Overview
This lecture introduces the study of world religions, questioning the definition of religion, its relevance today, and the diversity of beliefs and practices worldwide.
Introduction to World Religions
- There are approximately 4,000 religions globally, ranging from major ones like Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, to lesser-known ones like Jainism and Sikhism.
- Newer or unconventional religions exist, such as the Mormons, Amish, and even satirical examples like Pastafarianism.
- Some groups, like the People's Temple or Branch Davidians, are often labeled as cults, raising questions about the distinction between cults and religions.
Cults and the BITE Model
- Cults can be identified by the BITE model: Behavior, Information, Thought, and Emotional control over members.
- People in cults often feel trapped and may be harmed emotionally or psychologically.
Relevance of Religion vs. Science
- Science addresses questions with empirical evidence, leading to trust in models and hypotheses (e.g., gravity).
- Religion addresses deeper questions science cannot answer, such as the origin of existence, purpose, and life after death.
- Both science and religion involve a degree of belief or trust.
Defining Religion
- Dictionary definitions of religion are varied and often unsatisfactory or confusing.
- Unlike a chair, which has essential qualities, religion is better defined by a cluster of attributes (e.g., belief in the sacred, rituals, community).
- No single definition fits all religions due to their diversity.
Types of Religious Belief
- Monotheism: Belief in one God (e.g., Christianity, Islam).
- Polytheism: Belief in many gods.
- Non-theism: Lack of belief in personal gods (e.g., Buddhism).
- Pantheism: Belief that divinity is present in everything.
- Henotheism: Belief in many gods but devotion to one.
- Agnosticism: Uncertainty about the existence of gods.
- Atheism: Belief there is no god; still a form of belief but usually lacks communal rituals.
Religion vs. Philosophy
- Religion is based on faith and belief without proof.
- Philosophy relies on reason and logical proof; beliefs must withstand critical scrutiny.
Respecting Beliefs
- It's important not to mock or belittle others' religious beliefs as they may view your beliefs similarly.
- The course encourages open-minded investigation of diverse faiths and practices.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Religion — A system of beliefs and practices concerning the sacred or divine.
- Cult — A group characterized by extreme control (behavior, information, thought, emotion) over members.
- Monotheism — Belief in a single god.
- Polytheism — Belief in multiple gods.
- Non-theism — Religions without a personal god.
- Pantheism — Belief that divinity exists in all things.
- Henotheism — Devotion to one god without denying the existence of others.
- Agnosticism — Uncertain belief regarding god's existence.
- Atheism — Disbelief in god or gods.
- BITE Model — Framework for identifying cult behavior: Behavior, Information, Thought, Emotional control.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Approach all religious traditions in the course with respect and open-mindedness.
- Prepare for the study of 11 world religions in upcoming lessons.