the stomach right here now the splenic artery which is a branch of the celiac trunk right here divides into short gastric arteries and the left gastroepiploic artery right here now after having learned the course of these blood vessels let's look at each areas of the stomach and it's blood supply the lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by the left gastric artery and the right gastric artery right here the greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery and the left gastroepiploic artery finally the fundus is supplied by five to seven short gastric arteries now the venous drainage of the stomach is by the portal vein the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic veins now concise in the important points another blood supply of the stomach the stomach has a rich supply of blood vessels the seven blood vessels are the left gastric right gastric left gastroepiploic right gastro pploi gastro duodenum short gastric and splenic artery now looking at the cause of the blood vessels the celiac trunk is a branch of the abdominal aorta it gives three branches there is a left gastric the splenic artery and the common hepatic the common hepatic gives off right gastric and gastro duodenal artery the gastro door done in turn divides to form right gastroepiploic artery the right and left gastric artery and as the most at the lesser curvature and supply the lesser curvature of the stomach the splenic artery gives off short gastric arteries which supply the fundus of the stomach and the left gastroepiploic artery the left gastroepiploic artery and the right gastroepiploic artery supply the greater curvature of the stomach finally the venous drainage is by the portal superior mesenteric and the splenic means now looking at the lymphatic drainage of the stomach the stomach can be divided into four lymphatic tear trace ABC be looking at the first that is in the upper part of left 1/3 of the stomach drains into the pancreatic Oh splenic nodes line along the splenic artery right here second constitutes the right 2/3 of the stomach there drains into the left gastric lymph nodes right here line along the artery that is a left gastric artery now the lower part of the left one-third right here drains into the right gastroepiploic lymph nodes and finally the pyloric part drains in different directions into the pyloric hepatic nodes that you see right here sub pyloric nodes etc now concise in the important points under the lymphatic drainage of the stomach the stomach can be divided into four lymphatic territories first is the upper part of the left 1/3 which drains into the pancreatic or splenic nodes lying along the splenic artery the right 2/3 of the stomach drains into the left gastric nodes lying along the left gastric artery that is along the artery of the same name lower part of the left 1/3 drains into the right the Astro epiploic nodes and finally the pyloric part drains in different directions into the pyloric hepatic and left gastric lymph nodes moving on to the nerve supply of the stomach the stomach is supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves the sympathetic nerves are vasomotor nerves and motor to the pyloric sphincter whereas the parasympathetic nerves are the anterior gastric nerve and the posterior gastric nam that you see right here and here now concise in the important points in on the nerve supply of the stomach it is supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves the sympathetic nerves are Vasa motor motor to the pyloric sphincter and the chief pathway for sensations from the stomach and parasympathetic nerves are anterior and posterior gastric nerves now let's look at the features of the interior of the stomach it has a mucosa a sub mucosa and a muscle code along with a serous layer now look let's look at each of these layers in detail the mucosa that is this layer of an empty stomach has folds termed as gastric roogie the roogie are longitudinal along the lesser curvature of the stomach and irregular elsewhere on the new COSO surface there are numerous small depressions called gastric pits the gastric glands open into these gastric pits the part of the lumen of the stomach that lies along the lesser curvature and has a longitudinal roogie is called the gastric canal it allows the rapid passage of swallowed liquids along the lesser curvature directly to the lower part moving on to the submucous layer that is the submucosa right here it is made up of connective tissue arterioles and nerve plexus next we have the muscle code as you can see right here the longitudinal fibers are the most superficial ones they are mainly seen along the curvatures of the stomach next comes the inner circle of fibers they encircle the body and are thickened at the pylorus to form the pyloric sphincter next the the deepest layer consists of oblique fibers which loop over the cardiac notch finally we have the serous layer that you see right here it consists of peritoneum covering now concise in the features of the interior of the stomach the mucosa of an empty stomach has force termed as gastric roogie the roogie are longitudinal along lesser curvature and irregular elsewhere on the mucosal surface there are numerous small depressions called gastric pits the gastric glands open into these pits the part of the lumen of the stomach that lies along the lesser curvature and has longitudinal roogie is called the gastric inner it allows rapid passage of swallowed liquids along the lesser curvature directly to the lower part next looking at the sub mucous court or the submucosa it is made up of connective tissue arterioles and nerve plexus the muscle code is arranged as longitudinal fibers which are the most superficial mainly along the curvatures of the stomach the inner circular fibers which encircle the body and a thickener the pylorus to form the pyloric sphincter the deepest layer consists of oblique fibers which loop over the cardiac notch and finally the serous code consists of peritoneum covering moving on to the functions of the stomach it is a reservoir of food and mixer of food it softens and mixes food with the gastric juice by its peristaltic movements gastric glands produce gastric juice which is important which has an important role in dejure digestion gastric glands produce hydrochloric acid which destroys many organisms present in food the Nuuk assigning protects gas new cosas beans a corrosive action of HCL stomach produces intrinsic factor of castle which helps in absorption of vitamin we tell and finally alcohol water salt and few drugs are absorbed in the stomach looking at the clinical anatomy of the stomach peptic ulcers can occur in the sides of pepsin and hydrochloric acid namely the stomach first part of duodenum lower end of ease of Vegas and meckel's diverticulum gastric ulcer occurs along the lesser curvature of the stomach it is not obviously resistant to healing and persists for years together to promote healing the effect of HCl can be minimized by antacids gastric carcinoma is common and occurs along the greater curvature of the stomach pyloric obstruction can be congenital or acquired and finally hypo sonic stomach is more prone for gastric ulcer finally looking at the histology of the stomach the cardiac end of the stomach has simple columnar epithelium with small tubular glands as you can see right here the fundus and body of the stomach has stalled simple tubular gastric glands and the pyloric part consists of pylori glands finally concise in it as three points the cardiac end has simple columnar epithelium with small tubular glands funders and body of stomach has stalled simple tubular gastric glands and the pyloric part consists of pylori I hope you found this video helpful to get the notes of stomach as well as notes on other topics of anatomy physiology biomechanics pathology and psychology visit my Instagram page the link to which is given in the description below to get updates on my latest videos click on the subscribe button to get notifications tap on the bear-like thank you for watching