hey everyone welcome to Christmas town so we're gonna make this transition into the holiday season now okay this is my holiday sweater okay uh and so I hope that everything that we're talking about makes sense so far in turns a word structure and like what you know when you know a language and so we're talking about like what you know when you know in ethics right now okay so the idea here is that when you have words like uneventfulness in the English language it is not the case that you store that entire word inside of your head okay and so instead of what happens is you store on inside of your head you store event inside of your head you store full inside of your head and you store nests inside of your head and so you have those entries for those individual morphemes and then right you have these morphological rules that put them together as one complex word on eventfulness okay and so again the important thing here is that you don't have to memorize these complex words as long as you have these morphemes stored individually inside of your head and essentially this is what these morpheme templates are representing and so that's what you know when you know those morphemes and the idea is that what you do is you take those pieces and put them together in a systematic way okay and so that's what's called a principle of compositionality so now let's take a look at a word like X Partners okay X Partners okay and so there are three morphemes here x partner in the plural s right here okay so what you want to ask yourself is what is the structure of a word like X Partners okay um and so you know the morpheme X inside of your head into what is the morphine template for that looks like you also know uh uh Za the plural s what does that look like as a morphine template and of course you know the root word partner as well okay which is also stored as a morpheme and so how can we represent that as a morpheme template okay okay so let's take a look at some of these morpheme templates let's start with Za because we know a lot about the plural s already from some of the previous lectures okay and so of course when you're trying to form the morpheme template you need some example words to sort of motivate your analysis and so this is the Za as in like dogs and cats Etc right and so you have some example sentences let's say I saw dogs or I saw cats Etc so I don't think I have to say too much here and so the plural morpheme attaches to a noun and creates another noun and so it's pretty clear in cases like I saw the dog right and so the original word there is seated by a determiner that's a noun and then once you add the plural you also get I saw the dogs right and so pluralization itself is sort of a nouny feature and so we know that the plural version is also a noun too okay and so we know from some of the previous lectures that the contrary to popular belief doesn't mean more than one it means more like something like not exactly one okay so the morphine template for Za something like this pretty straightforward so what about X okay also not terribly hard I think and so again like example words we have X partner for example um ex-wife ex-husband right ex-boyfriend all these words okay so how would you paraphrase X partner using the word partner okay uh and so in a sentence like they are my ex-partner I would paraphrase this as they are my former partner something like that okay uh and so you can try this with some of the other words like wife or husband and so they are my ex-wife and so they are my former wife that works and they are my ex-husband they are my former husband that works too okay so the semantics of it is something like former X okay and so the next question is the syntactic category stuff and so what is the category of that X that these prefix attaches to okay and so if you take a look at the paraphrase it's something like they are my former partner right that previous sentence that we had and this is your clue right here okay so what's the category of partner in that kind of sentence so I think it's pretty clearly a noun right here okay um and so X attaches to a noun okay um and so I am skipping over some of these distribution tests but your expectation here is that you should be running these distribution tests especially if you're not sure about the category of something right and so you know make sure you're looking for like these Nanny behaviors like determiners in front of it and things like that okay um so it attaches to a noun okay so the next question is what does the prefix X create as a result of attaching to that base okay what's the category of the over are all word okay they are my ex partner so now the question is what's the category of that entire word ex-partner okay uh or ex-husband or ex-wife Etc okay uh the answer is noun and again I think it's pretty obvious again like there's the determiner in front of it so they are the X Partners they are my ex partner right Etc uh and so uh definitely uh creates a noun as a result okay so far so good and so you have this kind of morpheme template for the prefix X okay so now the next question is based on these morpheme templates what does the structure for the word ex-partners look like okay so you have three morphemes that you only have two options right here okay so um which one is the right one okay so let's take a look at the red tree first okay and so in this kind of red tree uh we're gonna attach the plural s first to partner okay that's step number one in the red tree but when you do this the thing that you want to ask is okay is this allowed according to the morpheme template okay uh and so you want to consult what you know when you know this morphe and make sure that you're not violating any rules about it so the relevant question here is the can the plural s attached to a noun like partner and of course that's not a problem according to the morphine template Za does like to attach to a noun so far so good okay and then it creates a noun as a result which is Partners which is perfectly coherent as a word in English so that's great okay and then the next step would be for you to attach X on top of this and so you get X Partners as a result before you do that you want to consult your morpheme template is that something that you're allowed to do according to your knowledge of the smart theme well you have X attaching to noun creating nouns and so of course X can attach to this now in principle and create a noun as a result okay and so the red tree would look something like this again right oh by the way uh these kinds of structures sometimes I will refer to them as trees and you'll hear this in linguistics a lot uh because you know they have branches and things like that right so they kind of look like trees and so if I say morpheme tree this is what I'm talking about okay all right so um the red tree does seem to work in terms of the morpheme template okay so what about the other one the blue tree on this side okay so for the blue tree okay you start out with X first this time that's the first step you attach X to partner and so you get X partner as a result and so that's a perfectly good word in the English language and again according to the morpheme template X is happy to attach to a noun and create a noun as a result okay and then you have a noun and so the last step in this case would be to attach the Za to it and that creates a noun as a result and of course according to the morphine template this is a valid thing to do okay according to the syntactic information of this morpheme okay so now we have a dilemma right because both the red tree and the blue tree are possible according to the morpheme template okay um however okay this does not mean that both of these trees are possible in the English language there's actually only one correct Tree in this circumstance but how do we decide right so how can we decide which one is the right tree because according to the morpheme template they both seem okay okay so this actually has to do with on the different kinds of affixes you have in a language okay so X and Za are actually different kinds of affixes um and so they're both of course like prefixes and suffixes but beyond that there's actually more categorizations of affixes okay and so let's make this further division today okay so let me illustrate this for you a little bit and so uh I want to sort of like get across what I mean by like these morphemes are different so let me sort of illustrate this intuition right here okay so let's say that you start out with the word partner okay that root word right there and so it means something like you know someone who you are in a relationship with something like that right okay so let's say that you attach the plural s to partner you get partners okay so you have partner and partners so hear me out here okay so partner and partners so they both basically mean the same thing right okay so like one is plural and one is singular but when you say partner versus Partners they basically point to the same concept that idea of you know like that person that who you have a relationship with in one case you have exactly one of that someone but the other case would be not exactly one okay so basically like Za doesn't really change the core meaning of the that word that it attached to okay it basically creates just like a different version of it okay now compare this to something like X the prefix okay again you start out with partner someone who you have a relationship with and then this time imagine that you add the prefix X to it okay now what does that word mean X partner now it means something like you know someone who used to be your partner right your former partner the person who you used to have a relationship with and so in fact if someone is your ex partner they are no longer your partner right and so partner versus ex partner they point to very substantially different concepts right so with the prefix X this is a pretty clear case where the affix itself substantially changes the meaning of the word that it attaches to okay and so that complex word that it creates is a completely new word I guess right is the way to think about it so some terminology here and so we call an affix like the plural s and inflectional morphine inflectional morpheme so what is an inflectional morpheme and inflectional morphine basically creates another version of a word rather than like create a new word all together okay and so another way of phrasing this is that it creates a different grammatical form of that word and so for example with like nouns and so when the plural s attaches to a noun it creates the plural version of it right it doesn't really change the meaning of that word but it sort of creates a different grammatical version of it okay the other way that I like to think about inflection is that inflectional morphemes help a word fit into a sentence okay and so basically what inflection does is it adds some sort of grammatical function onto that word in that sentence and so for example right if you have a sentence like these cat destroy everything the these cat destroy everything of course this is ungrammatical but because like this is because the word cat right they're grammatically really kind of doesn't fit into this sentence and so the thing that an inflectional morpheme can do is it can help a word like cat fit into that sentence better okay um so once you add the Za in there you have something like these cats destroy everything right okay um and so you haven't really changed the meaning when you say these cat destroy everything versus these cats destroy everything but you know uh the word cats sort of fits better into that sentence this way right so technically speaking we say that the determiner and the noun agree uh they agree in terms of number and so these says plural and caps says plural now too right and so that's why the word fits into that sentence now another example of an inflectional morpheme is like tense marking um and so uh so tense marking is a kind of inflection and so when you have something like this cat destroy everything this cat destroy everything there's still like you can understand this but there's something sort of syntactically not right about this sentence okay and so what happens here is you can add the present tense s for example right here to have this cat destroys everything and now that verb fits into the sentence because that verb in that subject agree again right you can also do something like this cat destroyed everything with a past tense marker as well okay so that's the idea of inflectional morphines they just add some sort of grammatical function to that word and so it creates a different grammatical version of that word so luckily we actually have a finite number of inflectional morphemes in English and so these are all of the inflectional morphemes in the English language so we have the plural s which attaches to a noun creates a noun and so creates a plural version of it like cat and cats and then there's the third person present tense marker Za again and so this one attaches to a verb and creates a verb as a result and so I Destroy versus he destroys right um there's the past tense Ed and so Destroy versus destroyed again the idea is that the Ed creates the past tense version of that verb it doesn't create a new verb altogether right so the progressive ing also is inflectional and so uh I am going for example and then the aspect marker en and so that's the perfect aspect and so I have taken I had taken Etc also the comparative ER so this one is the ER that means like more of something and so we have bright versus brighter okay so it attaches to an adjective and creates the comparative version of that adjective so it's an adjective to adjective affix um and then you also have the superlative EST in so bright versus brightest same kind of idea the reason that these are also inflectional is because you have bright versus brighter and so like but they both point to the same property of being bright one just has more of that property than the other when you say brighter right but it's basically the same idea okay um the other inflectional morpheme is the possessive s um and so when you have like Yoko versus yokos for like yoko's book the book that belongs to Yoko yeah and so uh in this kind of case um the only difference between Yoko and yokos is that Yoko is in its plain form and yokos is just the possessive form and so we also consider this an inflectional morpheme in English okay and so this attaches to a noun and creates a noun as a result so the other thing about inflection is that you only ever have a maximum of one inflectional morpheme in a word okay so sometimes you do see like a bare word without any inflection like you know cat and dog and like uh like verbs in its plain form like go and things like that but if you do right when you do have an inflectional morpheme you can only have one okay so this means that you never see multiple inflectional morphines showing up in a word and so for a verb it's impossible for you to have like like two aspect markers like both the Ing and the en that would be impossible in English okay so the contrast to inflectional morphemes is derivational morphemes so a prefix like X is an example of what's called a derivational morpheme so derivational morpheme creates a new word so it doesn't just create a new version of a word uh it creates like a new word all together okay and so the intuition here is that partner and ex-partner feel like different words do you get me right here and the other thing is that derivational morphemes can change the syntactic category of the word that it attaches to it sometimes does so for example the l y suffix Li which is the adverbial suffix in the English language um and so you have quickly adjective and you attach lead to it and you get quickly okay um so it was originally an adjective creates an adverb as a result the syntactic category changed and so Lee is a derivational morpheme and this is a derivational morpheme that does change the category of the word that it attaches to be careful about this point because uh some derivational morphemes do not change the category of the word that it attaches to so we already saw X and so X attaches to a noun and creates a noun as a result husband ex-husband both nouns okay uh and so uh the reason that I mentioned this is because Okay so if you look at the list of inflectional morphemes you will notice that inflectional morphemes never change the category of a word and so it makes sense is you're just creating a different version of that word and so of course you're not going to change the category of it right and so you go from a noun to a different kind of noun you go from a verb to a different kind of verb Etc so sometimes students make the wrong assumption based on this that if a affix does not change the category of the word then it must be an inflectional morpheme that is wrong okay because some derivational morphemes do not change the category either okay so um I think a better way of thinking about it is that okay if the morpheme if the affix changes the category of the word that it attaches to it's definitely a derivational morpheme but if it doesn't change the category of it you don't know if it's derivational or inflectional just yet and so you'll have to take a look at you know what other properties that kind of affix has okay so if derivational morphemes and so what else matters right and so it's obviously not just about the categories here and so derivational morphemes um substantially change the meaning of the thing that it attaches to so this is like comparatively speaking and so like compared to inflection it changes the meaning a lot more and hopefully this is clear from the examples that we've seen like X ex-husband Lee with the uh quickly brightly Etc but also things like er not the comparative one but the one that attaches to a verb and creates a noun uh and so like teach versus teacher and So like um and so obviously the category changes so naturally speaking the meaning also substantially changes too right teach is that action and then teacher turns into that person or that thing that is teaching something okay and so hopefully you understand this intuition that the meaning sort of changes a lot here right okay other examples are like rewrite the prefix re reattaches to a verb creates a verb but like you have redo right and so do you versus do again is what that kind of thing means and so it really does add sort of contentful meaning to that kind of word okay so these are examples of derivational morphemes in English and so uh but here's the thing there are lots of derivational morphemes in the English language and so I cannot list all of them okay but here's a good way to sort of like remember this distinction between derivation and inflection so we know that there is a finite number of inflectional morphemes right so uh like these are inflectional morphemes in the English language period And so this means that if your morpheme is not among these morphemes then that's a derivational morpheme okay so if your morphine is not one of these morphemes then you know that it's a derivational morpheme easy right the thing that you want to be careful about though is that sometimes two morphemes can look and sound the same but they have different meanings and like different functions in the English language and so we talked about like the ER morpheme already and so one of them is an inflectional morphine that attaches to an adjective and creates a comparative version of it bright and brighter but there's also another ER in the English language that attaches to a Verve and creates a noun teach to teacher okay and so the one with teacher is a derivational morphine clearly it changes the category substantially changes the meaning but for the comparative one that's an inflectional morphine okay and so just be careful about what that meaning of that actual morpheme is before you make that determination the other way of thinking about this kind of like er situation uh is to say that uh these two morphemes have different morphine templates and therefore they are stored as different creatures in your head as an English user right and so one has a completely different uh morphine template than the other one and so that's how we know that they are separate things they are not the same morpheme and so we talk about this kind of thing already previously in the course but now we have sort of a nice way to visualize this right so they're actually different kinds of entries inside of your head so the principle here is that different morphine template means different morphemes okay so where were we oh right okay so we brought up the idea that there is a difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes okay in language um and so why does this matter for words like ex-partners okay so the big thing about inflectional morphemes versus derivational morphemes is that adding an inflectional morpheme is always the last step in the tree okay so once again inflection is the very last step in a word formation process so this actually makes a lot of sense if you think about it because like if you think about the function of inflectional morphemes so I said that inflectional morphemes help a word fit into a sentence right and so like grammatically speaking right it helps the word fit into the sentence and it helps it agree with some of the other words in the sentence okay so okay so the way that this works is let's say that you start out with like a root word in the English language and then you add derivational suffixes to create a new word out of that and so you're adding more actually content full meaning to that particular route okay so as a result of that derivational process you have a new word okay what do you do with that word now now that you have created that word you put it into a sentence okay once you put it into the sentence that's where inflection happens because inflection is necessarily dependent on other things in the sentence again like this is the notion of agreement right so if you have a certain subject the verb has to look a certain way if you have a certain determinary maybe your noun has to look a certain way right and so it's only after you put that word into a sentence that the inflection naturally happens right and so this is why inflection is always the last step when you're forming that word so as a more specific example and so you have teach let's say and then you create a reteach with derivation right and then you take that new verb that you created put it into a sentence like he re-teach okay but then like the that isn't working so The Verve and the subject must agree and so the inflection shows up last right and so you have read teaches now and so naturally speaking again the inflection is the very last step in that word formation process so when you have a word like ex Partners which one is the correct tree based on what we just learned we have these two options a tree number one in uh red and then we also have tree number two in the blue over here which one is the correct one inflection must be the last step and so the correct one is the blue one okay and so the blue ones tree number two on the derivational morpheme X attaches first to partner and then the last thing that happens is the zot that attaches to it okay and so we know that this one is the correct one and the other one is actually impossible in the English language so in the next video let's talk more about morphemes and morphine templates in morpheme trees and let's practice a little bit because this can be a little bit tricky okay so let's go over these things in detail and I'll show you sort of a step-by-step of doing a morphological analysis like this okay see you in that video bye