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Agency and Structure in Sociology

Jul 2, 2025

Overview

This episode explains the concepts of "agency" and "structure" in sociology, highlighting their definitions and the difference between individual action and societal systems.

What is Agency?

  • Agency refers to a person's ability to act independently and make choices.
  • Individuals exercise agency when they make decisions based on their own free will.

What is Structure?

  • Structure is the patterned system within society that shapes and limits individuals' choices and opportunities.
  • Structures include social institutions, cultural norms, and established patterns of behavior.

Agency vs. Structure

  • Agency focuses on personal independence and decision-making power.
  • Structure deals with the external factors that influence or constrain individual actions.
  • The relationship between agency and structure is central to understanding how society and individuals interact.

Key Terms & Definitions

  • Agency — the ability of people to act on their own accord and independence.
  • Structure — the patterned systems of society that impact and assign the choices (or opportunities) available to individuals.

Action Items / Next Steps

  • Read the article "What Is Agency?" by Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Miche for deeper understanding.