Transcript for:
Understanding Medical Terminology Basics

welcome ladies and gentlemen to this exciting video that I'm putting together for your lecture on medical terminology some medical terminology is very important when we're talking about the body how the body works specifically diseases that we have how things are named and medical terminology if we know medical terminology we're able to look at the name of something and figure out kind of the basics of what's going on with this medical condition or with these structures in the body that maybe we haven't seen the names of before we can figure out what's going on with it just by looking at the name by breaking it down into all the parts that kind of go into it okay so there are three parts of medical terminology that we need to know we need to know word roots we need to know prefixes and we need to know suffixes so I'm not gonna go over every single word root every single prefix every single suffix that's way too much you will doze off by the time we are a quarter of the way through this video if I do that so I'm focusing on the main ones ones that that maybe you might have a little bit of trouble coming up with stuff like some terms are so close to to what the actual structure is I'm not going to include those stuff like Asaf ago that refers to the esophagus right you should be able to figure that out but something like gastro might be a little bit different and not really match up with stomach okay so so medical terminology has roots in Latin and Greek and sometimes these terms a lot of these a few structures in the body have multiple different terms for them different names if you will word roots and prefixes and suffixes as well and that's because they originated in two different languages so one might have a Greek origin one might have a Latin origin sometimes it's kind of a combination of the two is whatever so just be aware that that's why we might have something like Neff Rowe and Reno mean the same thing because they could come from different languages but they both mean kidney okay so let's begin and we're gonna start with cardiovascular word roots so how how these are kind of labeled is we have the word root and it has a slash and then like an O or an eye or an A or an e at the end and that slash you know is just where that term would kind of connect to a suffix to make it another word a different word okay so well again we're starting with our cardiovascular word roots and we're starting with angio so a couple examples angioplasty or angiotensin so angio again we're in the cardiovascular system right now so what is an angioplasty typically done if somebody has something like let's say our Theroux or yes arthrosclerosis or arteriosclerosis what do those have to do with the body angio means vessel okay it's a vessel a blood vessel specifically in the cardiovascular system so angioplasty is repair of a blood vessel so putting something like a stent inside of a blood vessel and doesn't mean it has to be an artery it doesn't mean it has to be a vein it can be either one it's just vessels some type of vessel okay moving on arteriole so a couple a couple examples arteriosclerosis arteriole now some of these the names actually kind of are pretty simple I would say all you have to do is kind of look at it think about it for a second arterial that has to be artery right I would hope you'd be able to figure out that arterial means artery so it's not blood it's not vessel again that's angio artery so arteriosclerosis it's hardening of the walls of the arteries arterioles Clare means heart arteriole all means small or little are teary Oh refers to an artery so it's a small artery so when arteries branch off they become arterioles which is in branch off into capillaries hey after oh how the prime example here is a thorough sclerosis which is pretty similar to arteriosclerosis you're gonna see these kind of interchangeably at times you know they're there one is caused by the other and vice versa so after all refers to something that can build up inside of the arteries something that you maybe shouldn't have a lot of building up inside of your arteries when something attaches to the walls of the arteries it is called plaque so after us chlorosis is fatty plaque that attaches to the walls of the arteries which can reduce blood flow not a good thing especially in certain arteries like the coronary arteries definitely a bad thing cardio now you should you should know this is what I hate doing at the gym of course cardio examples myocardial infarction cardiac like cardiac muscle cardio of course heart it's one of the easy ones of course of course cardio heart kiba example is a hematoma or a hemorrhage hemophilia hemophilia AK somebody that suffers from hemophilia so hematoma him act also means the same thing as he mo oma means tumor he mo means blood so it's a blood tumor like if somebody somebody gets uh it's a car accident or something they have this big big thing on their head from where they like hit the steering wheel or something and it's full of blood that is considered a hematoma and a lot of times that blood kind of coagulates in there and when you pop it you should watch videos it's really gross you pop it you you cut it open and and all this coagulated blood just starts kind of pouring out of it that's pretty fun a hemorrhage is bleeding okay chemo blood reg means bursting forth so it's blood bursting forth you're bleeding basically Luke oh now you're gonna see Luke oh in yeah a lot of these terms are actually interchangeable between body systems like this can also apply to the lymphatic system you'll notice there is no there are no I did not list I should say I did that I did not list any lymphatic word routes in this video because they're all just kind of spread out throughout the entire all of the other body systems so there's no reason to kind of rehash a lot of them so Luke Oh example leukocyte and leukemia leukemia you could also you could also use Luke Oh in the oncology word routes leukocyte again could be part of the lymphatic system as well so a leukocyte is also call is a type of blood cell right whatever blood cell is a leukocyte now we only have really three blood cells right we have arethe recites leukocytes and thrombocytes leukocyte is a white blood cell okay so leuco means white so leukemia white blood condition so well look it's in your book Lukie leukemia is in your book look it up bago it's what i absolutely love to do of course I know it's not teach oh I love teaching I love teaching it's not talking either sometimes I'd rather just be silent and I know a lot of people watching my videos are probably like that's not true you you talk all the time yeah I do I do Pago Pago site phagocytosis what do Pago sites do leukocytes are types of phagocytes leukocytes make up our body's immune system right so how do they do that how what do they do with pathogens and debris in our body how do we how does how did the leukocytes get rid of those things that can put our body in danger they do them by quote-unquote eating those structures so when a leukocyte comes into contact with bacteria it takes it into the cell and that is a form of eating the bacteria and then it kind of dissolves the bacteria inside of it and then poops it out of course phlegm Oh like phlebitis or phlebotomist phlebitis of course itis means inflammation fled and we think about phlebotomist s-- or phlebotomy what do lab botanists do what are they what do they do in regards to the cardiovascular system the vitamist SAR the people that stab your veins with needles when you are doing stuff like donating blood okay in phlebitis is inflammation of a vein so here's another example phlegm oh is also the same as they know or vino two different words both mean the same thing okay so phlebitis is information of a vein usually caused by either trauma or or lack of movement of the vein sclera a couple examples scleroderma specifically in the cardiovascular system we're about arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis we talked about arterial sclerosis again RT Rio means arteries Claire means what happens to the walls of the arteries in arteriosclerosis they become hard ok so square a derma is hard skin so the skin becomes just really really hard arteriosclerosis the walls of the arteries become hard atherosclerosis the fatty plaque inside the arteries kind of solidifies becomes hard as it builds up in the arteries thrombo like thrombocytes or thrombosis thrombus what is a thrombus something that we should probably watch out for if there's one floating around in the bloodstream not a good thing deep vein thrombosis is when we have what in the veins usually in the legs a thrombus thrombo means clot so a thrombus is a blood clot thrombosed deep vein thrombosis is when we have blood clots usually in the legs which can be caused by something like phlebitis a thrombosed site is a type of blood cell that produces blood clots so when we bleed our thrombocytes help to protect us by forming clots and stopping the bleeding and Vino like venipuncture or venous stasis so venipuncture if you've ever been in the hospital had a stay in a hospital or had any type of surgery chances are you may have endured some venipuncture again a lot of this stuff isn't isn't really trying to trick you it's it's not that complicated if you just sit and think about it vino sounds like vein so it's probably vein the answer is vein of course of course it's vein now we're moving on to the digestive word routes so a lot of these kind of the like a the example I gave earlier with Asafa go means esophagus right what are these kind of do match up but some of them don't and some of them can be a little tricky okay so let's let's jump in first one Koli example cholecystitis or cholelithiasis say that five times fast okay so Koli cystitis so it's a we see itis we see the suffix itis of course that means inflammation something's inflamed Koli hmm cysts like a sits an actual cyst no well what what do cysts do what exists in the body due to our body cysts in the body are there to hold things inside of them so if we have like a sebaceous cyst the body develops this membrane around some sort of infection or buildup of something like sebum with sebaceous cysts and that just kind of holds it inside of it that's why cysts are called sis because they hold things inside of them just like these organs organs that hold things inside of them and that's all they do our bladders so we're in the digestive system not the urinary system right so what bladder do we have in the digestive system that just holds some sort of fluid inside of it it is the gall bladder Sokoli well first what is the gall bladder hold inside of it of course comes from the liver it's produced by the liver then emptied from the liver into the gall bladder and this helps to kind of emulsify fats break up break down fats and and make them easier for us to absorb into the body it is bile okay so Koli means bile so Koli cyst refers to Koli Sisto refers to the gallbladder so the gallbladder of course holds bile coley means bio none of course we just kind of talked about this one Kohli Sisto I just gave you the answer a lot of these it does just kind of give you the answer as you talk about it okay so Kohli says so again like cholecystitis cholecystectomy is another one is the gall bladder specifically Sokoli means bio Kohli Sisto is the bladder that holds the bile the gall bladder okay so you can see how this is all kind of just kind of coming together so you got those two word roots that connect to each other to make one structure the gall bladder so sis toad by itself just refers to bladder Coley by itself Richert refers to bile you can bind Coley and Sisto and that makes the gall bladder okay so cholecystitis again inflammation of the gallbladder cholecystectomy surgical removal of the gallbladder Colo now a lot of people you see that you're gonna say : yes of course but what is the colon what Oregon is the colon another example colitis inflammation of this structure now think about think about an organ that has the term colon in it a few times actually four times what about ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon those are all part of the large intestine so Colo means large intestine colitis inflammation of the large intestine colonoscopy you're putting a camera into the large intestine to take a look okay dento now we should all know this one right a lot of the stuff we use in everyday life like dentist or dental a dentist is somebody that specializes in teeth okay dental or donto also means teeth like the periodontal ligament gastro I kind of talked about this earlier gastritis inflammation of gastrula gee study of this structure gastro means stomach so gastritis usually like stomach flu you have inflammation of the stomach and that can make you do things like vomit which is not very fun trust me I do it all the time not very fun glosso like hypoglossal like the hypoglossal nerve but at glossary what are the stuff can translate again into everyday life and with other words as well glossary is a perfect example so hypo means below glosso refers to the tongue okay think about glossary a glossary use your tongue right when we're talking a Patou like hepatitis or hepatic portal vein okay but mainly you're gonna see hepatitis that's the really important one to know hepatitis so hepato hepatitis a inflammation of somebody s hepatitis which can be caused by a viral infection it can be caused by drinking far too much alcohol constant irritation of this organ it is the liver can cause the liver to produce way too much bile can damage the liver not a good thing cause cirrhosis of the liver a lot of bad things can happen when you have hepatitis so Hep or hepato means liver or Oh for example oral like the oral cavity what about orbicularis Oris that's a muscle right orbicularis Oris is a muscle has it's a range in kind of a circular manner which gives it the name orbicularis like an orb okay Oris you find it around the mouth the oral cavity is the mouth hey endocrine word roots adeno like your adenoids which aren't actually this but they resemble this means resembling so they kind of look like these structures and add an exome e is surgical removal of a gland so a lot of times if you have a gland removed it'll it'll be specific to that gland only named G's v a thyroidectomy or something like that so I don't know can you can have an ADD and ectomy and have the adenoids removed that would be considered an appendectomy or you can have an actual gland removed in just a general term for that is seven ectomy Adreno like adrenaline anytime you see the word Adreno you know it has something to do with the adrenal glands and even adrenal can be broken up into a couple different parts medical terminologies it's a it's a weird language to learn so ad means towards Reno means kidney so they are the adrenal glands are toward the kidneys so the glands basically sitting on top of the kidneys right so I mean Adreno is just one one more word that you can break up into multiple different parts and it's a word root itself okay gluco like glucose or glucagon what is glucose glucagon what does that increase the amount of in our bloodstream leucon increases the amount of sugar we have in our bloodstream which helps gives up give us energy right too much sugar in our bloodstream bad though glucose glucose sugar homeo like homeostasis like why is this part of the endocrine system well hormones play a major role in homeostasis and maintaining maintaining homeostasis and to keep the body to like the tries to keep the internal environment the same tries to get it to standstill homeostasis means same standing still so the internal environment is trying to stay the same and stand still trying to keep it around that kind of set point for chemical content or temperature a lot of factors that go into homeostasis so homeo means same cally like hypokalemia it's when you have too little of this nutrient in the body there are we get we have to have a certain amount of specific nutrients in our body to function properly to maintain homeostasis potassium is one of those substances okay so Callie means potassium and what's the the abbreviation I think it's a k right for potassium and that that's why yeah that was pretty short huh now we're on to the integrin teri word roots so our attack venturi system our skin of course will start with a Depot like adipose so adipose tissue he has the form of connective tissue used to kind of cushion the body useful in in temperature regulation specifically heat tramps heat in the bony which is what I'm never cold of course it is fat fat tissue okay so add a pole like adipose is fat albino like albinism now some of these especially with the skin kind of refer to color they can refer to color and albinism albino is one of these colors that we need to worry about if somebody has albinism their body isn't producing melanin right and melanin is what gives the skin a darker skin tone if you don't have melanin the skin becomes white okay or white her and some people can have stuff like vitiligo where only part of the skin has a lighter color and the rest is is yeah it has it has melanin in it but yeah you get it cute a neo like cutaneous cutaneous refers to what is Q taenia well it's the skin okay so something refers to the something is is in reference to a can cutaneous area subcutaneous below the skin like a subcutaneous injection that's another example it is an injection that goes below the skin no it doesn't go into the muscle or anything like that in the skin below this good sigh you know like cyanosis what is cyanosis as some is another color of course so cyanosis can occur if you are choking or if you have something like hypothermia what color does your skin turn really noticeable on like the lips maybe the hands as well turns blue okay so something that can happen and in people that might be having myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest or something like that just the skin color turns blue hadar mo like dermatitis or dermis of course itis means inflammation right eczema is a form of dermatitis called atopic dermatitis what about contact dermatitis the dermis whereby epidermis durman's skin okay so dermatitis inflammation of the skin the dermis is the skin the epidermis are the layers above the skin thick Theo like a theosis ichthyosaur is the state fossil of the deer state of Nevada where I currently reside it's pronounced Nevada no not in the body don't say that it do sis it's specifically a skin condition where the skin develops just kind of these this scaly appearance okay so it kind of looks like like fish scales or something like that on the skin it can be really dry and itchy not good John Doe what jaundice so somebody with hepatitis might develop jaundice which you can really see in the skin now some people might have a darker skin tone but there's one part of the body you can always see jaundice in people and that's in the eyes what color did the eyes turn when somebody has jaundice the eyes turn yellow it's not just regular you know maybe a little bit of discoloration due to like irritation of you know allergies to the the sclera of the eyes the the white of the eyes becomes a yellowish color okay Kirito like keratin all right that's the prime sample in the integrin Terry system is keratin we have keratin all over the skin right so keratin means hard so it's a hard area of the skin usually caused by an increased amount of pressure and friction on the mariya so when I lift weights I get a buildup of keratin on my hands where I'm holding the barbell or the dumbbell right below my fingers at the distal end of my metacarpals okay so keratin you can also find in warts and that's why warts kind of feels hard to the touch because they are basically an increased amount of keratin let the virus kind of makes the body produce okay melih know like melanin or melanoma melanoma ylönen melanin does what to the skin melanoma oma means tumor what color is the tumor in somebody that has melanoma melanoma is a black tumor okay so somebody has an increasing amount of melanin in the skin then their skin tone is darker in color if somebody has melanoma they have a black tumor that's one of the signs of melanoma is the color because stuff like moles are typically not black so when you have a mole or something especially the one that's kind of just appeared and it's got a really really dark black color that can be a sign that it's melanoma Annika onychomycosis onychomycosis Mike oh I know we didn't did not go over this one Mike Oh means fungus okay oh so this means condition so it's a fungus that you find somewhere on the body that has to do we the integumentary system onychomycosis can be something that's that can be associated with athlete's foot that doesn't mean it is athlete's foot but when athletes foot then kind of spreads into this part of the body then it becomes onychomycosis you can also get these on that on the hand nails as well know like Josh is gonna give it to you Annika means nail okay so onychomycosis is a fungal infection Mike Oh fungus osis means condition on a coat nails of nail fungus condition pilo an exemplar an example is the erector pili and pill eye is the plural form of course so the erector pili are muscles that it's in the skin that attached to this specifically a rector means to stand up right and what do they stand up in the skin the erector pili muscles stand hair up okay so erector pili stands hair up gives us our goosebumps basically which is kind of a defense mechanism for us helps with temperature regulation doesn't really work that well on humans because we don't have as much hair or fur as like animals but when animals are cold their erector pili stained their hair up and trap heat beneath the fur or yeah beneath the fur between the skin and the fur and that creates kind of like a blanket for them to keep them warm and I mo like squamous cell carcinoma squabble some people say squee mo - a squirrel that's just me so squamous cell carcinoma kind of it talks about what the what the type of cancer what the tumor actually looks like mo means scale now another example is the squamous suture on the side of the skull that connect the temporal bone to the parietal bones okay so both of those kind of look like scales the squamous suture creates kind of a scale like appearance the squamous cell carcinoma kind of looks like a scale on the skin okay moving on to muscular word roots will start with adhesive like adhesion now glue is an adhesive right tape is an adhesive what do both of those do to two different things because that's what adhesions and the muscles do they stick to okay so they just basically stick things together so adhesions kind of like scar tissue and muscles can stick things together and keep them from moving adhesions in the skin or scar is in the skin stick the two sides of the damaged tissue together and tape and glue they stick to things they stick things together like so like flexion a lot of people have trouble with flexion and extension yeah which is which which is which I don't understand the difference between the two it all has to do with angles so anytime a an angle of a joint decreases it flexes anytime an angle of a joint increases it extends so flexo means Bend okay so the so that joint is bending in some way the angle of that joint is getting smaller it is bending whereas extension it's not okay I so sample isometric or isotonic so these are muscle contractions that you really really should know okay metric means length tonic means tension so in these two types of muscle contractions something is changing and something is staying the same ISO means same so in an ISO metric contraction the length is staying the same but tension is changing okay like you like if you're trying to pick something up that's too heavy you just can't do it but you have tension in that muscle the length is staying the same it's not changing because it's too heavy for you but the tension is changing in some way okay isotonic the length is changing but as a name said the tension is remaining constant not changing same tension okay so like concentric and eccentric contractions are examples of isotonic contractions and go look at my previous videos for that of course kinesio like kinesiology or kinesthetic kinesiology ology means a study of now wouldn't we think about kinesiology what do we think of we think of muscles we think of bones and bony landmarks and all of that together along with the nervous system allows us to do what muscles bones and nerves working together allow us to move okay so kinesio means movement kinesiology is the study of movement and of course you have to know muscles and stuff like that because muscles when they can track allow us to move because they pull on the bones it métro like isometric now we just kind of talked about this isometric ISO means same metric means like when we measure something in the metric system we're measuring length so metro means length isometric same length so with that muscle contraction the length of the muscle stays the same recto like rectus femoris or erector spinae so the rectus femoris is a muscle one of our quadricep muscles of course the only quadricep muscle that crosses the hip basically the function of the rectus femoris is to stand us up straight right let's a stand up rectus femoris and rectus femoris didn't contract then the hip would not flex the knee would not extend both of which we need to help us stand up straight okay Tendo like tendonitis now you should you should be able to figure this one out just take out the suffix itis and that gives us our definition tendonitis tendo means tendon you could also see something with ten to nine as you can see te ND i in i t is it's the exact same thing just just a weird spelling thing I don't understand it tore t like torticollis now really this a torsion is another one I'm not going to get into a specific example that I've heard but it's it sounds terrible but torticollis something you find in in kids a lot babies a lot it's it's when the neck is basically twisted okay so sternocleidomastoid can become way too tight on one side and that can cause the neck to kind of kind of twist to one side so torti like torsion means twisted nervous word roots cranial an example is cranium the cranium is part of what region of the body the what portion of the axial skeleton is the cranium a part of it's a part of the skull okay so cranial pretty much refers to skull no a skull is you know all of the bones together but cranial specifically refers to the parietal four so temporal and occipital bones the region that really helped to protect the brain okay dendro means an example is dendrite which you find on neurons which are nerve cells of course dendro dendrite means little little what they look like and some people say fingers but they are actually named after trees they look like little trees coming off of a off of the cell body of a neuron okay in cephalo now this is another one where you can you can actually break this up into smaller terms as well in a couple examples encephalitis in sepal encephalopathy is is a disease of this encephalitis is inflammation of this so let's break this down a little bit en means inside what about sep think about bicep or tricep or quadricep bicep has to what tricep tricep has three what quadricep has four what bicep has two heads tricep has three heads quadricep has four heads so in en in SEP head so what is the structure you find in the head and don't overthink this do not overthink the structure you find in the head is the brain okay so encephalitis inflammation of the brain which is not a good thing usually a viral infection causes encephalitis and encephalopathy a big disease that people are talking about these days is CTE or chronic traumatic encephalopathy that's where you repeatedly have brain injuries concussions and stuff like that and that causes your brain tissue to kind of degenerate and you can have some pretty bad brain damage over time chronic of course traumatic encephalopathy CTE okay is physio like an aesthetic and aesthetics or medications right anesthesiologist SAR people that apply anesthetics when you are going into surgery right so that you don't have any of course an is a prefix that means without so you don't have any sensation so you don't feel what's going on so you're completely numb to everything they're doing to your body okay so anesthetics are medications that give you no sensation without sensation neuro like a neuron or neuralgia neurons are what type of cell neuralgia alga the suffix alg amines pain pain of what a neuron you get a bunch of neurons together of course that makes a nerve neuralgia is nerve pain like trigeminal neuralgia pain in the trigeminal nerve we had neurology no rightis information of a nerve there are lots of examples okay send apt Oh like synapse and this is pretty much the only only time you you need to know this but synaptic is a point of contact now the prefix in which kind of synapse applies to as well means together okay so a synapse is where two structures kind of come together and they don't touch there is that little space in between where neurotransmitters can kind of travel back and forth but a synapse is considered the point of contact where are these two structures to come together it reproductive word roots serviço you can of course this does apply to the skeletal system as well okay but specifically in the reproductive system we're talking about the cervix that's what this applies to so the cervix if we know female our female reproductive system we know that the cervix is a kind of a little little area between the vagina and the uterus it's considered the neck okay so serviço means neck like this like the cervical region of the vertebral column is then the neck right so consider the uterus the head then the cervix is the neck and then the vagina the passageway is considered the the trunk let's call the trunk okay Dinoco like gynecology Gynaecologists what do what would gynecologists study specifically the female reproductive system but gynae code specifically means woman okay so gynecologist I mean I don't see a gynecologist because I not a woman history like hysterectomy was where the term hysterical also came from and I didn't I didn't make the language don't come after me I'm just reporting history a hysterectomy a surgical removal ectomy means surgical removal of this specific structure and you're probably going to have other structures removed as well not just this structure but primarily this structure is removed it is the uterus okay so hysterectomy can also take out like the fallopian tubes and the ovaries and the uterus just all that stuff lacto like lactose or prolactin lactaid is a is a product you can find in a grocery door lactaid you can find it in which section of the grocery store some of you know it some of you know prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of this that both men and women can make only women primarily make this far more often than men but men can definitely make it if they have enough prolactin in their body so lacto means milk so lactose is a milk sugar prolactin stimulates the production of milk lactate is I think it's milk without Actos in it I don't know my wife was lactose intolerant for a while I can't remember she used lactaid I don't know that was a long time ago ma'am Oh like mammogram her mammary glands is another one so mammary glands are glands that you find inside of a breast a mammogram is a test performed to where they squish the the breast tissue between two glass plates and and then perform imaging procedures to see if there are any tumors or any irregularities in breast tissue a mesto like a mastectomy or here's her here's a weird one mastoid process on the back of the skull behind the ear named after what it looks like oh it means resembling of course so it looks like what I think about its shape mastectomy surgical removal of this structure also means breast okay so the mastoid process the back of the skull looks like a breast a mastectomy surgical removal of breast tissue typically done if there's a chance if you do if somebody words you have breast cancer or there is a chance somebody good at breast breast cancer times they get mastectomies performed get that get all that tissue out of there decreases the chances of developing breast cancer okay Meno like menopause or menstruation and with that what do you think menopause pause so we when we pause a movie or something like that we stop it right so what stops menstruation so Meno means menstruation menopause menstruation stops so you just stop stop menstruating and at that point yeah no longer can produce children okay oh oh like an oval site an O site of course the suffix site means sell so what type of cell is this now this is a is a female cell I don't have these in my body I don't think of course I've never really tested for it so maybe I do I don't know it is an egg cell okay so in oo sites is an egg cell which is produced by o4o construction that has the double O thing right so double O means egg eggs come from these structures which are glands and oh for ectomy yes surgical removal of these which my wife has actually had performed on one of them an ovary okay so in my study guide go to if it's in there I can't remember in my regular mBLAQ's guide maybe it's not in there but in my pathology book it's definitely in there go to the section on polycystic ovarian syndrome and you'll see my wife's ovary it's about the size of a softball so oh four o means ovary so you see that double O you know it refers to an egg so oh four O ovaries produce oocytes which are egg cells south bingo how about salpingitis inflammation of this now these are these structures you find between the ovaries and the uterus that egg cells travel through it's where the majority of fertilization of an egg cell takes place fallopian tubes okay so salpingitis inflammation of the fallopian tube moving on to respiratory word routes breathing of course in below like an embolus embolism what is an embolus what is it nimblest do you have an embolus in your body see if thrombus can become an embolus of course when it becomes like a plug and it plugs up something like an artery or a vein in reduces blood flow into or out of a blood vessel so an embolus such as blood clots either there there's a reason you get all of the oxygen and bubbles out of needles when you are injecting some sort of medication because those don't pop when they're in the blood they can just kind of hang out they can travel throughout the bloodstream and and potentially get stuck somewhere like your heart your lungs which is pretty common I mean when people get an embolus the lungs are a commonplace people people get them or the brain and that can that can cause some major problems about possible stroke stuff like that not good embolus not a good thing don't want don't want anything clogging up part of your body okay em fizzle like emphysema and that's pretty much the only time you're gonna see it in fazil so what happens in emphysema specifically with the alveoli in the lungs they deteriorate and then distend and when they descend they look like they have inflated okay so emphases Oh means inflate so the alveoli look like they're they're balloons but okay at first they couldn't look like a big cluster of grapes and when they deteriorate they get bigger that tissue between them that all the capillaries kind of move across all that surface area kind of disappears and it becomes just one structure it looks like that it has inflated like a balloon like a like one big balloon instead of a lot of smaller ones that have a lot more surface area okay phone Oh like telephone what do we do on the telephone where telephones used for I mean these days well you you can you can use your telephone without actually doing this producing sound talking to people of course using your voice but phone oh means sound telephone you're supposed to be talking into a telephone and people in producing sound okay pneumo like pneumothorax or pneumonia a pneumothorax is when you have an air bubble in your chest caused by a puncture of this structure pneumonia is typically a bacterial infection that causes an increased amount of fluid in these pneumo means lung okay so pneumothorax if you have your lung you might develop some air in your chest it could be a collapsed lung that produces it not a good thing you don't want a bunch of air just just hanging out in your chest you want to end the lungs and pneumonia bacterial infection causes increased amounts of fluid to build up in lungs pulmo like a pulmonary embolism or pulmonary arteries or pulmonary veins anytime you see Palma pulmonary it refers to lung like a pulmonary of Melissa again we talked about an embolus earlier that's when you get a blood clot or a bubble of gas or something like that blocking part of the lung either blood flow or or air flow or something like that just stuck in the lung pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the heart okay so pulmo lung anytime you see pulmonary you know it has something to do with the lungs Rhyno like a rhinoceros a couple of specific examples human-related rhinitis inflammation of this rhinoplasty surgical repair of this of course we think about rhinoceros we think about that big horn right and that horn is located where on the nose of the rhinoceros okay so right now this inflammation of the nose rhinoplasty basically a nose job right spiro like that spirometry spirometry is I've actually had this done I do have asthma some sort of breathing disorder so you get spirometry done to measure a person's breathing and how well they breathe how you know the depth of each breath how much air they're taking in how much air their exhaling at a time my breathing is fine by the so it's a spiral means breathe set though like stethoscope that's pretty much the only time you're gonna see that either stethoscope so we know that the stethoscopes right yeah the the things that go in the ear and you got the bell that you put up to somebody's chest course chest so stethoscopes basically let us hear things hear noises inside the chest so you can hear somebody's breathing you can hear heart rate you can you can even hear the digestive organs doing their thing if you really want to step the Scopes they're not that expensive and go grab a grab a pair listen to some heart beats and breathing of course Scirocco like these thorax or the thoracic vertebrae the thorax is considered what part of the body what region of the body the thoracic vertebrae now we know the the thoracic vertebrae refers to you know the region of the vertebral column and you think of the vertebral calling you think of the back of the thoracic vertebra refers to the thorax which is the chest okay so anytime you see thorax or thoracic it refers to the chest in some way so the thoracic vertebrae kind of match up with the ribcage which makes the chest or the thorax okay skeletal word roots a crow like a crow Mian process a crow so I think of the acromion process and where it is it's right next to the shoulder joint right right at the shoulder joint right where an extremity attaches okay so the acromion process again right by that shoulder joint right where that extremity attaches to the body ankle oh like ankylosing spondylitis ankylosaurus one thing about dinosaurs also the they have a lot of Latin and Greek names so a lot of these do transfer over to the dinosaur realm as well like ankylosaurus ankylosing spondylitis however is a medical condition involving the vertebral column specifically be interpretable discs it's an autoimmune disorder the disc kind of degenerate over time and that causes us to lose the space in between the vertebrae they can sit on top of each other eventually you're not gonna move because bone is running on bone that's painful so the bones start to fuse together and gives you something like a post it's not a good thing of course another name for it is bamboo spine because it makes the vertebrae after they fused together they kind of look like a stock of bamboo anyway Anglo means crooked so when you develop ankylosing spondylitis againi it can give you kind of Keio Sasan where you're cut you have that hunchback appearance because you have lost the discs between the vertebra so there's nothing kind of keeping them upright you just kind of the the body just kind of kind of looks crooked falls over on itself okay are throw like arthritis an art equation is where what joins together arthritis inflammation of like osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis our throw means joint okay so arthritis inflammation of a joint osteoarthritis is wear and tear arthritis rheumatoid arthritis inflammation of the joints that's another autoimmune disorder and articulation is where two bones come together that makes a joint a brachio an example biceps brachii have a brachialis coracobrachialis brachioradialis a lot of muscles named after this this is a specific specific region of the body of course the brachial artery same thing named after this region of the of the body the artery is found where the brachial region is the region of the arm so biceps brachii you find in the arm brachialis coracobrachialis brachioradialis all have something to do with the region of the arm the brachial artery is a large artery in the region of the arm a lot of blood passes through the brachial artery you don't don't want to damage that of course ok cephalo now we kind of talked about this one earlier with the encephalitis right en means in what is SEP mean again like biceps are triceps or quadriceps cephalo cephalosporin biceps brachii cephalo means head okay so cephalosporin is a type of medication kind of an antibiotic the cream if you will biceps brachii again step bicep to head so in cephalo in the head is the brain ok Kandra like costochondritis costochondritis so inflammation of something and this or this is associated with that other stroke alright Kandra cartilage all right so costochondritis it's inflammation of the costal cartilage the costo means rib chondral cartilage itis information so Kandra cartilage clayton now pretty much the only place you're ever gonna see this is in this muscle sternocleidomastoid so mastoid would referred to the mastoid process right now we just talked about looks like boom sir no though I mean you gotta know that means sternum right what does clio mean what articulates with the sternum what bone articulates with the sternum it's not the ribs what is that one boat some people call it the collarbone oh I hate that so much use the actual name please is the clavicle okay so sternocleidomastoid just basically tells you all of its attachment sites the sternum the clavicle the mastoid process fun thing about muscles is a lot of times they're actually just named after where they attach here's a prime example okay so Clyde OH means clavicle costo and we just kind of talked about this with costochondritis a couple examples intercostal or costal cartilage course the costo means rib costal cook-off we have a big event in in Reno every Labor Day weekend the rib cook-off it's one of my favorite things costal cook-off of course chi fo like kyphosis now kyphosis of course kind of that hunchback appearance right it we have four curvatures in the vertebra to our Chi photic into our lord Datuk the ones that are kiya photic goes posterior Lee so in the thoracic region that's a cathodic curve in the sacral region that's a colonic group the curvature in the cervical region and the lumbar region are lordotic curves they go towards the front so if you have somebody laying prone on a table and you look at their back you look at the the the thoracic and the sacral regions it looks like if you just imagine them as it's kind of the horizon you're looking at the correct you look at them from the side as laying facedown looking from the side it looks like they have Hills on their back right kite pho means Hill you listen I didn't name this stuff alright so I'm just telling you what this means I'm trying to explain it best I can so Kaipo it creates kyphosis creates kind of an exaggerated Hill on the back where you get that hunchback appearance okay so a chi photic curve creates a hill looks like a hill whatever you get it Lord oh like lordosis okay so so we got kyphosis creates like a hill and of course Lord odda curves go the opposite direction they go anteriorly now when you look at somebody maybe see it's hard because you can do it either way when you're looking at somebody like from the side you can look at the the kyphotic curb you're like oh that's going the that's doing the same thing as this one but this specifically means curve like you got the four curvature it's right there they're all curvatures but Lord Oh specifically means curve where keiko means Hills so just just imagine somebody just laying face down on the table and then you can really get a good visualization of it okay so Laura no means curve lordosis is is a hyper curvature of a lordotic curve where you find the lumbar vertebra in the cervical vertebra okay ortho like orthopedic orthotics are things that you put in your shoes to help you stand straight okay so orthopedic medicine specifically has to do with with muscles and bones and stuff a lot of that is has to do with the spine and stuff like that it helps you stand up straight the knees are also a really really common one to deal with orthopedic medicine the hips as well osteo like osteo site osteoblasts osteoclast are all things that have to deal with these structures of course osteo means bone okay so an osteocyte is a bone cell osteoblasts are immature cells or germ cells that build bone tissue and once enough tissue has been built to them they mature and become osteocytes osteoclasts ourselves that break down bone tissue petty like a pedicure which I am desperately in need of just looking at my feet like ma'am I gotta get in and get taken care of where I oh I just kind of gave it away foot petty means foot okay paw pod Oh pod oh you can kind of say it either way podiatry is a prime example of this one podiatry now there's a difference between peddaiah tree PDA and podiatry p OD peddaiah tree deals with children okay podiatry deals with the foot so podiatrists are foot doctors basically so there's the one they're the ones that can tell you either you are over supinating and Rover pronating your feet or that's inversion and e-version for those of you who are unaware - yeah podiatrists deal with feet had died interests deal with children Scully Oh like scoliosis so if we were to look at somebody's back somebody who has scoliosis their vertebrae doesn't look straight right it looks a little abnormal it looks like it does it's not an S shape it looks like it is kind of like ankle oh it is crooked okay so the the vertebra isn't straight it is going off to the side it is crooked at that point so it's like ankle oh same kind of definition just crooked in a different way where we're enclosing spondylitis can make you crooked going in kind of anteriorly if you like that kinda curve that hyper high fly to curve it scoliosis the vertebrae are gonna go laterally usually also takes place in the thoracic region okay spot below like spondylosis or hey we just talked about it ankylosing spondylitis so spondylosis is is just a general term in any form of condition that has to do with the vertebrae think about ankylosing spondylitis information of the vertebra that causes the vertebra to become crooked that's how you can kind of break down that that name ankylosing spondylitis okay so spondylitis information of the vertebra not specifically the intervertebral discs right but can also maybe cause a little bit of irritation in inflammation when you have the vertebra sitting on top of each other when the discs are completely degenerated all right moving on to urinary word routes okay Syst oh like cystitis we already talked about Sisto a little bit earlier right with cholecystitis kohli means bile itis inflammation bile where does the bio go after it leaves the liver it goes into the gall bladder right so we have a couple bladders in the body that's not the only place you have the bladder Sisto of course just means bladder coley Sisto means gall bladder cystitis would specifically refer to the urinary bladder okay so again bladders are just things that hold things inside of the whole fluid inside of them okay so Sisto bladder cystitis information of the bladder usually cosmic bacterial infection Neff row like nephritis or epinephrine here's another term that you can kind of break down into multiple parts epi means above Neph we're gonna talk about kidney where I think just kind of told you Ren means secrete so above kidney secretes epinephrine comes from the adrenal glands above the kidney and they secrete print nefra means kidney nephritis is inflammation of a kidney a nephrologist is a doctor that specializes in kidneys and kidney function ok pilo pretty much the one example you're gonna need for this pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection where where bacteria moves all the way up the entire urinary tract and gets into the kidneys and specifically affects this part of the kidney the renal pelvis so the very bottom of the kidney is what pilo refers to so pyelonephritis inflammation of the renal pelvis in the kidney okay Reina not just where I'm from of course reno renal failure is an example adrenal gland we talked about that earlier ad means toward renal means the adrenal glands are toward what structures they sit on top of the kidney okay so reno means kidney renal failure is kidney failure uro like urology now this one maybe you should be able to get this one I think I think you should be able to get it just by looking at it you are of course urine you're in trouble you are not in trouble urine okay so urology uric uric acid refers to urine okay oncology word roots so oncology studying tumors blasto like osteoblasts or blastoma now we talked about osteoblasts osteoblasts are cells that do what now fun thing about a lot of these terms is sometimes you can have a term be a word root and a prefix or a suffix it's it's a weird thing a really weird thing like dermo can also be derma the suffix derma like scleroderma hard skin it just know that they're all the same they all mean the same thing doesn't matter if it's a prefix suffix or whatever okay so blasto like osteoblasts in this case blacks would be the suffix but it still applies blasto means germ cells so osteoblasts again are germ cells that divide until they make enough bone tissue then they mature into osteocytes okay so moving on Carson oh like carcinoma or carcinogen carcinoma means a type of tumor that is what carcinogens are things that produce what carcinoma means cancer okay so carcinoma is a cancerous tumor a carcinogen is something that produces cancer Kotter Oh like cauterization that's pretty much the only time you're going to need to know that Carter is Asian when surgery is being performed a lot of times what what is actually done to reduce the amount of bleeding is cauterization during surgery and when cauterization has performed the area being with that's being performed well that surgery is being performed on excuse me as my brain stops working is burned and burning the area kind of closes everything makes the blood stop flowing in the area and reduces blood flow so cauterization cada Rho means burn chemo like chemotherapy it should be able to figure this out just by looking at the name chemotherapy is therapy that involves using chemicals no chemotherapy is used to destroy tissues and cells in the body that we don't want in the body that could be cancerous could be harmful to our health so they can also destroy healthy cells too so that's kind of kind of the trade-off there but yeah definitely a good thing chemotherapy cryo like cryotherapy and when we use cryotherapy we are using cold something like ice or cold packs or even even cold baths are forms of cryotherapy anything that we use we we mainly use cryotherapy to reduce the amount of inflammation in the body can be systemic inflammation or it can be localized inflammation it just lowers the amount of inflammation because it causes blood vessels to constrict and when the blood vessels constrict they're less permeable and that doesn't allow fluids and blood cells and stuff to enter into those areas and cause inflammation okay histo like histology this is kind of something that that is performed when biopsies are done they when biopsies are performed a doctor will kind of remove a piece of tissue from the body and then examine it under a microscope and see if it is a form of cancer or not and I've had a biopsy performed you can watch that video on my Facebook page facebook.com slash and Lex test prep it's really simple he just took a small razor blade numb the area first of course took a small razor blade shaved off a piece of the of the offending area and came back a few days later and said it was scar tissue even though I told him it was scar tissue to begin with he still said you know I want to biopsy that just to be sure and sure enough it was exactly what I told him it was so go watch that video anyway histology sorry study of tissue so examining it is performing histology muta like mutation or mutagen mutation is when something does what mutagens are things that produce what changes specifically genetically so when a genetic change occurs something can can happen like cancer which is specifically why this is in the oncology word roots section so genetic changes to a person's body can then result in them developing tumors that may not have occurred otherwise so doing something like smoking might increase your chances of developing something like lung cancer because it could possibly change your your genetic information your DNA and make you more susceptible to it okay on code like oncology some people may say cancer and you close oncology is not the study of cancer they're not not all of these things that we are studying in oncology are considered cancer oncology is tumor okay so you know tumors that aren't necessarily malignant that don't spread throughout the body of course so oncology study of tumors Sarco like sarcoma hmm sarcoma referred to well oma means tumor right Sarco would refer to a tumor in what part of the body tumor of connective tissue okay so these are gonna be a little more severe than then like carcinoma that effect like epithelial tissue like basal cell carcinoma sarcoma involves connective tissues which are typically deeper in the body more susceptible to the spreading of cancer miscellaneous word roots so these are word roots necessarily apply to other systems yeah you know you'll see what I mean okay or II like Oracle what do you think well what part what part of the body do you find the Oracle in the Oracle is part of the ear okay so anytime you see Oracle you know it has something to do with the ear itself like the physical structure of the ear not hearing but the ear bio like biology or biometrics microbiology antibiotics and of that one that's a good one biology is the study of like biology study of like biology of course of course takes us back to high school right biology class in high school now it's a little more intense you got anatomy and physiology where's our both of course a part of biology a branch of biology now you get it Kairo like chiropractic now you might think joints you might think bones neither of those are its course chiropractors when they do their manipulations they are using for the most part hands okay so Cairo means hand coracle like coracoid process now a lot of people have trouble with this one Cora again Boyd means resembling so the coracoid process resembles something if you know where the coracoid process is it is on the anterior scapula and kind of sticks out you can kind of palpate that just below the clavicle near the shoulder joint it kind of sticks out right there yeah it looks it's named after what it looks like it resembles a Crow's beak okay so coracle means crow like resembling a Crow's beak a Crow's beak it's kind of long kind of long and and rounded towards the end a little bit a little bit and that's kind of what the coracoid process looks like so when these things were being named they a lot of times they name things after what they were familiar with in their part of the world in their specific time which is why the the bicuspid valve in the heart is also called the mitral valve because it kind of looks like the Pope's hat which is called a mitre so back in the day I guess they were really familiar with with crows and they said hey this thing looks like the beak on a crow so we'll call it the coracoid process anyway kora know like coronary artery or coronoid process the coronoid process you have a couple of those one is on the ulna one is on the mandible chorus it's like a sharp point it comes up looks like the point on a crown okay think about Corona the the beer means crown Corona the coronary artery kind of wraps around you got you have two coronary arteries they wrap around the heart kind of makes a crown I suppose they'd or so like dorsal the dorsal surface of like my hand is considered the back of the hand and then you an opposite adore so is ventral which means front or belly so you can even think of a fish also a dorsal fin on a fish is on its back okay ecto like an ectopic pregnancy or ecto cooler the the hi-c ghostbusters drink course ecto ectopic pregnancies specifically or when pregnancies occur outside of their normal okay outside of the uterus not a good thing they don't walk oh like glaucoma now this is a color thing so think about somebody with glaucoma that's an eye condition right what do they wear the eyes look like in somebody with glaucoma what specific color do they kind of look like somebody's glaucoma the eyes look gray they have a grayish color to them they get kind of kind of cloudy I suppose and have that grayish color Hydro like hydrate hydration hydronephrosis it's another example so hydronephrosis is kind of a pretty serious thing so hydro Neff of course Neff means kidney OSes condition something is building up in the kidneys hydro like hydrotherapy is another example is water okay so hydronephrosis is basically when you have too much fluid in the kidney for some reason the kidney can't properly get rid of all the fluid that's building up inside of it not a good thing to hydrate is to put more water into your body hydrotherapy water treatment okay ops Alamo like ophthalmology and ophthalmologist is a doctor that doctor that specifically studies the eye and that's about all I can say about that one so moving on pyro like pyrogenic or anti ty Redick and antipyretic is a type of medication that well the prefix anti means against so it works against something specific when we see a pyro we think fire right what does fire create why do we huddle around a fire because fires produce heat so something is pyrogenic it produces heat if we take an antipyretic we are trying to lower our body temperature it works against heat typically fever is what you would use an anti Pi Redick for so when your fever gets way too high like 103 104 that's when you would use an antipyretic to lower that body temperature back down to a safe low so tempura fever is actually good for us in the short term as long as it's not too high because you know just like us as people viruses and bacteria can't really survive in those elevated temperatures so that's why your body increases those temperatures produces a fever and tries to kill off the bacteria virus and if it's there for too long or it gets too high then it can also kill us not a good thing okay Thermal like thermometer or thermal receptor a thermal receptor is a type of sensory receptor that detects a thermometer is a type of device that measures again heat so a thermometer determines how much heat an object has thermo receptors detects heat visceral like viscera or visceral serous membrane the serous membranes are membranes that surround organs in the visceral serous membrane there there are two two membranes that make up a serous membrane the visceral Sierra's memory and the parietal serous membrane in between those is fluid that help to cushion these organs ok the visceral serous membrane is going to be the more internal of the two it's going to be the one that comes into contact with the organ specifically the then you got the the fluid surrounding that and then the outer membrane is the parietal serous membrane so the visceral serous membrane if you just remember the visceral serous membrane is more inside than the the parietal serous membrane that's a good way to remember it so visceral means and viscera refers to organs our internal organs all right so we're done with with word roots so most of our structures that we've already talked about we've got covered so prefixes don't really necessarily apply to all these structures they are descriptive terms that say when there is something or there isn't something or if there's too much or too little so we'll just we'll just start with prefix so prefixes come at the beginning of a word so you're always gonna find a prefix before you find a word root and some words have have all three prefix word root and suffix some only have two some don't even have a word root some some it's just a prefix and a suffix but again sometimes prefixes and suffixes can mean physical things on the body mostly suffixes you're gonna find that with but it's a weird thing medical terminology is weird which is why we're going over so you get a better grasp of it okay prefixes so a and examples are a vascular or arrhythmia so if something is a vascular what does it have to do with blood flow does it have blood flow is something if our hair if our heart has arrhythmia does they have rhythm no it doesn't without a means without so a vascular without blood flow arrhythmia without rhythm AB like abduction if something if I were to be abducted by aliens which has happened before I would be taken away so when you're performing abduction of the shoulder you are moving the structure away from the midline right what about add like a deduction or we talked about this earlier the adrenal glands so adduction is the opposite of abduction right abduction you're taking a structure away duction you are moving the structure towards the midline the adrenal glands ad means towards renal kidney glands that are toward the kidneys they said right on top of it okay F like F ferrant now these specifically a parents in F ferent specifically refer to impulses that are traveling either to or from the brain to either detect sensation or to tell us how to respond to sensation or stimulus okay so f parent impulses travel towards the brain so F means towards okay so a parent those are our sensory impulses that travel towards the brain or spinal cord for processing to determine if this stimulus that we are feeling is something that is putting us in danger in how to respond to it okay so F means towards and like anemia here's one of those that has a prefix and a suffix emia is a suffix and is a prefix so in what what is amia mean like hyperemia leukemia amia means a blood condition or just blood okay and amia means without blood so a or an mean the same thing without so anemia is basically what would happen it's kind of a general term for for how your body would respond if you didn't have blood in it so if you didn't have blood you wouldn't get oxygen right that's when you were considered an anemic there are different types of anemia of course iron deficient anemia is the most common one where you not eating enough iron don't have enough iron in your blood cell and your red blood cells your erythrocytes and that could reduce the amount of oxygen carbon dioxide getting in and out of your body so anemia and without blood so you can have anemia because you have lost too much blood like if you for a really severe cut and he lose a lot of blood that could make you anemic as well and then there's sickle-cell anemia where the wreath recites have really weird shapes they're shaped like sickles and oxygen carbon dioxide have a really hard time attaching to it and they have a hard time kind of moving throughout the bloodstream as a result so anyways an email without blood anti like antibiotic or think about muscles antagonists and of course there are a lot of medications not just antibiotics but a lot of medications they have the word anti at the beginning because anti means against okay so antibiotics work against life this is what kind of the term boils down to there antibiotics kill bacteria okay antagonists work against agonists to perform the opposite action like if gastrocnemius plantar flexes the antagonist is a muscle that dorsiflex is like tibialis anterior okay Auto like autonomy automobile autopilot lots of examples of Pato wears autonomy specifically self so you are self governed so you make choices for your self by like biceps brachii this is different than bio which is the word root right by biceps so remember SEP means head biceps has how many heads bicep has two heads without Brady or bratty and the pretty much the only example you're gonna know is Braddock cardia which is a form of arrhythmia so Braddock Ardea or heart's rhythm is kind of irregular in some way what's going on with our hearts rhythm if somebody has Braddock Ardea somebody has Braddock cardio the heart's rhythm is too slow okay this is just not can really as quick as it should at all in any way okay so again that's a form of arrhythmia bradycardic circum like circumduction or circumcision or circumference so when you're performing circumduction in your shoulder what are you doing in in regards to the circumference of the joint you're moving the structure when somebody gets a circumcision scission means cutting right so it's cutting think about their circumference I mean circumference that has circum minute of course around so if you measure the circumference of something you're measuring the distance around it when you're performing circumduction you're you're moving the joint around the circumference of the joint when a circumcision is performed they are coming around the structure okay contra like contraindication contraindication something we maybe can't do right something is not indicated or a treatment contra means against just like anti contra means against daya like diameter or dialysis so if we were to measure the diameter of something we are measuring what distance somebody's having dialysis perform their body can't eliminate enough waste right so somehow we have to get that waste out of the body daya means through so to measure the diameter or something you're measuring the distance through it dialysis we're filtering waste either the peritoneum the abdominal peritoneum or through a machine that can pull the waste out and then return the blood back into the body okay so it goes through the peritoneum or through a machine for filtering dis like dysfunction or dysmenorrhea so something is dysfunctional what kind of function does it have dysmenorrhea refers to menstruation right we see Memo menstruation Rhea means discharge so what's going on with our menstrual menstrual discharge some words are just gross discharges one of those dysfunction if something's dysfunctional it has a difficult function dysmenorrhea maybe you're not not having good menstrual flow discharge for a certain period of time and I'm moving on because it's just getting more awkward for me F efferent so we talked about afferent right afferent goes towards the brain or spinal cord efferent after the impulse goes towards the brain brain or spinal cord those one of those structures will process that information and then send an impulse back away from a Center f means away and those impulses are motor impulses okay so we have we have a couple different types of impulses right we have afferent impulses and efferent impulses just Matt just think of the word same sensory afferent that's the sa part of same motor efferent that's the the Emme part of same so our sensory impulses are the afferent impulses that go towards the brain and spinal cord for processing our motor impulses are the F rent impulses and they go away from the brain to tell us how to respond to a stimulus okay end up like endocrine or endoscope endocrine glands secrete hormones right they secrete them where what makes them different than then exocrine glands these are called endocrine glands because they secrete something they're hormones within a structure like the bloodstream okay endoscope is a scope that goes within a structure it can go into like the esophagus or the stomach or the large intestine to get a better view of what's going on you even go all the way into the small intestine - from the stomach just to really see what's going on usually in the digestive tract to see endoscope epi like epidermis or epinephrine so we already talked about dermis right skin and we've mentioned epinephrine a couple times has something to do with the kidneys Neph we got R in wheat which means secretes and we'll get to that once we get to suffixes epi what about epicondyles where are the epicondyles in relation to the condyles on bones like the humerus of the femur epicondyles are above the condyles okay epidermis is the layer above the dermis epinephrine above kidney secrete EXO like exoskeleton or exocrine insects like cockroaches have exoskeletons exocrine glands a couple examples of those are the sebaceous glands the sudoriferous lens your salivary glands are exocrine glands now the difference between exocrine glands and endocrine glands it's not just what they make but where they specifically empty their contents so endocrine glands secrete into or within the bloodstream exocrine glands secrete outside of a structure or on to A's surface right think about exoskeleton insects like cockroaches have their skeleton on the outside so make some extra crunchy because you can actually hear their skeleton breaking when you step on them or something [Music] so exocrine glands secrete outside on to a surface okay Hemme like hemisphere or hemiplegia hemiplegia please amines paralysis so what is paralyzed if somebody has a me please you think of our planet split in two hemispheres think about the brain split in two hemispheres right Hemi means half so we have an eastern hemisphere or northern hemisphere or southern hemisphere we have a left left hemisphere a right hemisphere hemiplegia is when one half of the body is paralyzed your left side or the right side something like a stroke could cause hemiplegia Hemi means half hyper like hypertension or hyper kyphosis so I know a lot a lot of people think hyper a lot of energy right crazy too much too much too much too much excessive hyper means excessive okay so hypertension excessive tension in the arteries and we measure hypertension what hypertension when we are testing for hypertension we're specifically measuring the amount of pressure felt in the walls of the arteries as blood passes through them and then doesn't pass through them so if there is too much or excessive tension then we have hyper tension hypertrichosis is another term for kyphosis some people say hyper kyphosis it's it's it's the same thing there's no difference between regular type doses and hyper kyphosis just it's that exaggerated curvature excessive curvature a the thoracic vertebrae that causes that hunchback appearance hypo like hypoxia or hypothermia hypoxia I see oxy that has something to do with oxygen I'd imagine hypothermia thermy thermo means again temperature right we just went over that thermia temperature hypo so hypothermia has something to do with our heat our body's heat hypo means below so if somebody has hypothermia oh wow my mouth completely stopped working right there if somebody has hypothermia the body temperature is too low it drops below a safe level so usually it's below about 95 degrees once you hit that point then you start kind of showing the effects of hypothermia okay hypoxia is something that can kind of be associated with hypothermia as well your body doesn't have enough oxygen in it for whatever reason either you're you could you could be at altitude sitting here I'm at about 4600 feet above sea level so my body's kind of used to less oxygen it's it's developed ways to get more oxygen but if you are at sea level I know a lot of you are well I be listening hour around sea level or maybe a little above sea level you come up here to where I'm at maybe you're gonna be feeling a little bit of the effects of the altitude that we experienced so some of you were even even higher up than I am right now people in like Denver and stuff they may have maybe higher elevation any hypoxia below oxygen enter I could interosseous membrane the intertubercular groove is another one so the interosseous membrane has something to do with like the tibia and fibula or the radius and the ulna where do you find the interosseous membrane osseous of course refers to bone so do with the bones enter means between so the interosseous membrane is between the bones the intertubercular groove on the humerus is between the Greater and Lesser tubercles that's where the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii travels intra a couple examples intravenous or intradermal specifically intra dermal is gonna gonna refer to injections okay so intravenous IV is is the common abbreviation for intravenous IVs go where in relation to veins as we see Veen ven intravenous means inside the vein intra dermal means inside the skin so both of the intravenous IV s go inside means intra dermal injections go inside the skin I so like isometric or isotonic and we kind of talked about this a little bit earlier isometric means same length isotonic means same tension so again with isometric and isotonic something stays the same just look at the name but something else changes just switch those and that's what changes isometric the tension changes but the like say the same isotonic the tension stays the same but the length changes macro like macrophages macrophage is a type of cell and we just remember Faygo we zph AG that means what it's what I'd love to do why it's what leukocytes do leukocytes eat things right so macrophages are large cells that eat things so there are a lot of different types of leukocytes a macrophage is one of them it's a large cell that heat things that eats as opposed to micro which we'll talk about in a minute now now here's the fun thing about medical terminology because a lot of it is based in Latin if you know a Romance language like Spanish or Italian or French or Romanian or Portuguese then you already know what a decent amount of these mean because they match up and here's a perfect example now if you know what mal or ma means in Spanish then you know what it means here like malignant or malformation so what does it mean it means bad okay so something is malformed as a it was formed badly Malins or mal in Spanish means bad think of the you know Darth Maul Nance and sorry I didn't think I'd be making a Star Wars reference today I'm gonna Star Wars kind of guy but he's a bad guy right anyway moving on meta like metaphysis so I in a longbow we have three main parts right we have the epiphysis which are the ends we have the diaphysis which is the shaft and in between those on both sides is the metathesis what happens at the metaphysis of the bones and then another name for the metaphysis is the Physiol I thing of cartilage now why would we have cartilage in our bone what has to take place at that cartilage specifically change in the bone takes place it's where the bone grows at the metastasis or the epiphysis II a plate and once you reach about age 2021 the metathesis ossifies it turns into bone instead of cartilage and then your bones stop growing so that's that's essentially how all you're gonna get at that at that stage okay micro like microscope or micro biology so this is kind of the opposite of macro so macro is large right micro is small microscope is something that allows us to views all things microbiology the study of small life like cells in bacteria stuff that you can't see with the naked eye okay mono like monocyte mononucleosis or monorail I mean the Simpsons didn't into the entire episode about the monorail Las Vegas has a monorail monorail z-- go in how many rails I suppose one monocyte one cell okay neo don't say the matrix please don't just don't do it drives me nuts it hurts me on the inside when people do that to me neo Pathak is an example neo natal is another example when we're talking about neo natal talking about infants right when we talk about something being neo Pathak path means disease what type of disease is a neo Pathak disease somethings neo Pathak it's considered a new disease neonatal first like infants right new people make sense pan now if you know Spanish you know that pan means bread but that doesn't apply here of course unfortunately it doesn't always match up all right les pandemic so we once in a while we have to deal with global pandemics what about a panoramic photograph if I were to take a panoramic photograph how much of the environment am i able to see in that panoramic picture I think I should be able to see all of it pandemics involve all people now that doesn't mean if there's a pandemic that every single person on the planet is going to get this disease it just means a really large number of people are going to get when the when all the continents were together as one they were they were all together it was called Pangea pan okay para not not - not a pair of para like parathyroid where where the parent where's the parathyroid in relation to the thyroid specifically it's considered beside the thyroid so parathyroid is beside the thyroid a parry like the pericardium or the periosteum where's the pericardium in relation to the heart where is the periosteum in relation to bone both of those you can find around those structures so the pericardium is a serous membrane around the heart periosteum connected tissue around the bones poly like polycystic ovarian syndrome which I referenced earlier so what do you think Polly now if there was one cyst it might just be called cystic ovarian syndrome right but because there is more than one says it's called polycystic ovarian syndrome poly means many so it's not just one it's not just two it's it's many cysts I'll tell you you got to look at that photo of my of my wife's ovary that is such a weird thing to say I just really look at that photo try to count how many cysts there are because how many you can count out there even more in there it was it's quite the experience taking a picture of that anyway poly means many pseudo like pseudoscience or pseudoephedrine if something is considered pseudoscience that mean is false pseudoephedrine is something that mimics ephedrine but isn't actually a veteran so it does the same thing as like a fed room it just isn't a bedroom if that makes sense a retro it's specifically retro we're talking about the body with first two positions of things in the body in relation to other things so the kidneys are in a retroperitoneal position this is one of the only instances I can think of where you'd actually use this term so retro peritoneal has something to do with the peritoneum and where the kidneys are the kidneys are behind the abdominal peritoneum that that serous membrane in the abdomen that holds everything kind of inside of it and and it keeps everything protected the kidneys are behind that so they aren't really protected by the parrots name they're behind it right up against the floating ribs okay semi like semi membrane ptosis yes I mean that's pretty much that tells you the name of a wide foot it describes that muscle pretty well the names semimembranosus when you know that semi means half so it's half muscle and half membranous tissue so it makes the semimembranosus yep sub like subscapularis or have it subway or submarine submarines go where in relation to water they go under water the subscapularis even though it's on the anterior surface the scapula if you have somebody you know face down the subscapularis is considered under scapula the subway a subway goes under ground right and super like superior now when we we move a structure superiorly when we we can track certain muscles like levator scapulae if we all if we if we contract levator scapulae it moves the scapula superiorly elevates the scapula superior means above so it's going higher that's something else think about the vena cava the the veins that bring blood back to the heart you have one that's above the other and that would make that the superior vena cava the other one the inferior vena cava what about the anterior superior iliac spine there's also an anterior inferior iliac spine the superior is above the inferior ok supra like supraspinatus or supraglenoid tubercle specifically the supraspinous fossa is this fossa you find above so it kind of branches off from super from superior to super oh so you're gonna use that when you're combining terms like supra with spine ATIS or super up above the spine of scapula or above the glenoid fossa okay sim like symbiosis when that's I'm gonna do with two things in their relationship or a symphony everybody's playing their instruments all together what about pubic symphysis holds the pubic bones together thence in about synergist or syndrome the synergist is a muscle that does what with an agonist it works together with an agonist to perform an action the syndrome is when we have signs and symptoms occurring together a tacky here's another form of arrhythmia that you should probably know tak kardia so we got Brad a cardio which you know brought him in slow you have atrial fibrillation and then you have tachycardia so if Brad a cardia is the heart rhythm the heart's beating too slow tachycardia is kind of the opposite the heart is beating rapidly way too fast for whatever reason okay it's attacking it means rapid and trans a couple examples transdermal like trans transdermal patches are our patches that you apply to the skin that have medication on them transient transient ischemic attack PIAA it's considered a mini-stroke trans means through okay so transdermal medication again is like a patch or a cream or something that you put on the skin that works its way through the skin into the into the blood and it works kind of that way and it can do things like you can have transdermal patches that that slowly release pain medication in them yep try to trance trance you get it alright so now let's talk about suffixes so suffixes prefixes come at the beginning of the word suffixes come at the end of the word so usually you have kind of the the word root right in the middle of those if you have all three yeah you get it you get it okay moving on the suffixes so whoa whoa so there are a lot of these a call our Ariel ik ickle aisle in oreos house tick right here's some examples iliac Ilia form or all coronary febrile ambulatory adipose cutaneous septic these are all kind of designed to kind of clean up the word a bit all of these just mean referring to so iliac is referring to the ileum okay Elia femoral referring to the ileum and femur coronary referring to the crown usually like the coronary arteries and so on and so on cutaneous referring to the skin okay so you see these are the at the end of words and it just means referring to nothing you really think that hard about it but you got it Algie like neuralgia or fibromyalgia neuralgia like like trigeminal neuralgia we kind of talked about that earlier something happens to the neuro nerve what's happening in the trigeminal nerve you are experiencing pain and that's one of the main things that you see with fibromyalgia right fibro means fiber my means muscle algae means pain classed like osteoclast so if osteoblasts are responsible for building tissue they are germ cells that build to osteo class ourselves that breakdown tissue so class demeans break okay so I'll see you class if there's some sort of injury to a bone or something like that osteo class we'll go into the area and really kind of break down the dead tissue or the damaged tissue and give the bone kind of a clean surface and then osteoblasts can build more tissue in those areas after the osteoclasts would clean them up crin like endo Krynn or EXO Krynn now these are glands right and what do glands do like endocrine glands they make hormones and then they do what with the hormones exocrine glands make stuff like sweat and oil and saliva and then do what with them they see-cret okay so endocrine means within secrete exocrine outside secrete or surface you get it sight erythrocyte or osteo sight okay so an erythrocyte is the type of blood cell named after a color right I just I just gave it to you I just told you site so osteo site is a bone cell okay a wreath ro site is a red blood cell leukocyte there there's so many different types of cells in the body it's it's hard to keep track thrombocytes l that clots okay so anytime you see site at the end of word it's some type of cell okay derma like scleroderma and we talked about this earlier I told you this this was one of the examples I gave work where a suffix or prefix can also be a word roots just gonna switch around and the order it's put so scleroderma as sclera means hard what becomes hard and scleroderma the skin derma means skin ectomy like appendectomy or hysterectomy we talked about hysterectomy earlier has something to do with the uterus what happens to the uterus and a hysterectomy appendectomy has something to do with the appendix pretty much the only time anybody ever deals with the appendix is when they're having it surgically removed right so surgical removal hysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus appendectomy surgical removal of the appendix edema like pitting edema when somebody is experiencing a deema and this is one where you could just see a demon self it doesn't even have to be attached to anything edema is just swelling so it's an increased amount of fluid in an area so the difference between edema and inflammation is what type of fluid in the area edema is typically water lymph stuff like that inflammation is specifically blood which is why inflammation can feel warm to the touch and has a reddish color to it whereas edema does not a demon usually feels kind of cold and kind of clammy in the area okay a me sis like I'm Adam him Matt a missus so him Matt we see he mo and there right so that has something to do with the blood what is a me sis now I did mention I do this quite a bit honestly it hasn't been it it hasn't been a regular occurrence in a while but once in a while I you experience some ESEs Wow the last time I experienced a me sis was probably about a year ago and I drank some some miso soup and I put some hot sauce in it that I didn't realize was like super super super hot and I was like on an empty stomach and I needed to get it out of my stomach because it was costing me a lot of pain and discomfort so I made myself of course and vomit so him Adam esis is blood in vomit so if somebody's got got some major stomach issues they might experience that but just a Mises by itself is considered balmy so here's another example edema and a missus you can use those terms by themselves don't even have to attach those to anything else to use those okay amia like hyper emia or septicemia so something is septic that means there's some sort of infection or it's just gross stuff right hyperemia when somebody gets a massage the area the massage therapist working on becomes red right blood vessels dilate and bring more what into the area blood now leukemia is another example the type of cancer of the blood cells specifically the leukocytes it's a hyperemia excessive blood flow in an area what about ischemia lack of blood flow in an area septicemia it's like a what's the word stuff except to see me a blood infection I suppose you have a systemic infection throughout it usually bacterial not good it's easier like anaesthesia or Parris easier I didn't we talk about this one there is another example it's easier aesthetic anesthesia anesthesiology sensation so anesthesia without sensation paresthesia it's like abnormal sensation like pins and needles sensation like when your foot falls asleep and you're trying to get it to wake up it's kind of contained volt pins and needles yeah so ferrant so we talked about these earlier a parent and F parent afferent impulses and efferent impulses go that mean to carry okay so afferent means towards to care or you can sometimes you to switch those around make it make it proper English I suppose to carry towards ever in the to carry away okay so half towards F away ferrant carry hey Jen like carcinogen or pathogen so a carcinogen has something to do with you remember carcinoma means cancer patho means disease okay so these are think Jen means produce so these are things that produce cancer or produce Dizzy's okay so something like fungus could be a pathogen in regards to athlete's foot or jock itch or something like that okay no cysts like this the G is silent but with these examples diagnosis prognosis you pronounce the G so a diagnosis is when we figure out what something is right we say this is the disease that we are dealing with a prognosis is saying this is the the the recovery rate of your disease this is the expected outcome of your disease a prognosis okay gnosis means knowing it's its I know what this disease is I know that this is your recovery rate okay Graham like electrocardiogram now electrocardiogram electro electricity cardio heart has some to do with the heart we're measuring the heart's activity okay so we're recording the heart's activity using an electrocardiogram and that tells us if the heart is beating regularly if it's beating too hard or not hard enough for or if there's something like atrial fibrillation or if we're having cardiac arrest stuff like that lots of stuff we can discover with an electrocardiogram EKG or ECG EKG again that goes back to our Latin and Greek EKG cardio can be spelled with a k in one of those language I think it's Greek and it spelled with AK a graph like an electroencephalograph is a specific device so a graph is the record or a gram is the record and a graph is what we use to actually record the information if that makes sense so the graph specifically is the Machine being used to record the information the gram is the recorded information okay so an electroencephalograph again electricity in cephalo n means inset head inside the hip inside the head is the brain and it's a graph of course I a tree like head da a tree so podiatry is a form of medicine right so you see I a tree on the end of something that it's it's refers to some sort of medicine podiatry the same thing right its foot medicine basically ish in like physician musician is another example a physician is somebody that is a specialist so a musician is somebody that specializes in music physician studies in Physiology or specializes in physiology okay it's like dentist or massage therapist so what makes these people different a lot of this stuff we kind of we all kind of share in common the stuff that we study but it's when we start to specialize in some of the stuff that we become different things so a dentist is something that specializes in dento the teeth massage therapists specialize in massage therapy right itís like hepatitis dermatitis we talked a lot about this - anytime you see itís there is some sort of inflammation present okay itis means inflammation and you should know that okay lysis like electrolysis or dialysis no we get electrolysis done or dialysis done we're trying to dissolve certain things electrolysis people get electrolysis is done to dissolve like hair dialysis to get some of the waste products out of the blood that the kidneys can't properly filter themselves it dissolves the waste products to eliminate them we just we don't get like just a bag of waste products at the end of it it actually dissolves the waste products so that they can be properly removed Lloyd I talked a lot about this one - like coracoid AmeriCorps eco means crow like sesamoid like a sesamoid bone like the patella or the pisiform those are sesamoid bones oh it means resembling okay so coracoid means resembling a Crow's beak crow like sesamoid means resembling a sesame-seed because the patella and the pisiform look like sesame seeds okay omma like melanoma or carcinoma lymphoma hematoma and these are all kind of a buildup of a substance or a tissue that produces a tumor so melanoma means black tumor melanomas black only means tumor carcinoma means cancerous tumor Carson cancer Almonte tumor and I'm just gonna give that one to you sorry Mike my computer was a little slow osis means condition you see osis with a lot of things it actually does have more definitions than just condition but the main one you see about 80% of time it's gonna mean condition like atherosclerosis okay other definitions can be processed or formation like mitosis cellular mitosis where cells divide that's a process yeah so but for the most part OSIS anything see osis it's almost always gonna mean some sort of condition okay pathy like encephalopathy now we kind of went over this a couple minutes ago path in cephalo means brain chronic traumatic encephalopathy means there's something going on with the brain it is a brain disease okay so path anytime you see path has something to do with disease pathogenesis is ease visits like the epiphysis or diathesis or metaphysis specifically what happens at the metathesis we haven't talked about this earlier with with with meta right what happens to the bone at the metathesis growth takes place okay so epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis all experience growth please yeah like paraplegia or quadriplegia if somebody is paraplegic or quadriplegic or if they're experiencing hemiplegia they are experiencing some sort of paralysis okay so somebody is paraplegic typically they can't use their legs they're quadriplegic typically it's everything from the neck down that they cannot use right Nia like apnea or dyspnea when it's like this the P is silent but you put an A in front of it it becomes apnea and when somebody's has apnea what are they not doing remember a means without without breathing Ridge mainly are you just gonna see it as part of hemorrhage so hemo again means blood right so hemorrhage is when blood is doing what hemorrhage is basically when we're bleeding right so when we're bleeding blood is bursting forth from its normal location so bursting forth it's it's just blood is exiting it's it blood vessels and and exposing all of us to all of the wonderful things that blood has to provide of course hemorrhage is bleeding RIA like diarrhea cha-cha-cha or gonorrhea so with a let's talk about gonorrhea specifically what's one of the main it's one of the main things that you might see with gonorrhea somebody has gonorrhea nothing you're specifically going to see it when you're doing a massage or anything like that but if somebody has gonorrhea a prime symptom is this now think about diarrhea and what what the two of those may share in common diarrhea gonorrhea both you experience discharge okay so diary that sounds like diarrhea right gonorrhea you do experience a kind of a milky white discharge from the general city of gonorrhea okay tomi like anatomy if you wanted to study the anatomy of something like my if you wanted to study my anatomy at all of my internal organs or something what are you what do you have to do to me to study my anatomy because you can't just look at me from the outside and say I know everything there is to study my anatomy you would have to of course perform an incision you have to cut me open and take a look at all of my innards my hope they're in tip-top shape I hope no you tell me after you perform an incision what about trophy the primary example is atrophy so our muscles experience atrophy when they're not getting enough something so it's not muscle degeneration or muscles don't degenerate when they atrophy they might just get smaller in size because they are lacking a specific form of nourishment and the primary nourishment for Souls is movement right so if I were to become paraplegic or something like that I wouldn't be able to use my lower limbs so those muscles even though you know there is musculature in them right now those muscles as I stopped using them they would get smaller and smaller and smaller because there's no reason to have for the muscles to be that large if they're not being used and it's the same thing like if I stopped going to the gym and stopped lifting weights and doing stuff like that my muscles will get smaller because I'm not using them in a way that my body is kind of used to so they're not getting that specific kind of nourishment if that makes sense so the muscles don't degenerate they just get smaller in atrophy okay so trophy means nourishment atrophy without nourishment just about wraps it up for medical terminology again that was not every medical term it you could see it wasn't even close they're just the major ones that you probably should know so make sure you study those make those into flashcards all of them the flashcards you can do them with examples or without examples just make sure you know your medical terms to make everything so much easier when it comes to studying and preparing for any tests that you may take okay so um until next time take it easy