hi guys welcome to today's recording now i'm going to go through the ncaa level 3 organics topic very quickly i'm aiming to get this done in 10 minutes just to go through the important things of the unit um and because i'm not going to go into too much detail with let's say for example flowchart i'm not going to do this explain how the reactions work with the flow charts etc um probably do that later down the track before the end of year school exams or the ncaa examinations but just the key points for this topic okay so i'll try to keep this short now with the organics um so the first thing that you need to do is naming and drawing um and and and this is something that's very very basic like if you can't at this if you have an assessment like my class later down this week and if you can't still can't differentiate between an amine and amide and aldehyde and the ketone for example then the chances of you passing is very very slim you need to at least identify the function groups and be able to call um you know write down the names and this is normally achieved when say level one as our nc level three um you know for topics we might give you a mirror but um you should know that's quite inflated normally it's only achieved okay now after that you would have done your one thing that you need to do is your isomers um now you would have done your structural and then you would have done system trans isomers or geometric isomers um and then you would have done optical isomers this year okay now as a year 13 you don't need to worry about that one i can tell that they never examined us because of the emphasis on optimizat and structural isomer and if you and i've done this with my classes i think if you look at the ncaa exams for the past couple of years they love giving out questions that they give you the molecular formula like to say for example to give you um c 5 h um h 10 11 10 h10 let me just see if this works um to give you something like this ch3 ch3 ch2 central yeah c something like that um so they give you something like this c5h10r and they give you some conditions and they'll go oh this particular one isomer one structural isomer thus can react with tolerance reagent or you can say one of this doesn't really have a total insulation you can draw a straight chain branch shame blah blah blah they give you a lot of the conditions so they link the structural isomer with a lot of other things like distinguishing tests with some chemical physical properties so you really need to know your structural isomers because if you can't draw the structure um you can't you're not going to be able to do anything okay so this is like the structural isomers on its own this is probably not that hard but then they link it with something else so i highly recommend you if you are preparing for like an assessment i do recommend you to have a look at my previous year's videos i think i would have done one of these in the i thought it was 2019 or 2018 i can't remember but that would have been covered and i strongly recommend you to have a look at that in more detail now with the optical isomer this is something new this year so you need to identify your chiral carbon so you this chiral carbon must be bonding to four different groups it doesn't have to be specifically for different elements but they need to be different groups like say for example oh ch3 ch2 ch3 so this is four different groups this is your chiral carbon and then you can form and i always tell my class that just think about your hands your hands are perfectly good examples of optical isomers they are exactly the same and they are non-superimposable which means if you put one over the other um they can't overlap completely yet they are exactly the same so they are mirror images and the only way to differentiate them is to shine a plane of polarized light through that structure through the molecule through the liquid and then one particular isomer will rotate it one way clockwise and the other one will do anti-clockwise okay so that's kind of like a meritage type question for the optical isomers you know being able to explain being able to draw them being able to explain being able to explain how you differentiate differentiate them that's kind of like a mirror question all right and then um just with the reaction and now the rest is all reactions if you think about it um so with the year you know this is year 12 but the thing is you need to know this from year 12 all the way to u13 so you need both ears so you need to be able to go all the way from alkene to an alcohol and then from your primary alcohol to an aldehyde and then from your aldehyde to a carboxylic acid then carboxylic acid to an ester then you can also do hydrolysis back to the carboxylic acid your carboxylic acid can turn into acyl chloride or acid chloride doesn't matter which one and then that can turn into an ester and then you can turn this into a mite and then you can also do hydrolysis back to the acid then you can do the exochloride you know you know it's you but then this section is here to off and they can do more like and they can turn the alkane into a into halo arcane for example so you still need to know your major minor products from year from year 12 and this is why particularly at my school i think most schools do we have prerequisite if you sucked in organic in year 12 there's a very high chance that you were sucking you thirteen because most of half of it is from your twelfth um so if you didn't do so well in year 12 um that means you just and you really want to pass organic chemistry you really need to put in somewhere else and into some studying you know go watch my videos maybe those will help maybe start with the year 12 first um but so those are major minor products they can still ask you those from year 12 so that's your year 12 section and then the it so if you think about the reactions you have addition reaction you have substitution reaction you have the elimination reaction you have oxidation reaction this year you also learned reduction reaction you learned and this year you also learned hydrolysis and then you learned condensation reactions okay so those are the different and then you have your neutralization reaction as well so those are your um the different types of reactions you need to know what reagents you need to use and please even though i've drawn it this way i wouldn't recommend you to learn it like this i would like you to you know start with the and i always do this even though the year 13 with the year 12 videos i say is the same thing because this is by far the basic example that you could do can you turn this alkene you know you're starting with the alkane can you turn that all the way into like say an ethyl chloride you know can you figure out any major minor products along the way can you do that you know with the help of your nose open book and you draw a flow chart start with b20 don't memorize go oh alcohol to aldehyde i'll say so primary alcohol to aldehyde yes you can remember that but if i give you an alcohol can you actually turn that into an aldehyde so that is the question you need to ask yourself because from experience a lot of people that you know just memorize that and think they're okay actually won't be able to survive a test because we don't give you the format of the flowchart in the one that i've drawn on the left you get given i mean just go through some past exam papers you'll see how the flow charter drawn is literally a flowchart and you need to know what turns into what what does the reagents required what is the type of reaction you know there's only one correct answer so you can't you know i can always say you can't bs your way out of it because i've said this many times to my class i double measured in biology you know sometimes like if i if i get confused with the bowel equations i just talk about things i do know and sometimes i get given marks for them but for kim there's only one answer you know this you can't write anything else anything else would not be accepted okay now the big part for this section is condensation polymerization now i just did a video yesterday um so you can go watch that so this is the polymerization and the hydrolysis this is guaranteed an excellent question and then you have the distinguishing test which is again like a guaranteed excellence question but the thing with these is that they don't really they can mix and match especially here 13 year 12 they're quite limited but with the 13 like i love doing the year 13 kind of paper because this you know not being nerdy anything but it's like solving a puzzle and they they have so many ways to change how the questions are worded and this you know it really really shows how well the examiners design the questions and some questions i just love doing them because it you know it actually gets you thinking so the distinguishing test is something like you know to distinguish the alkanes our kings use bromine water to distinguish um the aldehyde use tolerance reagent or benedict solution or alpha failing solution you know and then to distinguish acyl chloride you simply use water and you can also use water depending on the solubility how many layers would you see due to due to their solubility you can also do carbonate like say do carbonate anything carbonate sodium carbonate potassium carbonate doesn't matter what it does to differentiate the carboxylic acid you can do limits paper and if your school taught you lucas region to distinguish to distinguish the primary secondary alcohol primary doesn't react with this secondary turns cloudy in a few minutes and tertiary turns cloudy very quickly or you can stick to the traditional ml4 minus h plus or cr2072 minus but this is where people get it wrong okay because um if you oxidize a primary secondary alcohol with those two solutions that i just wrote you won't be able to tell which ones which because it will both react and you can't tell which one's the aldehyde which one's carboxylic acid and this is where people go oh i'll just keep reacting them and the one that turns into the carboxylic acid i can just use limits paper but here it is my friend look at the condition both of these solutions have some acid from the the reagent that we use to make this reaction work so regardless of which one you will view and you know which one makes carboxylic acid if you use luminous paper at the end they will both turn red because of the acid that you have put in at the beginning of the reaction not because of the acid that you have produced so many times i've seen that mistake it just shows that you don't really understand what you're trying to talk about you don't you're not paying attention to the condition and it's not just one or two people it's like you know dozens every single year um in my school like every single year so you know it doesn't matter how many times you tell them they still do it um so that's that all right and then the last thing that you need to do is the the technique the the which is mainly reflux and distillation so you need to understand how each works this is kind of like a mir and then and then use of acid concentrated acid what do you use that for the use of anhydrous stuff i think it was sodium so i can't remember exactly which one they're quite a few um this is kind of like a mirrored ish type of question so you need to know that reflux is more of a um what do you call it um like you're trying to keep everything in the container and then you heat it up as much as you can it's really you're really increasing the razor action and they will react as really quickly whereas distillation you're trying to make the aldehyde you're trying to you know from alcohol to aldehyde to carboxylic acid the moment any aldehyde is produced they will get extracted they will be distilled and they will evaporate come out the other side because they have a lower boiling point because they don't have hydrogen bonding and then use of the concentrated acid is to use as a catalyst also as a dehydration unit to get rid of any excess water and also the same thing with any any anhydrous if you see the word anhydrous anything it doesn't matter what they write under afterwards and the hydrous just means no water and what what what is the purpose to take away water to remove any excess water from the solution okay so that's pretty much it and that's the important section all the important um things you need to know for organics for ncaa level three obviously this is you know i'm counting on you to visit some of my other videos to go through some of the questions in more detail but these are the important concepts that you would need to know for like a topic test or like a school exams you know just like a last minute check to see if you got everything um you know so hopefully this has helped and yeah i'll see you guys next time bye