with the end of all to the perennial question the end of any war arises which is how are we going to guard the peace what kind of a post-war order is going to be created we've already seen this in the 18th century with the attempts to create stable or thereafter the world's fine succession we saw it in the 17th century with the Peace of Westphalia we saw it very successfully with the Vienna Congress system in the 19th century and then with the failures to replicate it for example these Watts attempts to create the system we saw it at the end of World War one with a precise system of the League of nation and now the same actors in away the same countries but with different decision makers are coming together a palace to try and figure out what is going to be the future of Europe and the world and the result of this is the Cold War and the Cold War is an interesting name to use because there wasn't any actual war between the two main protagonists of this conflict the United States of America and the Soviet Union there was a lot of war going on in the whole world and was tied to the competition but the two panelists avoid direct confrontation and on one side for the United States and its allies and the other segment Soviet Union and its dependencies and it should be understood that in both cases were talking about hegemonic systems the big difference between the you has tended to give a bit more freedom especially to it's important Europe he analyzed the Soviet Union to hold its allies a bit more dependent on it also for economic reasons the Soviet Union it's fair remember to turn scene was organized after under central planning while the western side was organized more among the markets of social democracy or regulated capitalism but the fundamental question here is simple with the end of World War two we have the end of European dominance on the world okay we already said how is actually the turning point was the warning years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century how essentially the decision of the United Kingdom to ally with Russia in the nineteen hundreds was a decision to sacrifice European interest in order to guard the British Empire the World War accelerated these people from Europe and what words who has now completely brought it to the fore since the two most important countries in the world are semi European now it's not as huge as change as it sounds first of all because both the US and Russia are parts of the European tradition okay the United States of America is a settler colony it's ruled by rural heads and it's mostly populated by Europeans but then and Russia is a Senya see optics and European country so it's not a complete people away from Europe in a way but what's important is that for the first time the two what was all of the power shall have a stake in the world not powers that necessarily see you as the center of their gravity so the question is what for the global political system how you see with the end of World War two there was no question about isolationism anymore the Americans were determined to remain relevant and guide the political system that we follow this is indifference with a reaction to be to work here that imagine that the League of Nations was the spiritual child of President Woodrow Wilson but the United States of America decided to stay out of the League of Nations important intellectuals and decision makers believe that that was one of the reasons my work were to happen and that there was no option for America stay out of Europe anymore so both the Soviets and the Americans were interested in creating a new regulatory system secondly this question that went on to how countries would fit into the capitalist world system that existed in the broad and now have become completed in a way what would be the relationship between the global political system and a global economic system because you had an actor the Soviet Union which was officially antique actors okay but this actor now wanted to be part of international politics so the question is what could be the relationships between the Soviet and the ducted system and what would that take forming in global politics and the two antithetical positions was a legal position on the one hand which championed the idea that states should be represented in liberal parliamentarian democracies with essentially a capitalist system of economy but a capitalist system of economy that would be regulated a Keynesian economic system do any of you know what Keynesianism did you do it in your other classes Keynes Keynesianism if you did IP or economic classes and was a discussion about it and somebody said something about caves over there yes okay you remember by any chance was about Keynes was an economist a British economist and after the first world war and after the Second World War he was one of the key decision-makers in the creation of the internal systems and keynes believe that capitalism did not work very well without government action that there was a need for the state to intervene sometimes in the markets to make up for the problems and flows of the market system he didn't call for communism or socialism but it did call for things like minimum wages the welfare state some price controls and so on and on the other hand you have a socialist practiced idea which called for the state control of all of the economy okay we already talked about it now let's look a bit up to this novelists the u.s. is the strongest major power after World War two Germany is ruined Japan is ruined France is Millie ated and facing problems of its own Italy has ceased to be considered a great power the United Kingdom is also facing economic problems the Soviet Union has an impressive military machine and has made impressive size in strikes in industrialization but the u.s. outpaces it when it comes to economic power pretty much the u.s. dominates the capitalist system after 1945 because of the other capitalist powers have been pretty much ruined economically now the goal of the u.s. United States decision-makers and especially President Truman and the administration are often going into the new era is first of all to intensify the expansion of the world system to essentially make the world more capitalist primarily by promoting free trade so they run an economic system that above all promotes the free movement of goods and Congress and politically they want to expand throughout sport assistance and see an end to the European colonial empires okay not necessarily because they are altruistic not necessarily because are not racist but see Nazi Germany kind of makes open assertions of racism not politically correct anymore their primary goal is to as with the Soviet Union as promising freedom to everybody and also undermine the attacks of European great powers to survive economically by creating attacking growth economic systems with the colonial empires now the Soviet Union is the most powerful radical state after 1945 radically the sense eliciting a transformation of the political and economic system of the world the problem is when it comes to economics the Soviets are ineligible they don't really have a very powerful economic impact in the world they are strong industry especially military industry but they don't have a good influence because for many years they didn't trade they don't participate in the capitalist system so the goal of Joseph Stalin who is now their questionable leader of the Soviet Union is first of all to as much as possible isolate the Soviet Union from the influence of the world system by after kicked and to expand its political system in international world again by the end of badly by any European colonial empires shot we have an interesting dynamic in both the United States of America and the Soviet Union are at appearance in the sense of anti colonialists they want to see an end European colonial empires so the result of the differences between them is the Cold War but the result of the agreement between them is this a map of the world where the world is divided in a huge number of states the old colonial empires for example the real France ruled on this area all this area are gone by the middle all war period but in their place you have systems to hegemonic powers that be more or less force their allies and dependencies to toe the line and if you move too much the one side or the other side you're in trouble any questions and you can see this here okay this is the number of states in the international political system okay if you do from 1750 to expert in the European system is fairly stable now with the year of imperialism you see an increase of states in the system because the Europeans in encounter or force previously non-state qualities to become European states japan the Ottoman Empire sought now during the world wars and the filter doubles as an uptick because of the collapse of the austrian ottoman and Russian and Bible to Venice look at the Cold War it explodes okay it simply explosion in just 40 years the number of states in the international system triples just 40 years compared to the last 200 years this is a direct result of the policies of the United States the Soviet Union of their attempt to undermine the European colonial empires and of the fact that the rest of the world wake up to the reality the bureau isn't a big country anymore a big aruna now the Cold War includes a political battle a battle for hearts and minds a battle began okay the US so we didn't try to organize politically orders and the relationships to the world system the u.s. creates a system of birth in recognition without major powers to cooperate with the United Kingdom and France later on with Germany and essentially basis its policy or four pillars first of all economic alliances through the Marshall Plan the creation of the Bretton Woods system later of the International Monetary Fund the World Bank the World Trade Organization that regulations of railroad systems the European Economic Community the goal is to intensify practice exploitation in the international system to help the States of Europe become essentially better targets for investment now result is an massive increase in prosperity okay don't misunderstand this these are exploitative capitalists but the fact that the European states become connected to each other through these economic systems permits an intensification of the production of solution capital which then is used by Keynesianism to create a better life for everybody more consumerism retirement funding welfare funding funding it's all there they create military alliances in order to help the weakest state within the system especially the theory theories to survive the challenge of the Soviet Union and to regulate confidence for example Greece and Turkey that if not regulated within the framework of our Western alliance will lead to essentially one of the two countries become solving it and that's created a divide those alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the NATO sayako which was an attempt to do a date on the Middle East which failed miserably across the Middle East the japan-us treaty one were most important treaties because essentially Japan becomes a protectorate of the United States of America and answers which is Australia New Zealand in the u.s. when it comes to political activity this is what the United States generally does in places like Western Europe and Japan where the Americans feel confident that they dominate the system they prefer supporting liberal parties and moderate socialists Social Democrats to hold power they support essentially middle of the bread road to center-left political activism as internal down against communism that's not so they support liberal democracy in places like Italy and France now if you are not easily transferred Japan yeah you're screwed we places like Turkey Greece Egypt what a bother Ecuador Peru Bolivia Vietnam and Thailand the United States feeling unsure about its dominance of the political system prefers military dictators or very conservative regimes where you might be conservative regimes what about the Soviet Union the Soviet Union also tries to create a system and it ends up leading a hegemonic system he tries to coordinate with China to create a to power balance of audition against the West in what they see max but it fails we'll see why it fails and it ends up with essentially very centralized system in which essentially the Soviets order their lives around some allies have more freedom and others but pretty much the Allies generally have to toe the line it's based again on four five systems first of all economic alliance they create comic-con the committee for the Konami coordination in Europe it's a weird people can do the time unlike let's say the European Economic Community or the whites were but one of the common one is not too intensified free trade instead it is to help the central planning committees of every socialist state to centrally plant the track so for example let's say I'm Soviet Union at your Poland in comic book I would come and say well we know we sit down we need arbitrations and everything we need X amount of wheat imports so bother you're gonna produce X amount of wheat then you're going to sell it to us and in return we're going to send you Y amount of Industry the goal is to essentially make every economy the Soviet bloc dependable completely on the other one now the Americans do not well the tools are different the Americans created see the control of monetary capital flows okay they control your nose they all your debt the Russians the Soviets create economic dependency through literally material capital they literally on your factory or your fire so both use dependency but as you can probably guess the second type could be a bit more problematic for countries that wish to pursue other goals they create military alliances the central one is the Warsaw Pact in Europe plus a military alliance with China and later on Cuba now in show me you in the places where the Soviets feel that dominate the Moodle activities pretty much opposition to liberalization and support for a total dictatorship of the proletariat the Soviets do not like the idea of Soviet political systems become internalized so whenever our local Soviet party decides what we want to permit a bit more debate the reaction of Moscow is yet usually with a heavy dose of tank okay in Western Europe they usually support socialist parties because the Communist Party become very quickly regression or very weak and anti-war activists whenever the Soviets cannot have a party in their support they will support pessimists since in most of the cases pacifism in the Soviet Union is illegal by the way if you're a pacifist you go to the gulag but in Western Europe they like the pacifists because a pacifist essentially within the resolve of European dollars to spend on NATO funding outside Europe they support and eperience move every strike if you're fighting colonial powers we don't care what you believe we don't care if you're Islam's fundamentalist or a capitalist scam or a brush what we will support you but once the country becomes independent whether we would like a conservative have enough for Italian Marxist regime we don't even really care how much this day I would just wanted to have power studying like controlling things he went through a lot of her church for example he liked controlling how much she can clap selling is depth founded it helps the centerfielder see peddanna course of it their house was enough to track down the trail if you didn't because so on [Music] ha this idea 7 o'clock afternoon and it was only before we give of Stephanie night as you continue clapping after that you go to the black okay so let's talk okay so in your role can you tell me the name of the main military alliance needed by the United States of America and the main military alliance created by Washington final boss okay okay my teeth over there so if you can that's it I don't know how you define it finishes class yes no just write the name of that the acronym of the alliance or the mate by the way the main one of the United States will make I don't need the peripheral ones and the Wayne one raided by the USSR okay the United States of America so beginner both created as part of their attempt to regulate the international system military alliances I would like the name of the Central American alliance and of the central Soviet allies okay just yeah it's fine for the name just to see how much of that you give me know how much you're sleeping I just booked the path of a moment emotional the way we got medical alight still exists by the way that I'm talking about turkeys the shop utilize doesn't exist anymore by mistake I just said the name just before so you've got that good for you the name is after a capital of a country for the Soviets okay okay let me continue while you're pondering that let's look at politics and the clashes between the United States of America and the Soviet Union in the early part of the Cold War and in the early part of the war the United States of America is dominated by essentially two administrations that Truman Democratic Party administration and the Eisenhower Republican Party so in general the Democrats dominate the political system in the early Cold War and the Soviet Union is dominated by corporal sorry lastly that means long live son by the way that is what people said when they were executed before the coup your kettle no use having to show that you're dying as a proud Soviet citizen recognizing your mistake now the main caustic that starts off the reason why you have the idol world speech by Churchill was the fact that the Soviet Union quickly undermined all of the mixed political regimes created at the end of the world war in suppose of Archaea Romania and Bulgaria initially the Soviets agreed to work with who you are political parties and bourgeois world in those concepts okay they did immediately replace the government's with communist governments but they demanded that the Communist Party be part of the government and what happened Sean is surely the Communist Party started purging in every country the Muslim parties are till in the end the only parts left were the Communists and those parties subordinate of them once the purchase were completely the old and each was executed so for example the king of Bulgaria Boris the third was executed by the Soviets the king of Romania was like he escaped and she was a white man the Foreign Minister of the liberal whose Rockmond committed suicide by jumping out of his prison cell let's put it that way ok so pretty nasty things in Poland for example we fought the superior army that was loyal to the old Polish government before the fall of Palermo go to was purged they were hunted down and executed by the communists at the same time in Greece there is a civil war going on Greece was conquered by the Germans the book ends at the Italian World War 2 and then by 1942 our resistance movement has sprung and that resistance movement quickly becomes divided between pro-communist forces which is the biggest resistance movement there and anti-communist forces like a desk and what happens is in 1944 Greece is liberated with the arrival of English troops and communists make an attempt to take over government because they see the exile government of the royal King forgiving people who collaborated with an Isis they were defeated then they were purged and then it again and they were supported by socialist people's Libyan led by marshal Tito and this led to a three year NASA civil war unit between 1946 and 1949 in France and Italy again thanks to world war ii the colonists parties become very powerful and the soviet union fully supports them the united states of america considers us from this part is a threat but it is not good to essentially undermine the liberal democracies you know spaces so as we are going to see the Americans find a very interesting way that has to do with money for undermining the Communists now when what was intended it was decided to divide Germany into a number of jobs unlike over one the German state was dissolved okay officially from 1925 to graph in 1949 there is no Germany in the world Germany is divided into four zones each one administrative and the Allies officially the name Russia is declared illegal you cannot create a country called Prussian Europe it's actually legal under the Treaty of Paris you cannot even call a state in Germany Russia the name Russia has been declared completely liberal what happens is bitterly special you see Berlin the capital of Germany is in the middle of the zone controlled by the Soviet Union but Berlin itself the city is also divided into zones of control by the Allies and my 1948 the Soviets stopped languages idea and what they would like city is the creation of a German state unified which would be neutral and which the Soviets sought to control slowly by political interventions so they make up look Haley dr. Lee in order to force of worse than the rights to agree to that now when the Marshall Plan is declared initially the Soviets to meet Czechoslovak participate but when we quickly decide that no Soviet state should participate in the Marshall Plan so now that goodness money is only twenty of the Eastern European states Turkey was neutral with World War two and when the Soviets war they decided to raise the issue Armenia again in order to first to fourth to the state to become a Soviet Ally interception open the Straits to the Turkish to the Soviet Navy as a result is made no new church very pro-american and Turkey to defend itself becomes very close to the United States of America as a result Berlin located and as a direct result of the need to organize forceful Europe by 1949 British French and Americans unite results of occupation in Germany and create a Federal Republic of Germany in reaction the Soviet Union that creates the Germans Democratic People's Republic also known as DDR so if you don't get that stance revolution did he is also the acronym for the tourist Okhotsk finally by 1949 Tito has decided that Yugoslavia has to have its own foreign policy the soviets don't like that they actually threaten what you columbia but it was like a second to survive so how does the united states react to this in Greece they support the conservative liberals the anti-communist side which means also a lot of Nazi collaborators the Greek Civil War II is transforming where you can put the Nazi collaborator in the water and bring out a patriot as long as you're killing communists soon as collaboration is forgiven in each other Francis of what Conservative Party in the case of victim in the CIA which is newly created organizes a massive letter-writing campaign in which millions of Italian Americans write letters to their families in Italy tell them don't vote for the Communists and they also spent a lot of money on the Italian conservative but it works it actually successfully works in the first three elections the Communists are actually defeated so funny enough the CIA's first major success had nothing to do with assassinations groups and country who've just get a lot of Italian Americans like Horatio don't vote for the Communists us and then is the good side there is pizza here now in Spain Portugal and Turkey the United States of America supports the existence or Torian regimes the Salazar regime Portugal the families in Spain and the one-party state in Turkey too later on in order to become a board nicer Western ally in or new decides to permit free elections for the first time since 19 since the creation of the Republican you get the Democrat Party created in Germany just like in Greece and the communism becomes the washing machine in which literal Nazis not a massive collaboration is but little Nazis are put in the washing machine and brought out as visibly nasa fight good guys by the way the Soviets also use Nazis but the Soviets tended to also beat them around that's the main difference okay the biggest who of the Americans is the earth the whole world is the Marshall time is a massive success not only does the European Western European economies build up it also helps persuade a lot of everyday people that America is a red lights and give me give you an example of the Marshall Plan okay so if you went to Greece in 1946 literally families would be given sacks of rice which would come from America and we say gift of the people of the United States of America that the Greek people it was a very successful propaganda campaign and they were smart they actually invited the Eastern Europeans to participate as well and that's why the Soviets refused to let them take part it was a great pool unlikely interwar period the United States does not be militarized remember that shortly once the Americans said that we need to fight whatever war they do this used to make their arms extremely small what war - is the time with this tense there is no demobilization the united states army's getting massive numbers and it's especially kept in western europe in huge numbers now they are tempted destabilize the communist regimes in this germany now banana trap okay the one in albania the CIA again so the way the CIA decided to try to destabilize the communist regime in Albania which was hardcore communist regimes is one of the most stupidest things I've ever read in my life they were essentially parachute check polish and the Communists into Albania with a lot that than those checks and polish and the colonies will be able to travel back to Poland and check okay so okay they did that world war two here's the problem well there was one of the most insular states in the world okay so the moments of foreigners shows up there are immediate literally I'm officially something posted maybe 10,000 people died in this attempts of the United States of America to get agents into the Eastern Bloc through Albania and they continued doing it because of bureaucracy was doing it just didn't care about explain anything to that for people who read the agency they supported people are against the Soviet Union people did not become an error of the West but he essentially was smart enough to use Soviets against NATO and NATO nest Soviets and finally they supported alternative and Soviet Marxists in Europe I'm not kidding the CIA actually funded some of the avant-garde new left magazines that were published in France and Italy and the United States of America so you will be an anti-capitalist Perot so anti-soviet understand his Marxist writing about the fall of the evil capitalist system okay and state capitalism in ha Russia and maybe you even know it your little magazine exists because of money from the CIA okay that's Europe what about the world okay both of them undermine the European empires especially Vietnam India Pakistan Indonesia and Africa in China a civil wars going on which on one side you have the coldest part of China supported by the Soviet Union and on the other side to have the coolant tank which is supported by the United States of America the civil war ends in 1949 with the Communist victory and the importance of this is this with the victory of the Communists for the first time since 1895 china has a stable powerful government it's masculine and as we're going to see but the point is that the era of continued foreign intervention in Chinese territory that had been inaugurated the first sino-japanese war is over China's long period of entering the world system is now completed in a way the victory of the Chinese colonists has impacts in Korea which have been divided to the Americans and the Soviets after World War 2 in which the child the Korean communists who had learned that military trained in the Chinese Civil War invade South Korea will buy enough territorial conservative regime which by the way with Japanese collaborators so literally the Korean War is Hagen expresses Japanese collaborators this leads to a war on the one hand having Commerce China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea and on the African everybody because the United Nations declares war on earth Korea Turkey for example and Greece both sent troops to fight in the Korean War the United States of course the reintegration of Japan in the system with the United Soviet Socialist Republics USSR opposes so German hands have been a very Pro Western state well China and the Soviet Union support communist in Malaysia Indonesia and the Philippines all three become independent so what happens is they both forged the European powers okay in the case of Philippines it's actually the United States to recognize it depends on which places and then what they do they start fighting over who will control independent states in all three cases the United States supports of the Praetorian regimes so in Malaysia I have such a fortunate whatever that they have right now and they have it's part of the pool for 50 years in Indonesia have Suharto regime in the Philippines you have another brightness regime down here in South America under the Eisenhower administration the u.s. starts behaving very very stupid what essentially happens is with the end of World War two in many Latin American countries there is a new push for democracy and in most of these places this push is mostly done by Jews me is done by left-wing parties but not communists socialists Social Democrats or not with liberals well starting with what Amala the Americans overreact and I think every time that a left-wing liberal wins an election a communist takeover is eminent so they prefer to undermine democracy and support a military coup to overthrow the elected government replaced by essentially a hardcore authoritarian government and this is very bad in Latin America and Central America because it creates the culture of violence and economic depravity that has forced so many people to migrate north finally both of them support the creation of the state Israel in the old Ottoman territories of Palestine and both of them support me Israel in the 1948 war the Islamic world independence for the knock-back for the Palestinians so between 1945 1955 these are major military tough clashes the Berlin crisis the Greek Civil War Chinese Civil War the Korean War the millennial insurgency the indo-pakistani war first indo-pakistan war India becomes independent but this partition between a majority Hindu majority Muslim country that that fight each other because why aren't okay the first arab-israeli war and and colonial struggles mostly in Asia and mostly against the rule of France Indochina any questions okay this is very deep over here so I don't want to go too deeply into that because it's a lot of information for you to eat you're gonna get very tired so let's take a break okay we actually cover some percentage because chances are my chances are to be trapped you never read about this in the past and you're never gonna read about this after you finish this so this is probably the only church ever that I get to learn before deeply about this so let's look a bit more even cases let's look about the early Cold War in Europe and the soybeans as I said in Poland there was a clash between the internal army and Dumbarton exactly and the soviet supported Polish communists and what's important here is that the United States of America and rapini in the end decided to support a communities in Poland and they did not not because it like communism but they came to the conclusion that it's trying to sacrifice Polish anti-communists in order to get the Soviet Union to back down and support liberal democracy in France the United Kingdom in hofstra where there were very powerful communist parties okay now it will get Romania as we said immediately the Soviets or that mixed government with Congress participation and then they expelled the anti-communists in both cases up to 1955 Bulgaria and Romania suffered from other communist insurgency okay the people purged did not give up there was actual fighting that guerrilla warfare in her response was oh my goodness but there was no insurgencies do you know what the difference was at the end of World War two Czechoslovakia and Hungary were the places where the Soviets parked their biggest military forces there were simply too many Soviet troops present in the front lines against the West for any insurgency to work out should be clearly pointed out that the United States and the United Kingdom officially did not support any of the anti-communist insurgencies as I said the oldest says the CIA later on did some black operations but I gave an example of those black operations and generally speaking they were crap and always the case of Czechoslovakia did they actually protest officially the fall of the Liberal government's meanwhile in the Soviet Union literally millions of axis prisoners of war and polish anything to use as forced laborers so when what would you end it if you were caught by the Soviets you will not feed until 1953 okay so if you were captured that's as a prisoner of war in Stalingrad in 1943 you only went back to Germany in 1953 same thing with Gary many and many talents prisoners of war they were kept for five ten years after the war and used to rebuild the destroyed cities of the Soviet Union a special case of Finland do you all remember what Finland anybody remember yes exactly the winter one of the Soviets invaded feed not every United 14 the fields did very well but they were defeated then they joined the German said we'd measure trying to regain their stuff but the things were smart they quickly changed sides again in exit 44 it helped the Soviets fight the Germans now because Finland had its special history because Fremont was a coastal state and fast easily under the influence of the Western powers anything attempt not to eliminate the other Scandinavian countries the Soviets did not impose a Soviet political system in Finland instead but they did things they permitted the fields to have sovereignty within the domestic politics three elections will be partly democracy and so on but in return Finland agreed to be completely militarily within the Soviet sphere of influence so this has been called Finland it ization when a country essentially is permitted to keep its domestic political freedom but it's securities essentially controlled by another country a lot of Greeks fear that that's the great Turkish go to Finland ice Greece permitted to have democracy within but control its security I'm not saying this is true I'm just saying that's what people in Greece think is the ultimate goal of all the Turkish politicians whether their name is a scanner or NO on the Bhutto blue or ket removal budget now Western Ukraine it is skeleton and all the insurgency that had started all the way back to 1940 and will not end 50 which by the way is relevant today because Western Ukraine is the part of Ukraine that really hates Russians okay and when in Ukraine they have anti-russian water they have the symbols of Bandera and the Russian same axis not a scientist it's complicated there are the semis they cooperated sometimes with the Nazis but most of the time we showed the Soviets over many Ukrainians but there is a human for the Russians and the pro-russian Ukraine is a collaborator finally as I said it was a birthday support the participation of communist government as we said the u.s. except for menacing government in France and Italy but that supports conservative parties in northern Europe there is largely restoration of parliamentary democracy Denmark Norway the Netherlands Belgium all of them become liberal democracies really quickly and here is a differentiation Britain supports the European empires where the u.s. undermines them and this is going to create a problem which British governments and American governments throughout the Cold War because I we have a Nia Yugoslav a special in Albania because they are the only communist countries where communism was not imposed by the Red Army in both cases the Communists were no host they were able to take control of the countries at the animal world without like top of the Soviet Union Pulu create their own states so they were both always a bit more independent then another one missile is from study they both fought insurgencies until the 1950s and as I said by 1945 tito has become fully independent from the USSR in Greece talked about it very quickly during the axis occupation there was famine people started there about three hundred four hundred thousand Greeks maybe more start depending on who you captain was endemic violence itself the culture was very divided because of the National schism its effect still continued twenty-four years after the schism and there was a lot of social inequality especially from those Greeks who had been exchanged in 1923 with those on they were fairly poor so they became very radicalized this led to the formation of resistance organization driving backward differences I am and this and also passed and collaboration with the axes which talking about let's say collaboration was very endemic increased numbers are not sure probably close to 300 to 400 thousand people in some way collaborated with the Nazis early very quickly 1943 1944 there was the first so-called occupation period and finished civil war in which damn fall against the desk and security battalions then as we said in 1944 we are trying to create a fait accompli both for Stalin and for the British by the December rebellion they were defeated okay they were forced to design by the parties agreement because Stalin actually supported the national government so this talent and accommodations shut off I support all of this government Stalin did this because she was expected to get returned British support for his policies important so what happened is the bridge sacrificed for certain communities and studying sacrificed big Buddhists the Soviets got Poland and the British got England they agreed that was essentially the swap because 1944 the colonists were very strong in Greece it was the most popular movement it had the most respect they had the best military forces they could have taken over the country some hands I suspected but Stalin would shouldn't Poland important why study the West he always was terrified of Western powers rebuilding German military might and attacking him so he wanted to make sure next time there's a war Poland will be where the war will be fought and ended not Ukraine not Belarus not emotional so Greece you have something the Greek communists never understood what happened in as I said after partisan the right-wing starts killing extra minutes there's best so you know your grandfather came and killed my grandfather to the occupation so now it's my chance to come kill your grandfather in return which leads to copies of desperation to launch another attempt to take over power due to the civil war again Soviet really does not support the Communists three toys aren't supported when Tito decides to cut a deal with the West it's over for the Communists okay what followed is interesting technically Greece was a parliamentary democracy after the Civil War there were relations they were parties but in reality it was a very heavily hotel fundamental democracy and there were massive purges of left-wing people pretty much if you could be accused of being last week all of you if your grandfather grandmother father mother could be accused of being left-wing you couldn't get a job in the government you couldn't get economic assistance you were pretty much splitted as a second-class citizen if you are not outright imprisoned or exiled into the Jean Islands carry us into ins the United States had massive influence on it and the colonization completed unabated after it was the case because it's one case where we Americans and the Soviets work together and resolve the problems without any Civil War and the mind of governments cook the fat attempts or anything like that essentially in the social democratic I'll render organizes a republican government which is tolerated by the Allies but not really as you see the Allies called Austria you guys have as responsible for what which was the Germans they didn't treat Austria's an occupied territory treated Austria as for collaborative Germany so technically there was no Austrian government just like Germany it was adult but they tolerated camera because I liked you from the interwar years they divided it into four occupations on satellite Germany but they tolerate the fact economy very quickly after was reunited and the occupational and with Stalin's death but it will be considered a neutral State Germany was different al you said occupied by four powers lost massive amounts of territory to Poland received millions of refugees as millions of Germans were expelled from Eastern and Central Europe and resettled okay today the Germans from Czechoslovakia generals from Hungary the Germans of Romania the Germans of Russia Volga Germans essentially people who have not seen Germany two hundred years they were all expelled back into Germany okay the treatment of the German population varied the worst was the Soviet Union where there was as I said massive rate the best person the United Kingdom since the bridge when I are all bloody temperatures are why not tears are travelling to the German hit but you know in each territory the occupied part started permitted political organization in the West live alone with okay some Nazi elements in this effort organized I talked about the building crisis again it was in reaction to the unification of the UK us French occupation approached the Soviet Union was afraid that the Allies would make peace with Germany there's no peace treaty yet the peace treaties are actually signed in the nineteen fifties by the way Japan stood up not sign the peace treaty after World War two yeah there has been a state of ongoing war between Japan and Russia since 1945 yeah that's part of it they are talking about signing one okay so I said stop try to do the blockade and the way that we analyzing that was very interesting they didn't challenge the Soviet okay to them but they did is they airlifted surprised every day hundreds of b-17 bomber strength changed into transport airplanes and how the transference was flying to Berlin and upload food oil and stuff like that they were definite stunning to essentially shoot down one of those bundles study didn't do it because he knew he can't lead they didn't have the upper hand in an air war so he gave up but seriously the problem was he also gave up trying to work with the Allies unlike upstream where the German allies and the Soviets were able to work out a modest Vivendi this is not a case in the Soviet Union in Germany sure look here this is what becomes distant Germany the Soviet zone and he is thoroughly divided into zones as well all of this is given to Poland and not they're not Kaliningrad today it used to be college special they just not you know just made it legal to have a word pressure they actually destroy practically the violent that that's the center of pressure that's East Prussia that's what price it doesn't exist anymore okay and over here where the zones controlled by the Allies which then are gonna ignite and create the F federal German Republican I talked about the Chinese Civil War pretty much everything understand here is good one important point okay the US government was divided over support Shanghai said the Republicans were pretty much supportive by remember because Chiang kai-shek had supported missionary activity and the Republicans you have to understand this were the party of Protestant missionary activity okay Chiang kai-shek permitted missionaries to expand Christianity Protestant Christianity China lightly the Democrats on the other hand didn't like Shanghai said they considered him crap which it was after which it was essentially a problematic Ellen so in the end they're forced the Nationalists are forced to retreat to Taiwan Formosa and that's why they have Taiwan and China legally speaking China claims Taiwan and Taiwan is actually called the Republic of China and claims all of China the United Nations after 96 they decided that China's the People's Republic of China and night on water it's very complicated it's very weird those sacks here the only reason why that man survived was endemic protection the funny thing today in Taiwan the booby trap the partner track I said is the for Chinese party so it's the partner that actually has regulations in the Communists and back in 1915 you're popular since I want you were dead so how history changes everything who were enemies once will become friends and who were friends will become enemies there is an important effect on this the defeat China led in America to a very right-wing party Republican Party launched the question of who loves China and they accuse the Democratic Party and they said that there are communists in the US government and that led to McCarthyism which was essentially a Red Scare where there was a virgin attempt to prosecute left-leaning people in the American government which failed in the American military which really felt but not in the media and questions Korean War pretty much a quick story I said is the story that is contained here one thing to understand is both North Korea's leader Kim assume and the South Korean even Sigma 3 wanted to be unified Korea by force so it's not completely a story of innocence of Korean beautiful North Korea it was more like two angry capturing to each other and then one of the deciding artists and attacked okay the interesting stories how he will soon persuaded my old ally to agree to this you see mouth and stand involved in another war right now in Asia because they were busy building interstates maha just won a civil war he has this huge country he has to run the last thing he cares about is fighting the men studies busy creating his European Empire and it doesn't wanna get any problems but Kim's like the unit created Buena Korea so he goes first to model like a pistol in charge when that lady that Mouse's listen fine if corporate styling says is about you that I am supporting okay okay cool Kim also goes to Moscow in which foreign style but what he tells comment Stalin is hey Mao is fully supportive of me going in he likes and study says well if my home is okay with is fine I'll support you as well so without understanding it Stalin and Mao gave a green sign to Kindle suit to try to reunify Korea and he faints and she's really good at it okay the North Korean army is an actual army with tanks and big divisions and everything the South Korean army is a joke they essentially have used a map here because Mahad essentially they wait and they push back the South Korean army and most of the small American forces to this area the push on corridor okay very successful now keeping soup things that the Americans are going to give up a meal unfortunately for him too much because she's been so much pestered by the Republicans over who knows China decides to take a strong point and he goes and he asks from the United Nations to declare that North Korea is conducting an act of aggression and because the Soviets thought completely understand how the United Nations work instead of entering the American request they decided to abstain and most of the countries of the intelligence but that are controlled by America so they both went Seoul for the first time in history the United Nations declares war on a country that every member state is required to support for war either by sending troops of money this is the only one of two cases where the United Nations goes to war with another country do you know the other case the first Iraq war in the first Iraq war the United Nations officially declared war they gave food permission there was not veto all of the great powers agreed to it anyhow we think the Americans and the McArthur they led troops over here in Incheon and they essentially isolate the massive North Korean army here which then starts running away terrified then the Americans push forward defeating the North Koreans and the night almost up here to the young river and when mouse is this he goes i holy crap because my car was kind of an idiot and useless oK we've defeated the Communists in Korea now it's time to going to freedom companies shopping in China so what now us is here freshly doesn't intervene in the war but he permits the creation of a massive a new volunteers Fedayeen okay who are incented and a counterattack and they drive the Allies all the way back to here and for the next three years as flex warfare no one wins it in the end it's a draw low video right now okay the localization I talk really quickly so it's better to talk a bit more carefully India Pakistan that UK decided on independence in reaction to the Gandhi movement but also in fear early we didn't give independence it will face a communist insurgency in the end the problem was that the British colony India was massive and included large amounts of Muslims and Hindus now they have cooperated against reduce imperialism but now that independence has come across guess what they decided they don't like each other for religious reasons so a country is partitioned between India and Pakistan and the partition is interesting how it happens you see what happens is that the colony of Macau is made up of two kinds of territories terral's directly ruled by the British which was about two-thirds of what is today in India Pakistan and the territories ruled by the old princely families the rozzers so you know became Maharaja and the British and Russia can decide to which of the truth his state will unite but the problem is this what do we do when we have a rather who is Hindu over a ruling over a Muslim population or Arase who is Muslim who not a hidden population this peace of westphalia crap is not working in the world Adira well the problem is Kashmir exactly in Kashmir to have a Hindu nation we know we're losing population the Hindu Rajesh decides to unite us live with India Pakistan says this is insane this is a second century Europe for the King to decide what their people are going to believe and this is to the first indo-pakistani work which is one bohemia' okay in Palestine millions of Jews from Europe move to British Mandate of Palestine pretty much if you are a Jew and you survived the Holocaust the idea of going back to Poland or Czechoslovakia or Hungary or Romania or the Soviet Union is not enough since that will be much queue and they're open about it so the soviet central take all those Jews and send it down to Palestine that will be back down this leads to conflicts between Palestinian Arabs and Jews at the same time finally after 30 years all of the British and French mandates are declared independent that means Jordan Syria Lebanon Egypt and Iraq they are now considered mature enough to become countries but essentially the UN does not remit Matador status there's a disagreement over the distribution of certain system of laboratories and Arabs in a person which leads to the first Arab Israeli war where we the hell you came Israelis defeat all of the other bodies it is not as impressive as it sounds because most of the Arab armies were crap for sure okay the West Pakistan to Jordan the rest of Palestine becomes the State of Israel the Arab states refused to recognize it in Vietnam at the end of World War two the Vietnamese asked for independence the French foreign public says Jean a nerve and this leads to war the Viet Minh under the National scorching mineral supported by the Soviet Union be killed and exert incentives to France and it has to be very clear in this face watching the movies and Nationals is not a communist he becomes a communist because well his main support is the Soviet Union so he starts maybe should sound much more useful to the Soviet in Indonesia and Malaysia we have repellents Indonesian government is supported by the Soviet Union in China and supports Chinese communist rebels unless I shall be treated by the became my main emergency and ever since then every idiot in this world who wants to conquer a country and rule it things that they can be as successful as the British in the Malay insurgency with the Iraq war happened the second Iraq war dharmaraju save all the British social animal insurgency we will succeed against at one point of success and in the Malayan surgeon see the Communists were a minority it was within mastered Chinese of Malaysia who are we partners for the world 10% I mean it was literally an ethnic which will have a small minority trying to conquer a country of course it will fail just ask the Armenians 19 how will it happen to them now here is an important point write it down in your notebook why wasn't any World War 3 okay I had students not merica coming to my office and tell me professor how their marriages was true why didn't we attack the Soviets not 245 who could keep their ass there were fingers and pulling for the military leaders in the West in 1945 called for a continuation of the war against the Soviet Union for example George asked Patton the American general is a great film about you you can go watch Patton purely come on at least not the Soviet Russia the tape was done okay criticism a next to do Marshall in the Korea let's do this is a lot of people were saying that she on the Vermont and it wait so why not three reasons okay first reasons nuclear weapons it's true that in 1945 maybe a to rap in 1949 1950 only the Americans have nuclear weapons but after 1951 also the Soviets of nuclear weapons and that creates a deterrence effect secondly war weariness both so between Europe is devastated by World War two a you drowned of a power warfare could be catastrophic even without nuclear weapons in the end result by division the Americans or the Soviets who want third realistically speaking the Soviets didn't want a war in the 1950s people simply put the Americans have the upper hand again don't make the mistake of being impressed by the big parades and the big tanks and everything the US had industrial preponderance its naval power was a hundred times greater than the Soviet Union its military power for mobilization could march the Soviet Union very easily when it came to the important technological weapons the Americans happy are again and styling and understands that so generally speaking is speaking in this year the Soviets they prefer political contests with the u.s. they don't wanna military caucus they don't provoke the Americans into a war and frankly why will they fight communism is 1950s young people like you want to be combinations nothing it makes here in Turkey everybody's reading huijeong will be spoilt and everything it's cool to be a communist cutter ISM is the future is a progressive future there is no reason to fight because stopping expects a future is red okay unlike the Soviets of the Chinese Communists or their horses you need to fight they got no problem but fundamentally the Chinese form is a weaker and so generally speaking for these three reasons there wasn't any need for a world war Portland was not war for the devastation of Western Europe simple as that Hungary was not war for the devastation repeatedly simple result to put it very simply America damper design American lives are more precious that is that everybody starts getting to my friend who's least one of my favorite songs ever done by a mathematician of all things this guy was a mathematician mathematician great so much a few weeks ago the American Press reported that China had exploded a nuclear bomb and this was great leap forward for China of course but it was an even greater leap forward for the American press because for the first time they called it China instead of Red China for 18 years they've been hoping it would just go away and for the first time they call it a bomb instead of a device [Music] so with China [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] ttat's once one itself - thanks Lawrence our Shepherd says the song [Applause] [Music] elope soon or is next to go and who knows maybe Monaco who we were trying to stay serene calm [Applause] so there you go okay so let's go to the second phase of the Cold War whatever then I read about the cult of the individual okay this is one of my favorite cartoons created from the Cold War era they have the bombs both sides of a bombs but you cannot use them on any account so they're shooting arrows at each other because you know what I use about okay in the middle around the Cold War the main question that many questions are three first of all who's managed to collapse the European empires who will knives the relations of the new States and what you see is a movement from the folks of Europe where there's a balance now to behold anything okay in Asia and Africa let's be plain with the biggest event which essentially determines okay that we are in a new era and that is the death of Sun starting that is 1953 if you wanna watch something about stunning there is literally a comedy movie called the death of Sonny it came out recently go and watch it it's hilarious and tragic at the same time i really suggest okay it's really good what happens is this is a power struggle between ice 53 a nice 58 the soviet union between all these acts love ecologically valid visa reaction slap me Vyacheslav yes islam molotov this is like a much Slavic name within America's national it doesn't get any more Slavic than this planet was a woman named la canal and asked us Mikoyan and one poor guy that you can under the public so all of these guys in the palin guided play a game of Roche and the winner is nikita gusev also known as Stalin scrap I'm serious about this the main reason why he kita who Champa did not purchase he makes done enough okay so never underestimate anybody the scary literally advocate executed everybody he got shot in the end so never underestimate the Joker okay and fruit sauce when he comes to power has essentially five goals first of all maintaining Soviet domination of Eastern Europe secondly integrating the Soviet Union into the world system this is important Stalin tried to keep the Soviet Union Antarctic okay isolated from capitalism food sources screwed up we need money so he actually commits a lot more capitalist penetration of the Soviet Union comparative study support machinist social movements outside Europe he starts throwing poor way outside of Europe fourth and most important changed the goal of Soviet industry from production of military boots to consumer goods he said if we're gonna win we have to persuade people in the world that being a Soviet citizen it's not just morally better than being an American citizen that we have a better life than the average American and you can have a better life when your countries right continuously producing tanks sometimes and you're using irons made in the nineteen hundreds so whose ourselves it is time to clear Soviet washing machines done and sermon title emissions that and augustama caps for everybody make the people happy and find the standardization of the Soviet system get healed of the premium of the synchronisation that we created by study because who understands this competition is a popular anthology if he can fix some of the excesses and flaws of the studies era he firmly believes that then he very the capitalist not in a war but by persuading the masses to essentially become convinced talking about this randomization let's talk about the how many pages must not speech by the way it's full the great speech so you're a communist okay ardent member of the party who survived the virgins in the 1930s you survived the purchase in the 1940s okay who are hardcore and one day the new leader of communist party Nikita boots off comes up in a big beautiful world of communist parties and puts out 20 or 30 plates which called the cup of the individual and right in front of your eyes everything you believed it so what does he say in that speech I divided in two parts for you guys because if one of you had with the host even more crazy so which party to agree okay so what does he talk about in the second part and the position of art and the cover after Dennis that Stein started started to abuse his power and the and the number of the party hackers targeted image in his report we pet worship criticized the color individuals are all practiced that for my Soviet leader Joseph Stalin during his power till 1953 and the leaflet mutilations in the government and army while appreciate criticized and even the minion Communist Party so he defended the game style there is a comment on expression Public Enemy which was no law against intro torture the party violated the collective leadership when the delegate in Congress of all the unique communist party motions we're forced some delegates were announced contrary relationally and most of them retains the seventy party congress is not disturbed at the Congress of victors documents were fabricated so any energy with each guaranteed tip dictation with liquidation the role of silent during the Great Patriotic War was desecrated brutal acts of violation of socialist little tree began after the murder of Tiger Claw to take each other president the value of the temple of the central executed community able to find the direct that compose of tree closes without Edmund often political this pirate decided to become the face of abuse and a specialist Majesty trusts nor logic many things which are index in acting and mistakes often are after the murder top five top functionaries of the mini-mart and Kiwi deeper even marry one sentence of one diversion okay thank you Mulder you have the party [Music] that America Churchill like this to do [Music] - and he could just see people and ask why their associate white why they look so funny because he didn't trust them he was used to power he had the work it will it cost too much for the to be in work and study didn't see it so Kruschev tried every possible way to show the cost of the work [Music] [Music] anybody else so pretty much rusev cheers panic apart now that we know that some of the little groups of said we're exaggerations themselves but the important things this speech destroyed the feminist movement because it led to a division between the Stalinists the Marxist Leninist and other groups who have in the daily modern on the exact speech since ever so for example in Greece syriza is that part of the Communist Party that in reaction to this organization broke away from the old line while the Communist Party of Greece cookware is actually a science party for that standard did not remember literally is the greatest hero ever let's talk a bit about culture you know be the cloud to survive has an effect on his way of behaving he was rather weird the way he reacted to things whether Khrushchev attacks with dignity my his development of a whole new toy in one thing you have a taste of speech school stuff literally took Lee Shu out and sandbank like this on the podium and said we will bury you so he was very tactical on the other hand he actually visited America crucial data building access to the lady now her chose homage to present more pure honest humanist more affluent version of communism that the one presented by study the problem was that when you open this political space it always leads to challenges not just to specifically dishes but many times to the whole system indication roots of civilization left chance to the Soviet Union from three main views important polish workers sick and tired of the very harsh communist regime literally vanish it was controlled by a Soviet Russia engaged in massive strikes in the soviet union in the soviet systems it's prohibited for the workers to strike while the workers group so who are the striking workers striking against that's the logic in this germany the same happened and in hungary hungarian communists and the people also challenged the control the level of control of the soviet union on the knob not this move it's cold now this woman's call for the restoration of capitalism okay but what they demanded was for the freedom of their countries within the alliance with Soviet Union they want to be and dependencies well in all three cases hoots of reaction force and the Soviet lien puts down these rebellions which calls appeareance threat by extreme force the result is the fortification of Soviet rule but the same time after killing one of the people who's of considered dangerous he actually permits the gradual liberalisation some Soviet satellites this especially happens in circles of Ikea Romania Bulgaria and the reason for this is that he decides that the best way to avoid situations like angery were literally the Warsaw Pact invaded Hungary and there was military fighting between the Hungarian Red Army and the Soviets and to avoid repetitions of Yugoslavia defections some freedom had to be given to local communities to apply to realization when they thought it was useful and again to show communism was able to provide black what about us in the same era in America there are two researchers of dominate in the serum one is the Eisenhower administration which continues and then it's the JFK John F Kennedy administration okay and there are number of common things between them bhavati communists both have different attitudes towards and colonial struggles and my Truman who was always supportive of anti-colonial struggles both Kennedy and I on how tend to have a bit more of a problematic position differences usual nuclear weapons and you shouldn't let us conventional interventions Eisenhower had a strategy of full retaliation he said in the Soviet Union invades I convex room in some Western country the United States of America will retaliate with nuclear weapons the problem for Kennedy was he considered that this policy straight-jacketed America because essentially the only options America had in the Soviet Union ever did something was either destroy the world or executed so he put a system where the US will retaliate to show v8 conventional challenges by conventional channels live in the nuclear weapons hoping for the last resort both of them have to deal with the civil rights movement many time the 1940s and 1950s is a very affluent country but it's also very racist country with African Americans facing political disenfranchisement and social exclusion in the south and pretty much socially and forms of this approximate in the dog this leads to the movement by Martin Luther King and other African American leaders in coalition with left living liberals to demand the end of Jim Crow and the American presidents have to decide how they're going to deal with this and they are ambivalent on this but ultimately they choose to support it now Eisenhower did not challenge the Soviet Union when it crashed the worker strikes in Poland the work restriction is Germany and the Hungarian attempt so he essentially said Eastern Europe is yours I recommend whatever you have to do there okay let me now do an example of used for ba Dada okay the kind of cartoon that was shown in American television and American cinemas to persuade people that the communist system was a problem well the capitalism was a good one don't worry décolletage we'll never see the Soviet robot that we can decide which one of the two is cool by Disney [Music] [Music] America is many things to many people to a seventy-year-old yet it's the malt shop on the corner two grand buys the front porch good evening mother and her family its church on Sunday morning after death it's his favorite relaxation [Applause] it's the Cracker Barrel luster synthetic mortise and it's the spoons in Wall Street it's all races creeds and religions it's really worth of the job in life [Music] security from unlawful search or seizure [Music] the right to a speedy and public trial [Music] protection against brutal punishments of excessive fines the right to vote and the worship God in your own way it is these reasons that have made America strong [Music] whether everything the first night in this cafe is vertical you won't say oh if we save this little scrap of paper and you'll get your solvent III I advised her number to ism incorporated everything I have including my freedom and the freedom of my children and my children's children in return for which said ISM promises to take care of me forever sure system of free enterprise is imperfect but before we throw it away or some imported double-talk let's turn the clock back a few years see what it's done for example back in the eighteen nineties Joe goats was just a guy who liked to tip her about his farm some people thought Joe was lazy some even thought he was nuts but one day he had an idea and because he was free for three his idea [Music] of course some people play some of the Drew's idea [Music] so until got some money from your aunt Minnie and uncle Amos [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] historian English there are thousands gathered all over the United States whose history of development is pretty much the same we've built a country from the wages of any other people in the world [Music] new world with only 7% spirits we tried any percent of the world's over beauties that's just a sample of the things the capitalistic system has given us to donate 160 years before signing up few boys on a try little taste of dr. isms formula to see what you get in exchange for your freedom try [Applause] [Music] [Music] welcome to all right number 1313 [Music] the Supreme Court no more private bounty no more unique [Music] don't worry about next year the state will do your planning from now on [Applause] [Music] when anybody preaches disunity tries to pick one of us against the other through class warfare race hatred or religious intolerance even though that person seeks the rabbets our freedom and destroy our very lives [Music] so you get the idea I'm just going to point out that the foreigner brings the evil ISM ideas hidden everybody was white in the forum's but at least classical American propaganda from the early nineteen fifties nineteen sixties in which Disney by the way in you know the Looney Tunes companies were all later consists of Soviet countries as well so don't worry now let's talk about the nineteen sixties okay rage sixteen is a lonely life with Elvis Presley and the Beatles and stuff like that okay what's what on the journey westerly again okay never Stalin had tried to control his belief with a blockade fare well good soul also believes he has to do something now there are two reasons for this first of all he has a problem people leave his Germany through westerly to go to West Germany this Germany is facing a brain drain okay people they make they want to defend its freedom better lives or they just are greedy and they're living the socialist experimented going to the west so the existence of West Berlin in the middle of mr. Germany is essentially a door through everybody to which everybody can escape secondly he hopes to make the u.s. sing week with the hope that that will lead to the defection of American allies and the neutralization of West Germany like Austria was okay and he has business abilities because France under Charles that goal is becoming very independently from NATO if the Soviets have to deal with Tito the Yugoslavia the Americans have to do with the ball and France including a French nuclear program that is independent of America third he considers Kennedy to be weakened much to testing Kennedy was the youngest man who had become American president until then also he was the first athlete to become an American president well previous American presidents were war on this Protestant okay so he believed that Kennedy's going to be a weak president and that will make him more willing to accommodate finally the Americans have put another nuclear weapons in Europe and the Soviets no way to contact them in the 1960s the Soviet Union still does not have the ability to reach the American mainland with its nuclear weapons gathered because they don't have missiles get the space race has not produced to get the technology for ballistic intercontinental ballistic missiles so the presence of American nuclear weapons in Europe including the long-range bombers the Americans happy America makes it very hard so there is a crisis between 1958 and 1961 essentially workshop says that if the United States of America does not agree with human some he will sign a peace treaty with the German Democratic Republic Eisenhower was not bad and preserve does not push it in xt60 the Soviets capture our YouTube name so not on YouTube and but the YouTube thing which tells the Soviets and the Americans have perfect about Soviet Union they've bit spying on the Soviet Union ever since the 1950s bananas's the one who decides to escalate the crisis with acoustic martin demanded was pedaling be incorporated into eastern Germany and Germany be neutralized Kennedy reacts with both consider to react but also on the Italy build-up which force us to talk to backs down his solution is to build a wall since he cannot persuade or spare the Americans into acquisition to give him westerly he decides that the only way to protect and maintain the survival of the German twisted are this German state of the Democratic Republic Germany is to essentially isolated West Berlin from East Berlin and his Germany by literally building a wall the building wall now here's the thing on a practical level it was great once the world was building became extremely hard for people from the East to escape to the west it succeeded make no mistake wolves do return the movement of people you built a wall less people have been across and simple as that but it was a massive image loss for the Soviet Union here's rusev telling everybody life with the Soviet Union is better than in the West okay to kill the eastern Germany of course officially eastern Germany the Soviet saying the world is built to protect each the German people from spies that are trying to cross at the deal and stuff like that but no one buys that it's a big image so it's because from now on the Soviet Union is considered literal years and I would never understand it Churchill talked about our own war in 1946 then one thought I will warm food there was no war until 1961 that's when the wall was built and yet was a powerful symbol for many people for I know for all the nasty place and capsule eighths anything about the experience of communism now here our crisis of described in the cosmos of spaces in Europe he brings out a change in American policy to the world there is increased support by Kennedy for a full tutorial ISM in Greece which will lead to the Padano swoop and Judah axis except the same time in the counterbalance they push Portugal and the Salazar and Spain under Franco to liberalize a bit to begin the image of us supporting arrived in the forest because it remember the cartoon when it said you know in communism language Spanish buying the prohibition of strikes well guess what about the right conditions of the United States of America supported also prohibited strikes so happy it's also a working well our system is better when both systems prohibit slides Spain Portugal Korea all the prohibited size there is an increase of US military presence and this is a disputed thing according to many left wingers and some languages this is when Operation Gladio became the idea of operation plan you supposed to be in a secret program by the CIA and local and community cells and local intelligence officers to create essentially the conditions for a military takeover of Greece Italy or Turkey in case of war so you know the 1982 dying turkey is considered as the result of Operation Gladio now it's not clear how much of this is as planned as people say whether it really exists by it's a big at least theory among a lot of people with some indicators of support but the end result is this you become stable with a resolution of the German question by the Berlin wall competition and political domestic problems in Europe that might lead to great power conflict become frozen as a result great power competition moves to the Middle East where the Nile is directly conflict continues right now he refine and most of the Arab states that were made independent in 1950s they were ruled by traditional means military or our soccer ceilings or essentially it habits one of the cool parties whose heritage goes all the way back to the hospital the Ottoman Empire or the other liberal league okay many of the states are very fractured level for example is a deeply sectarian society some others are not Egypt is an overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim state and in World War two men using cotton not seasoned what happens is with the defeat by the Israelis in the first Arab Israeli war a lot of these countries essentially become very unstable okay by the way we Israel over the ethnic cleansing against the Palestinians when they want and the Arab states dominant ethnic cleansing against the Jewish populations in retaliation so there was a movement of populations now you know what will stop here because of the time and you are tired okay and we'll continue next week okay so remember next we have class twice we have class on Wednesday we have class on Friday okay any questions and the Gauss okay you're free to go turning your log books please so I bring