Solar Energy Factors

The following video is for the revision and the content that will be covered in your organized test on the 6th of May. It's a part of the exercise chest. So, no matter what you've heard, you can take it as a recap part of the exercise. If you haven't heard it, remember to prepare your notes, books, and... 請預備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書, First of all, we will still take a look at the factors affecting the amount of insulation received on the Earth's surface. Insulation that is, we will talk about it in some time, that is the incoming solar radiation. by the way you rather take out a piece of single line sheet and then you can draw down notes as well okay also on your notes because sometimes we have some drawings okay Incoming solar radiation must reach the Earth's surface before long-wave radiation can be absorbed. 跟住變成heat啦,而呢啲heat呢就可以warm up the air. 咁我哋度個air temperature,其實就measure the amount of heat in the air, and then it's converted into temperature, the unit that we commonly understand. 咁好啦,究竟嗰個insulation一理嘅有幾多, 其實就做住這個angle of the sun的影響亦都係記得大家留意要問番嘅就係 page 3 of your book 我哋上課嘅時候一齊有睇過呢一個exercise drawing of transects or simply that is the amount of solar input over the earth surface solar input that means the energy from the sun 由於那個sphere shape of the earth Okay, so let's go back to... The angle of the sun is different. At equator, the largest angle of the sun is 90 degrees. so the insulation received concentrates on a small area only that means each unit of land is sharing more insulation and then with more insulation received and absorbed more long wave radiation will be re-radiated to warm up the air above it but for higher latitude area high latitude regions okay no matter it is in the northern hemisphere or southern hemisphere the angle of the sun is small okay it's just light uh okay an acute angle okay so because of this uh is this insulation is striking on a larger area okay the hundred units okay for example of insulation is shared by larger area on ground surface and the issuance of land is sharing less and then of course less is converted or unless it's re-radiated as long with radiation. I want to give you an example when you are teaching. When you are straightening, the top of your head will be smaller. So you have less land area to divide. So if you are doing 100 units, you will divide 100 dollars for 4 students. Each student will have 25 dollars. But when you are straightening, you will divide it into larger areas. Most students in the classroom can do it. So, if I divide it for 8 students, each student will get 12.5. So, in the area near the equator, the example I just showed you is if I divide $100 for 4 students, $25 for the students who are in the long wave, which is equivalent to the sum of money, at least $25 can be converted. In the high latitude, 12.5 degrees is the temperature change. Even if you change the temperature to 12.5 degrees, it's still 12.5 degrees. So when the insulation is less, the long wave will also warm up. So the heat will be less. So this is the difference between the higher and the higher latitudes. The latitudes have no difference. It affects the temperature. The longer the long wave, the higher the heat. that can warm up the air. no matter it's land surface or sea surface. OK, we all know that the earth surface is land and sea. In addition, I will talk about your notes, but I will skip to the notes section. I will explain the previous steps. OK, the overhead sun. When the sun is in which direction? You can look at the notes section. We have mentioned that the sun is at the top of your head. 係你頭頂落落嚟嘅時候必定係個 angle of the sun 最大嘅。 overhead sun is, where there is an overhead sun, then there is larger angle of the sun or larger angle of insulation, and then more concentrated insulation received because it's shared by a smaller area, and then, more of it will be converted will be radiated as short wave okay on the other hand okay i use another color that is green okay less insulation is received because it's shared by a larger area due to the small angle of the sun and each unit of land is receiving less insulation of course less is re-radiated as long wave radiation okay so Hmm. This is the explanation of the impact of latitude. But we haven't seen the seasonal impact of latitude yet. You can see the overhead sun is the most visible. This is the negative relationship of the light shadow. Insulation received decreases with increasing latitude. OK. 咁當然,你話, 係 low latitude 個地方都係暖啲, 我哋可以再用多一個解釋, 就係, 我哋 turn to your notes, should be page 6, OK, 都有提過嘅, 就係 impact of the atmosphere. 係 low latitude 嗰度呢, 即係, 係 part B 嘅地方, 就係 insulation travel shorter distance in the atmosphere. So there will be less loss of insulation and more will be received on ground surface. Okay, and then it's likely to have more long wave radiation re-radiated to warm up the air. And then for higher latitudes, okay, that is case A. Okay, insulation travels longer distance in the atmosphere, there will be higher chance of reflection absorption of scattering by maybe by the clouds or maybe by the particles okay there's particles in here so let's will be re re-chain the earth surface and then this will be re-radiated along with radiation okay around 23 or at least a bit a little bit further further away from the equator usually those are the desert area because of okay the thick cloud cover over the equatorial region so for the places that there is the cloudless skies okay uh why there why it is cloudless uh at around 23 to 30 degree north and south okay we will talk about it uh when we cover the part on Precipitation, cloud formation, air pressure, etc. Okay, not in temperature, but just for your information, the cloud cover is the ficus at the equator, so it's blocking a lot of the insulation. Okay, so that's this. Okay, so when we write, when we write, how can we see more divided words? The latitudinal impact. 對那個 installation 有影響喎好啦,咁我呢度有一例子啦咁你記住 x, y, z 呢啲呢,都係我比佢個位置咁當然我哋喺一啲 test and exam 嘅 context 呢通常都會係有兩個地方啦,唔同嘅 latitude 啦記住,咁會好少我哋 exactly at equator 比一個 case 或者係大概嗰地方,例如新加坡, one degree north 係啦,咁或者係去到啲 40 or 50 A UK, I see London, I give you a place, that's right, there's a difference. One is near the equator, low latitude, one is away from the equator, higher latitude. We use comparative adjectives when we compare about latitude as well. OK, but in the text, we can also see these mark-bearing terms. X is low latitude, angle of the sun is large Because it is near the equator, it is called insulation received concentrate More insulation received, then it turns into long wave radiation So it will be higher and you mean temperature Remember we often don't use temperature 譬如我們去描述溫度時, 都會有溫度的中等級和溫度的範圍。因為我們先取消了季節的不同。當然,如果有指明月份的問題, 我們的答法會有些不同。請在資料欄上看。 I have mentioned the 7 and 8, but I am not looking at that now. I am looking at the normal case, the annual mean solar input and the temperature. Here is the higher annual mean temperature. The insulation truffle is shorter distance in the atmosphere. So I have explained the X-axis, why the annual mean temperature is higher. There are two reasons for this explanation. 好啦,咁你記住囉,話呢度都睇一睇, reasons for receiving more insulation, ok? So, when you explain, ok, the steps, ok, the places that is with low latitude, okay it's with low latitude and then there will be more insulation received and then short wave ready more short wave radiation will be turned into long wave radiation so it is reflected by the Higher temperature is showing that more heat is in the air. So there will be higher annual mean temperature. 寫完X的時候,可能大家都會擔心, 我寫Y和Z的時候,我們究竟怎樣寫? we try to take a look at okay how we're going to write uh y and l set y and z basically is the same actually so i'm going to okay take a look at this with you Okay, and Y and Z the angle of the Sun is smaller, okay We still take a look at the picture here, so it will be clearer, okay? So Y or Z angle of the Sun is smaller because of its location at higher latitude insulation received okay it's dispersed over a larger area so less insulation is turned into a long wave radiation resulting in higher and you mean temperature Okay, so insulation and also insulation truffles are longer distance Okay, longer distance in the atmosphere before reaching the Earth's surface and then there is more energy loss. Okay, so the temperature is lower because there will be less long wave radiation re-radiated, okay, so the way that you're going to write it will be like this okay so we go back to go back to the notes okay so please know the way how we're going to write it okay In addition to the Latitude, we will also look at the other angles of insulation but we will also talk about Time After Day 但角度會影響,但我們比較少會問時間。通常都是每日月份的分別, 全年的分別,而不是每天的分別。但角度會影響,所以我會再提一提太陽的位置。這個是我們在第一年學校的時候, Excuse me. 都有學過。那個Sunrise, Sunsat的事後下。係啦。 It's normally 6pm, sunrise. Don't you think, Miss Leung, that it's not winter, nor is it summer? We usually look at the weather in spring and autumn. Because of the normal conditions, we assume... The sun is at the equator. Sunrise. Sunset. It's around 12 noon. It's at the top of the mirror. So... The angle of the sun is here. But when the sun is setting on the other side, Angle of the sun is different. When the angle of the sun is larger, as I said earlier, insulation is spread over a long surface. The larger area is divided by the more space So each unit of land is divided by less space When the vertical line is down But when the vertical line is down When the vertical line is down Angle of the sun It's really concentrated. Okay? And go with the overhead sun. So, this should reflect, why is it the same day, same place, same time? 每一日休息時會否太熱? 每一天最熱時錄到最高溫度時是1點多,並不是12點 Is the angle of the sun 12 o'clock at the top? Remember, I have mentioned that when you get the most solar input, when you get the most insulation, and when the temperature is not the highest, why is there a time difference? It is because the absorption is early in the ground, then it is re-radiated, and the air is warmed up above the Earth's surface. 冬天時,太陽不是最猛烈的時候。所以有一個時間上的差別。日曆時,太陽在這裡。 there is the overhead sun okay above and therefore the there is the largest angle of the sun If you don't understand why there is so much energy, you can take a look at this picture. The angle of the sun is easier to understand. Of course, as I said earlier, it is less to deal with different times every day. But for your information, you need to know this is also an angle of the sun. Okay, let's go one step further. Season. page 3 of the book when the insulation received decreases with increasing latitude If we write a certificate, the world map is different for you. For example, it's different for June, June, July, or December, January. We need to pay attention to the overhead sun not in the equator, but somewhere else. Somewhere else, it turns out that... 有些地方的angle of the sun 都是large的。當然相對地, 有些地方的angle of the sun 亦都會細壯。所以很清楚要看條題目。你見到我們這題目呢, 在個question 裏面, 不是就這樣叫你study。每一幅圖是甚麼來的? For example, it's the world map showing the temperature in July. 你要留意了,in January. 圖,如果真的有一個seasonal difference, 想問你都是這幾個月。為什麼是這幾個月呢? 12, 3, 6, 9, 太陽的位置會不同。新的時候12月去3月,in between, 動緊,動緊去3月那個位置。不是太陽動,是地球轉的方法。因為那個tilted axis, 你被太陽照到你的地方,不同。記住,等於我們, 為什麼我們的圖,太陽的位置不同,反而地球不動呢? 只不過圖上面想大家容易一點理解。 It's easier for you to understand, so it's assumed, it's just like, be centered. It's like when you are on a plane, you can see the surrounding scenery is moving, but you are actually moving. But when we draw, we look at the shape of the earth and we don't draw the shape of the earth. Instead, we draw in an overhead position. I am not saying that I don't ask, but if there is no explanation, The sun can direct the sun to the equator in March and September. The lunar calendar is based on the Northern Hemisphere. Because our books are also standard in Northern Hemisphere. If you look at National Geographic, Southern Hemisphere is not the opposite of the spring So it doesn't say Spring Aquinox It says March Aquinox But the meaning is the same Here we have Northern Hemisphere So many times we ask questions about Northern Hemisphere We are not the center of the Earth Not the standard of the entire Earth It's just that in Southern Hemisphere You can see that the difference between land and sea is less So, actually, there are not many questions about the Southern Hemisphere. So, it is less likely that they will ask you about it in detail. It is not like, ah, I skipped the Southern Hemisphere. No, there are some patterns that we will look at the Southern Hemisphere. Autumn Aquinas in September. So sometimes when you read the books or reference materials, that is, for example, published in Australia or nearly... a global edition is called there's not exactly autumn aquanauts but it's called September aquanauts okay just like here we call it summer solstice summer solstice The book, okay, sometimes the book we call it June Solstice, okay, and then this one that is Our Winter Time. This is the day after the sun sets in the northern hemisphere. It's very cold and the day is very short. So in China's law, everyone will stay at home. 享受成果是一個reunion,所以冬至是一個很重要的日子來的。如果你留意到,可能你未必是留意那個, 如果你家裡有外傭姐姐的話, Their holidays can be Christmas or winter. But winter in Hong Kong is not a public holiday for the time being. And some overseas lovers may not celebrate winter. So most of them have set a Christmas holiday. But in the labor law, they set a day. Winter is a very important day. 太陽的位置。 The northern hemisphere is the farthest from the sun. The sun is located in the southern hemisphere. In the tropic of Capricorn. For us, it is the farthest. But in the summer, in June, the farthest place is It is according to the 21st of June, according to the Tropic of Cancer. You may think that the weather is hot in July, August and September. There are other reasons. The first reason is the temperature I mentioned earlier. The most sunlight you receive is not the highest temperature. There is an absorption and re-radiation process. There are also land and sea differences. Some places on the earth, The temperature will also affect the temperature of the sun. We will talk about this later. Let's take a look at the position of the sun. This will affect the position of the angle of the sun. I make it easier to understand that I put it here so that you can understand it better As I said earlier, it's easier to understand that we are using the Earth as the center. But in reality, we are turning the Earth around. Now let's look at the position of the Sun. In March, March 21st is here. March 22nd, March 23rd, March 24th, March 25th, what should we do? We are still walking, walking, walking, walking, walking, until June. Okay, the overhead sun is here in March. The overhead sun is here in March. Okay, let's look at the position of Hong Kong. Okay, we are not far away, remember the pole is 90 degrees. We call it high latitude, it should be 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 degrees. Not too far, we are now at 90 degrees. We are at 22 degrees. The sun is coming from far away. Will we feel cold? No, it's not. It's still not far away. Okay. Until September 21st. 9th of September, it's on the right side, sorry, not 9th of September, sorry, sorry, sorry, only 3 months away. June, that's our Sazihika Summer Solstice, until here. The sun is now at 23.5 degrees north-hemisphere. But remember, when we write, we don't write the date. We don't write the date on June 21st. We write June or July. Is the overhead sun in the Tropic of Cancer? No, you write the overhead sun in the Northern Hemisphere. Don't write any day. The sun is not dancing. It's not like the same day in March, April, and May. Suddenly, the moon jumps over the surface. It's not like that. It's a movement. It's just moving in the Northern Hemisphere. It's at the top of the Northern Hemisphere. It's 3, 4, 5, 6, and then 7, 8, 9. When it's 7, 8, 9, it's at its peak. It's going to turn around, right? 7, 8, 9, and then it comes back. September 21st, it's here again. It's in the Northern Hemisphere from March to July. okay so it's over northern hemisphere so we are not too far away from the overhead sun that's why in hong kong no matter which time of the year it's not so cold okay 十月去哪裏? 十月去哪裏? 十二月,超過天空十二月二十一剛才說過距離北海道最遠因為它在北海道因為它在北海道變了我們就算在這裏都是斜角斜角入的時候斜角入的時候太陽的角度會變得更小太陽的角度會變得更大 surface and then let's received per unit of land. OK? 那麼好了。即是說呢,其實那麼十二啦嘛。一二三,翻轉頭。 So, just for your information, overhead sun is the same color here. OK? 用啡色,我會用啡色。 Ophir Hassan is in the Northern Hemisphere from I'm going to make a kvita. Okay, this is the Northern Hemisphere. So, compared to June, In the Southern Hemisphere, the angle of the Sun is very small. It is winter. Think about it. If the low latitude, 23.5 degrees, is as small as the angle of the Sun, how small is the polar area, or even higher latitude? OK? So, the same example is in our... 喺我哋嘅十一月嘅時候,十一月一月嘅時候都發生喺 Northern Hemisphere. OK, so this is about the seasonal variation. OK,咁當然啦,如果喺嗰個夏天嘅... In summer, the number of installations will increase and the number of installations will increase and the number of day light hours will be changed But is it necessary to have 24 hours of installation? High-legitimate daylight is also possible, especially in the summer. Arctic Circle is also possible, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc. Is it really hot in summer? Even if there are more day lights Day light hours are long Because the angle of the sun is small Because it is a high-legitimate light Let's look at this area. Imagine that the sun is here. In the northern hemisphere, the angle of the sun is still small. So, high latitude. Latitude has a big impact on the seasons. So, remember to place important things first. The duration of daylight increases with increasing latitude. The variation is getting bigger and bigger. Why? Because in the summertime, you can have 24-hour daylights in the Arctic Circle, which is 66.5 degrees. Winter time, it can be 0 hours. We won't have 24 hours daylight, 24 hours night time. Because our lights are still very close to the equator. Of course, this is a long-term daylight. At least it has some time to get some insulation. Okay? I want to share this picture with you. Okay? So... this is a video okay this is a video and uh The short video is like this. By the way, I will post the link in Google Classroom as well. 你會見到這幅圖有angle of the sun. 這個時候就是, 這個,這個, 太正equator的時候呢, 90度喔。 The rest of the year is starting to get smaller. The Earth is not tilted. This is normal. We don't have a date of awakening. Or in March or September. It's more fair. It's the date of our wedding. But, Angle of the Sun, you can see it's in the Northern Hemisphere. What does that mean? It means it's in June. We are in Hong Kong, 22, 23.5 degree north of the Tropic of Cancer. Hong Kong is very close to us. We can really travel in June. But you have to keep in mind that even if the overhead sun reaches the northern hemisphere, the overhead sun is still in the Tropic of Cancer. In the high latitude area, the angle of the sun is still small. The angle of the hemisphere is smaller than the southern hemisphere. Remember, the higher the latitude, the colder the hemisphere. smaller the insulation received due to the smaller angle of the Sun Remember the sphere shape of the Earth So, remember, it's just that in the Southern Hemisphere at this time, the high latitude of the Southern Hemisphere is the same latitude as the Earth Southern Hemisphere will be colder because the sun is very far away The sun is in the Northern Hemisphere The same principle The sun is back and then we are in the Southern Hemisphere This time we want to go back Overheats are here, right? But... Here is the equator. Oh, Hong Kong... 20 something, right? This is 3.5 degrees, so it's almost here, Hong Kong. Think about it, our angle of the sun this time is also like this. So, in wintertime, we don't have an overhead sun. No overhead sun means the sun is not above your head. So, the angle of the sun is smaller. So, the insulation in wintertime is smaller. The insulation is smaller, so the temperature is lower. The difference between spring, summer, autumn and winter is that the temperature is the hottest in summer. The temperature is the highest. For example, some high-light areas are only 5 degrees in summer. In winter, the temperature is about 40 degrees. It turns out that the summer is colder than the winter. Sorry, the summer is colder than winter. There are also such opportunities. So, remember, is summer really hot? It's the most warm season in that region. As for equator, along equatorial region, do we say it's summer all year round? It doesn't have winter and summer. We read about tropical rainforests, it's actually not seasonal. It's almost all year round, it doesn't have winter and summer. Okay? So this is I will upload these 4 pictures to Google Classroom We will see what effect the Earth has on the Earth's climate. insulation okay so we talk about okay we take a look at the video first Revolution and rotation of the Earth The Earth is a planet. It follows an orbit and moves around the Sun from west to east. This is known as a revolution. The orbit of the Earth is an ellipse. It takes about 365 days, that is a year, for the Earth to revolve once. The direction of the Earth's rotation is the same as that of a revolution. They are both from west to east. Viewing from the North Pole, it is in an anti-clockwise direction. It takes 24 hours, that is a day, for the Earth to rotate once. For that part of the Earth facing towards the sun, it is daytime. For that part of the Earth facing away from the sun, it is nighttime. Axis of the Earth The axis of the Earth is an imaginary line on which the Earth rotates. It links up the two poles. Both the axis and the Earth are tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees during a revolution. The tilting of the axis results in direct sunlight falling on different places during different seasons. This causes variations in the duration of days, nights and seasons. Relationship between the location of the overhead sun and the seasons. Similarly, the revolution of the Earth and the tilting of the axis results in different angle of the sun during different periods. When the Sun is directly overhead, we call this the overhead Sun. At this time, the Earth's surface and the midday Sun forms a 90 degree angle. Different locations of the overhead Sun results in variations in the amount of solar radiation received in different areas, and at different periods. Spring equinox. On the 21st or 22nd of March, the overhead sun is over the equator. The equator receives the largest amount of solar radiation. At this time, the northern hemisphere is in the spring equinox, while the southern hemisphere is in the autumn equinox. autumn equinox. The angle of the Sun decreases towards the poles. On this day, the two hemispheres receive a similar amount of solar radiation, and the length of day and night is the same at all places on the Earth. After this day, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, where the day is longer than the night. In the Southern Hemisphere, it becomes autumn, when the day is shorter than the night. Summer Solstice On the 21st or 22nd of June, the overhead sun is over the Tropic of Cancer. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation. At this time, the northern hemisphere is in the summer solstice, while the southern hemisphere is in the winter solstice. The angle of the sun decreases towards the poles. On this day, the length of daytime of the northern hemisphere is the longest in the year, while that of the southern hemisphere is the shortest in the year. Besides, there are 24 hours of daylight at the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of darkness at the Antarctic Circle. Autumn Equinox On the 22nd or 23rd of September, the overhead sun is over the equator again. The equator receives the largest amount of solar radiation. On this day, the northern hemisphere is in the autumn equinox, while the southern hemisphere is in the spring equinox. The angle of the sun decreases is. towards the poles. On this day, the two hemispheres receive a similar amount of solar radiation, and the length of day and night is the same at all places on the Earth. After this day, it is autumn in the northern hemisphere, where the day is shorter than the night. In the southern hemisphere, It becomes spring, when the day is longer than the night, winter solstice. On the 21st and 22nd of December, the overhead sun is over the Tropic of Capricorn. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation. On this day, the northern hemisphere is in the winter solstice. while the southern hemisphere is in the summer solstice. The angle of the sun decreases towards the poles. On this day, the length of daytime in the northern hemisphere is the shortest in the year, while that of the southern hemisphere is the longest in the year. There are 24 hours of darkness at the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of daylight at the Antarctic Circle. Alright, we've just finished watching the review. Now, we'll watch the last one, which is about the Earth's surface. okay so the drawing is not so good here lastly to end this part for the installation general okay general installation received okay When the water is coming down, will it be absorbed by the water? Will it be very hot when the water is low-legitimate? The amount of insulation received is large, so the loads will be turned into long-wave radiation and being re-radiated. Now really we still need to take a look at the nature of the sun. When we go to the Earth surface, we will see the LB ok surface reflection index so you can see the reflection reflection means that the paint is not absorbed when the paint is not absorbed, it will not be able to turn into a beautiful color Basically, the lighter color surface will reflect more. Let's take a look at the photo. This is the light blue surface. This is the dark blue surface. You can see that most of the insulation has been reflected. it is not absorbed If you want to change to a long wafer, you can use a dark colour. For example, a dark colour forest or farmland. There are green plants in the forest, but the forest is dark green. grass is light green but in a pothland you can see that the grass is more reflected in the field grass is less reflected in the field Puffland Farmland is a light green Puffland Farmland is a light green 沙粒、泥土、石仔,都是反光度會比較高。其他的,譬如石屎的整路、路面的顏色,比較... 所以為什麼說它吸熱多一點呢? 反光度會少一點。在之前的環境改變,我們都有提過它吸熱比較多。所以,這個環境改變的環境都會影響到。 So for... Snow surface, ok. Snow surface, usually we see the snow surface is highlighted to a place. At the same time, remember, it's not the only reason that makes the place very cold. At the same time, the insulation is really low, and we don't want it. So less insulation can be turned into long wave. Or in high places, like snow mountains. The particles density is low, and the heat transfer is slow. The albedo is high, which means reflection is high. When reflection is high, how much is absorbed? So even if it is given to you, you don't need it. OK. It will affect how much is turned into long wave at the end. with Highlight to the snow cover surface Let's talk about temperature After talking about insulation We will talk about long wave insulation I will also talk about how to measure how to check the temperature how to check the temperature I ask you not to only write the temperature you need to specify the temperature 看看字眼上面的東西。 OK, temperature shows the heat energy in the atmosphere. 地理面, mean 平均, highest temperature of the day and lowest temperature of the day, we take the average. 這個比較少用,我們通常會用的就是用來畫climatic graph 的。 The annual mean temperature is used to calculate the temperature of the solar panel. Diurnal, daily range of temperature. Rainforest, we have discussed about microclimate. But annual mean, we often, I asked you to describe temperature, the table requires describe temperature, you will see annual mean temperature and annual range of temperature. Difference between highest and the lowest, the highest is deducted, the other is added in 10 months and 2 months, deduct 12 months is the annual mean. These two we will use frequently. When you look at the other thing, you will see that the Junior Form was taught in Form 2. It was taught in the lesson of the Monsoon. Now I want to teach it again. First, I will teach some words. ISO means the same. FIRM, you may have heard of FIRMUS, a brand of boys. firm 其實就同我們學的 contour line 原理一樣。 These are the large joining places, not with the same height, but with the same temperature. 所以我們要看清楚,究竟那幅圖是說 annual mean temperature, 因為那幅圖的 title 好緊要。究竟是 annual range of temperature, 全年 range 一樣, The range is 0-5 in the equatorial region. The higher the latitude, the higher the range. Why? Because there is summer and winter. The range is higher in the equatorial region. The overhead sun will move, not only in the equator. It will move to the farthest 23.5 degrees north or south. 距離Equator都不會 The climate of Rainforest is not cold at all. Even though it is cold, it is only from 32 to 27 or 26 degrees. But 26 degrees is not a cold weather. So the range is relatively small. 5 degrees is relatively small, 10 degrees is relatively small. Because some places can reach 10 degrees in winter and summer. Winter is around 30 to 40 degrees. The range is from 30 to 40 degrees, even 50 degrees Desert area is also like this It's hot during the day and hot in the summer But it's much colder in the winter or night Yes So we need to look at the ISOFIRM The temperature is the same It can be used to measure the temperature of the month For example, in July Eh, go go. This picture shows the sea level temperature in January. Why sea level temperature? Sea level temperature is the sea level above sea level, not the temperature of the water. Because we don't want the environmental lapse rate to be high and affect the temperature pattern. In flat areas, and the impact of the latitudinal impact. The land and sea difference and the continental mentality will be discussed with you in July. Or, sometimes, we can join some of the ISOFIRM The temperature of the month, or the title of the chart, is the distribution of the annual mean temperature, which is also called isofarm. Or the range of temperature, which is also called isofarm. The temperature of the month, or the temperature difference, is also called degree Celsius. Let's talk about the difference between land and sea. We learned about land and sea in the Junior Farm. I will show you more. When you talk about monsoon, the same letter to the same letter, of course there are differences between land and sea. What I am saying is that we need to remember, if you want to explain the same place, 或者是看 annual mean temperature, 都已經看到分別了, 不同的 latitudes, 但如果同一個 latitudes, 那怎麼辦呢? 看完第一個 factor, 來in priority, 第二個呢, 我們就看 distance from the sea, 又或者我們叫這個做 effect, off-continentality OK? 即係其實係睇一睇嗰個 distance from the sea The difference between the two is not that I live in the sea, but I live in the Kowloon City, but I can't see the sea. That's called inner no. The whole city in Hong Kong is a coastal area. So the influence of the weather on the coastal area, for example, Hong Kong and Shanghai, let's look at the map. This is a coastal area, even if you can't see the sea. 去過重慶的地方要坐幾個鐘頭車或者是十個鐘頭車 you will see the sea. That place is called inland. Okay? It's not like, I live in Kowloon City, I can't see the inland sea. No. Yes, don't say that. Remember that. OK, so if I have continentality, let's see what happens in summer. July in Northern Hemisphere It's the Northern Hemisphere The same latitude Okay The same as insulation Okay, the amount of insulation received is the same Okay, it's the same But because the ocean has higher specific heat capacity, Why? Because it needs more energy to heat up the water. It's because of the previous conduction. The energy is quickly absorbed by the water. When the energy is absorbed quickly, the long wave is also quickly released. But the sea water is not. When the energy is absorbed, the energy is slowly released by the long wave. It's also slow, but it's not that fast. Okay, so it looks like it can read. The temperature of the sea is 35 degrees Celsius. and then we will pour it back into the water. 水面空氣的溫度,現在都是夏天,都是同一日同一個時間。 Here is 28 degrees, the surface is 28 degrees. OK, but there is no one living in the sea. We measure the temperature to see the weather forecast. It is actually the influence of people. Otherwise, the sea water temperature in the Pacific Ocean Center actually, what are you doing? So here is 28 degrees, it is close to it. Approximately 29 degrees, or 28 degrees. The sea air is also affected by the sea. Even in summer, the sea air is slightly different. The sea air is 29 degrees. 夏天時,在內陸地區,inland area, is very hot. 但在海邊,海上的氣候會變得更冷。 We rarely use the words hot, cold, warm because hot and cold are subjective feelings So we use higher temperature, lower temperature But we feel it's cooler 因為低溫度,而不是低溫度。這裡可以看到,29度和35度的分別,這是夏天。但冬天的時候,冬天, 把太陽畫小一點, 冬天,在北海道,例如12月。 Okay, you're here The heat is relatively low, because the angle of the sun is a bit far away. The overhead sun is in another hemisphere, so the heat loss is fast. The heat is very fast, but the sea surface is very slow. Because it's very far. The highest specific heat capacity You need a long time You need a long time To slowly take it out The summer has been absorbed Before the summer is over So It's very fast here The temperature is below 5 degrees The sea temperature Is still 10 degrees 15 degrees OK I'm going to add a little bit of black to the center of the face. Remember to set the temperature before you use the water Now the water is at 10°C The water is still on the ground but the air is still warm You can see the picture here In summer, This is the air pressure in junior high school. I haven't mentioned this part yet. In summer, Land surface absorbs and release insulation first more long wave radiation is re-radiated to warm up the air above resulting in higher air temperature over land surface In summer, seawater absorbs and releases insulation. Slow, less long wave. Radiation is re-radiated to warm up the air above the sea, Resulting in... Lower air temperature over sea surface. 所以這裡,coastal areas. got the modifying effect from the C so it is with Lower summer temperature than inland area. OK? Now, let's go to the other side. Let's write winter. But in winter, in winter, Winter is coming soon. Land surface releases heat fast, leading to lower air temperature. Remember to write down above when you run a test run. it in winter Sea water releases heat slow Leading to higher air Remember to use higher temperature, not high Because it is a comparison with the land surface This is not a high temperature 15°C is not high, but it is higher than negative 5°C we have modifying effect from the sea coastal areas have higher winter temperature. OK, this is the inland area. Let's do a little conclusion. Coastal area. Inland area. Coastal area. Winter. I'll write summer first, because the picture above is for summer. Summer. Lower. temperature use the data on top wait a minute ok use the data on top, 35 and 29 Winter temperature is also cold. Winter is between 5 and 10 degrees. Winter temperature is high. temperature lower temperature okay coastal areas that is with modifying effect from the sea Because of the nature of the sea water, due to the high specific heat capacity, there is a higher temperature in winter and lower temperature. in summer for seawater so that the air temperature above it okay is lower in summer and high in winter Now I will talk about the range Annual range of temperature, 29-10. Here, 35-10. So, in coastal area, it's smaller annual range. 海邊地方,coastal area, 東暖下涼, 這個叫做maritime climate, 適合人住一些。但在內陸地方, 冬天很冷,夏天很熱, 這個叫continental climate。 Not so favorable for living because too cold in winter, too hot in summer. OK, 咁呢一啲嘅原理呢,請你記住下,呢一幅圖呢,都會 upload 返去 Google Classroom. So, the recording, this part of the recording is up to this part, and then there will be the second part of the recording. for your organized test.

請預備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書,請準備諾書, First of all, we will still take a look at the factors affecting the amount of insulation received on the Earth's surface. Insulation that is, we will talk about it in some time, that is the incoming solar radiation. by the way you rather take out a piece of single line sheet and then you can draw down notes as well okay also on your notes because sometimes we have some drawings okay Incoming solar radiation must reach the Earth's surface before long-wave radiation can be absorbed.

跟住變成heat啦,而呢啲heat呢就可以warm up the air. 咁我哋度個air temperature,其實就measure the amount of heat in the air, and then it's converted into temperature, the unit that we commonly understand. 咁好啦,究竟嗰個insulation一理嘅有幾多, 其實就做住這個angle of the sun的影響 亦都係記得大家留意要問番嘅就係 page 3 of your book 我哋上課嘅時候一齊有睇過呢一個exercise drawing of transects or simply that is the amount of solar input over the earth surface solar input that means the energy from the sun 由於那個sphere shape of the earth Okay, so let's go back to...

The angle of the sun is different. At equator, the largest angle of the sun is 90 degrees. so the insulation received concentrates on a small area only that means each unit of land is sharing more insulation and then with more insulation received and absorbed more long wave radiation will be re-radiated to warm up the air above it but for higher latitude area high latitude regions okay no matter it is in the northern hemisphere or southern hemisphere the angle of the sun is small okay it's just light uh okay an acute angle okay so because of this uh is this insulation is striking on a larger area okay the hundred units okay for example of insulation is shared by larger area on ground surface and the issuance of land is sharing less and then of course less is converted or unless it's re-radiated as long with radiation.

I want to give you an example when you are teaching. When you are straightening, the top of your head will be smaller. So you have less land area to divide.

So if you are doing 100 units, you will divide 100 dollars for 4 students. Each student will have 25 dollars. But when you are straightening, you will divide it into larger areas.

Most students in the classroom can do it. So, if I divide it for 8 students, each student will get 12.5. So, in the area near the equator, the example I just showed you is if I divide $100 for 4 students, $25 for the students who are in the long wave, which is equivalent to the sum of money, at least $25 can be converted. In the high latitude, 12.5 degrees is the temperature change.

Even if you change the temperature to 12.5 degrees, it's still 12.5 degrees. So when the insulation is less, the long wave will also warm up. So the heat will be less. So this is the difference between the higher and the higher latitudes. The latitudes have no difference.

It affects the temperature. The longer the long wave, the higher the heat. that can warm up the air. no matter it's land surface or sea surface.

OK, we all know that the earth surface is land and sea. In addition, I will talk about your notes, but I will skip to the notes section. I will explain the previous steps.

OK, the overhead sun. When the sun is in which direction? You can look at the notes section.

We have mentioned that the sun is at the top of your head. 係你頭頂落落嚟嘅時候必定係個 angle of the sun 最大嘅。 overhead sun is, where there is an overhead sun, then there is larger angle of the sun or larger angle of insulation, and then more concentrated insulation received because it's shared by a smaller area, and then, more of it will be converted will be radiated as short wave okay on the other hand okay i use another color that is green okay less insulation is received because it's shared by a larger area due to the small angle of the sun and each unit of land is receiving less insulation of course less is re-radiated as long wave radiation okay so Hmm.

This is the explanation of the impact of latitude. But we haven't seen the seasonal impact of latitude yet. You can see the overhead sun is the most visible.

This is the negative relationship of the light shadow. Insulation received decreases with increasing latitude. OK. 咁當然,你話, 係 low latitude 個地方都係暖啲, 我哋可以再用多一個解釋, 就係, 我哋 turn to your notes, should be page 6, OK, 都有提過嘅, 就係 impact of the atmosphere. 係 low latitude 嗰度呢, 即係, 係 part B 嘅地方, 就係 insulation travel shorter distance in the atmosphere.

So there will be less loss of insulation and more will be received on ground surface. Okay, and then it's likely to have more long wave radiation re-radiated to warm up the air. And then for higher latitudes, okay, that is case A. Okay, insulation travels longer distance in the atmosphere, there will be higher chance of reflection absorption of scattering by maybe by the clouds or maybe by the particles okay there's particles in here so let's will be re re-chain the earth surface and then this will be re-radiated along with radiation okay around 23 or at least a bit a little bit further further away from the equator usually those are the desert area because of okay the thick cloud cover over the equatorial region so for the places that there is the cloudless skies okay uh why there why it is cloudless uh at around 23 to 30 degree north and south okay we will talk about it uh when we cover the part on Precipitation, cloud formation, air pressure, etc. Okay, not in temperature, but just for your information, the cloud cover is the ficus at the equator, so it's blocking a lot of the insulation.

Okay, so that's this. Okay, so when we write, when we write, how can we see more divided words? The latitudinal impact. 對那個 installation 有影響喎 好啦,咁我呢度有一例子啦 咁你記住 x, y, z 呢啲呢,都係我比佢個位置 咁當然我哋喺一啲 test and exam 嘅 context 呢 通常都會係 有兩個地方啦,唔同嘅 latitude 啦 記住,咁會好少我哋 exactly at equator 比一個 case 或者係大概嗰地方,例如 新加坡, one degree north 係啦,咁或者係去到啲 40 or 50 A UK, I see London, I give you a place, that's right, there's a difference.

One is near the equator, low latitude, one is away from the equator, higher latitude. We use comparative adjectives when we compare about latitude as well. OK, but in the text, we can also see these mark-bearing terms. X is low latitude, angle of the sun is large Because it is near the equator, it is called insulation received concentrate More insulation received, then it turns into long wave radiation So it will be higher and you mean temperature Remember we often don't use temperature 譬如我們去描述溫度時, 都會有溫度的中等級和溫度的範圍。 因為我們先取消了季節的不同。

當然,如果有指明月份的問題, 我們的答法會有些不同。 請在資料欄上看。 I have mentioned the 7 and 8, but I am not looking at that now. I am looking at the normal case, the annual mean solar input and the temperature.

Here is the higher annual mean temperature. The insulation truffle is shorter distance in the atmosphere. So I have explained the X-axis, why the annual mean temperature is higher. There are two reasons for this explanation. 好啦,咁你記住囉,話呢度都睇一睇, reasons for receiving more insulation, ok?

So, when you explain, ok, the steps, ok, the places that is with low latitude, okay it's with low latitude and then there will be more insulation received and then short wave ready more short wave radiation will be turned into long wave radiation so it is reflected by the Higher temperature is showing that more heat is in the air. So there will be higher annual mean temperature. 寫完X的時候,可能大家都會擔心, 我寫Y和Z的時候,我們究竟怎樣寫?

we try to take a look at okay how we're going to write uh y and l set y and z basically is the same actually so i'm going to okay take a look at this with you Okay, and Y and Z the angle of the Sun is smaller, okay We still take a look at the picture here, so it will be clearer, okay? So Y or Z angle of the Sun is smaller because of its location at higher latitude insulation received okay it's dispersed over a larger area so less insulation is turned into a long wave radiation resulting in higher and you mean temperature Okay, so insulation and also insulation truffles are longer distance Okay, longer distance in the atmosphere before reaching the Earth's surface and then there is more energy loss. Okay, so the temperature is lower because there will be less long wave radiation re-radiated, okay, so the way that you're going to write it will be like this okay so we go back to go back to the notes okay so please know the way how we're going to write it okay In addition to the Latitude, we will also look at the other angles of insulation but we will also talk about Time After Day 但角度會影響,但我們比較少會問時間。 通常都是每日月份的分別, 全年的分別,而不是每天的分別。

但角度會影響,所以我會再提一提太陽的位置。 這個是我們在第一年學校的時候, Excuse me. 都有學過。 那個Sunrise, Sunsat的事後下。 係啦。

It's normally 6pm, sunrise. Don't you think, Miss Leung, that it's not winter, nor is it summer? We usually look at the weather in spring and autumn. Because of the normal conditions, we assume...

The sun is at the equator. Sunrise. Sunset. It's around 12 noon.

It's at the top of the mirror. So... The angle of the sun is here. But when the sun is setting on the other side, Angle of the sun is different. When the angle of the sun is larger, as I said earlier, insulation is spread over a long surface.

The larger area is divided by the more space So each unit of land is divided by less space When the vertical line is down But when the vertical line is down When the vertical line is down Angle of the sun It's really concentrated. Okay? And go with the overhead sun.

So, this should reflect, why is it the same day, same place, same time? 每一日休息時會否太熱? 每一天最熱時錄到最高溫度時是1點多,並不是12點 Is the angle of the sun 12 o'clock at the top? Remember, I have mentioned that when you get the most solar input, when you get the most insulation, and when the temperature is not the highest, why is there a time difference?

It is because the absorption is early in the ground, then it is re-radiated, and the air is warmed up above the Earth's surface. 冬天時,太陽不是最猛烈的時候。 所以有一個時間上的差別。 日曆時,太陽在這裡。

there is the overhead sun okay above and therefore the there is the largest angle of the sun If you don't understand why there is so much energy, you can take a look at this picture. The angle of the sun is easier to understand. Of course, as I said earlier, it is less to deal with different times every day. But for your information, you need to know this is also an angle of the sun.

Okay, let's go one step further. Season. page 3 of the book when the insulation received decreases with increasing latitude If we write a certificate, the world map is different for you.

For example, it's different for June, June, July, or December, January. We need to pay attention to the overhead sun not in the equator, but somewhere else. Somewhere else, it turns out that... 有些地方的angle of the sun 都是large的。 當然相對地, 有些地方的angle of the sun 亦都會細壯。

所以很清楚要看條題目。 你見到我們這題目呢, 在個question 裏面, 不是就這樣叫你study。 每一幅圖是甚麼來的? For example, it's the world map showing the temperature in July. 你要留意了,in January.

圖,如果真的有一個seasonal difference, 想問你都是這幾個月。 為什麼是這幾個月呢? 12, 3, 6, 9, 太陽的位置會不同。

新的時候12月去3月,in between, 動緊,動緊去3月那個位置。 不是太陽動,是地球轉的方法。 因為那個tilted axis, 你被太陽照到你的地方,不同。

記住,等於我們, 為什麼我們的圖,太陽的位置不同,反而地球不動呢? 只不過圖上面想大家容易一點理解。 It's easier for you to understand, so it's assumed, it's just like, be centered. It's like when you are on a plane, you can see the surrounding scenery is moving, but you are actually moving.

But when we draw, we look at the shape of the earth and we don't draw the shape of the earth. Instead, we draw in an overhead position. I am not saying that I don't ask, but if there is no explanation, The sun can direct the sun to the equator in March and September. The lunar calendar is based on the Northern Hemisphere.

Because our books are also standard in Northern Hemisphere. If you look at National Geographic, Southern Hemisphere is not the opposite of the spring So it doesn't say Spring Aquinox It says March Aquinox But the meaning is the same Here we have Northern Hemisphere So many times we ask questions about Northern Hemisphere We are not the center of the Earth Not the standard of the entire Earth It's just that in Southern Hemisphere You can see that the difference between land and sea is less So, actually, there are not many questions about the Southern Hemisphere. So, it is less likely that they will ask you about it in detail.

It is not like, ah, I skipped the Southern Hemisphere. No, there are some patterns that we will look at the Southern Hemisphere. Autumn Aquinas in September. So sometimes when you read the books or reference materials, that is, for example, published in Australia or nearly...

a global edition is called there's not exactly autumn aquanauts but it's called September aquanauts okay just like here we call it summer solstice summer solstice The book, okay, sometimes the book we call it June Solstice, okay, and then this one that is Our Winter Time. This is the day after the sun sets in the northern hemisphere. It's very cold and the day is very short.

So in China's law, everyone will stay at home. 享受成果是一個reunion,所以冬至是一個很重要的日子來的。 如果你留意到,可能你未必是留意那個, 如果你家裡有外傭姐姐的話, Their holidays can be Christmas or winter.

But winter in Hong Kong is not a public holiday for the time being. And some overseas lovers may not celebrate winter. So most of them have set a Christmas holiday. But in the labor law, they set a day.

Winter is a very important day. 太陽的位置。 The northern hemisphere is the farthest from the sun.

The sun is located in the southern hemisphere. In the tropic of Capricorn. For us, it is the farthest.

But in the summer, in June, the farthest place is It is according to the 21st of June, according to the Tropic of Cancer. You may think that the weather is hot in July, August and September. There are other reasons. The first reason is the temperature I mentioned earlier. The most sunlight you receive is not the highest temperature.

There is an absorption and re-radiation process. There are also land and sea differences. Some places on the earth, The temperature will also affect the temperature of the sun.

We will talk about this later. Let's take a look at the position of the sun. This will affect the position of the angle of the sun. I make it easier to understand that I put it here so that you can understand it better As I said earlier, it's easier to understand that we are using the Earth as the center.

But in reality, we are turning the Earth around. Now let's look at the position of the Sun. In March, March 21st is here.

March 22nd, March 23rd, March 24th, March 25th, what should we do? We are still walking, walking, walking, walking, walking, until June. Okay, the overhead sun is here in March. The overhead sun is here in March. Okay, let's look at the position of Hong Kong.

Okay, we are not far away, remember the pole is 90 degrees. We call it high latitude, it should be 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 degrees. Not too far, we are now at 90 degrees. We are at 22 degrees.

The sun is coming from far away. Will we feel cold? No, it's not.

It's still not far away. Okay. Until September 21st.

9th of September, it's on the right side, sorry, not 9th of September, sorry, sorry, sorry, only 3 months away. June, that's our Sazihika Summer Solstice, until here. The sun is now at 23.5 degrees north-hemisphere.

But remember, when we write, we don't write the date. We don't write the date on June 21st. We write June or July. Is the overhead sun in the Tropic of Cancer?

No, you write the overhead sun in the Northern Hemisphere. Don't write any day. The sun is not dancing.

It's not like the same day in March, April, and May. Suddenly, the moon jumps over the surface. It's not like that.

It's a movement. It's just moving in the Northern Hemisphere. It's at the top of the Northern Hemisphere.

It's 3, 4, 5, 6, and then 7, 8, 9. When it's 7, 8, 9, it's at its peak. It's going to turn around, right? 7, 8, 9, and then it comes back. September 21st, it's here again.

It's in the Northern Hemisphere from March to July. okay so it's over northern hemisphere so we are not too far away from the overhead sun that's why in hong kong no matter which time of the year it's not so cold okay 十月去哪裏? 十月去哪裏? 十二月,超過天空 十二月二十一 剛才說過距離北海道最遠 因為它在北海道 因為它在北海道 變了我們就算在這裏 都是斜角 斜角入的時候 斜角入的時候 太陽的角度會變得更小 太陽的角度會變得更大 surface and then let's received per unit of land.

OK? 那麼好了。 即是說呢,其實 那麼十二啦嘛。

一二三,翻轉頭。 So, just for your information, overhead sun is the same color here. OK? 用啡色,我會用啡色。 Ophir Hassan is in the Northern Hemisphere from I'm going to make a kvita.

Okay, this is the Northern Hemisphere. So, compared to June, In the Southern Hemisphere, the angle of the Sun is very small. It is winter.

Think about it. If the low latitude, 23.5 degrees, is as small as the angle of the Sun, how small is the polar area, or even higher latitude? OK? So, the same example is in our... 喺我哋嘅十一月嘅時候,十一月一月嘅時候都發生喺 Northern Hemisphere.

OK, so this is about the seasonal variation. OK,咁當然啦,如果喺嗰個夏天嘅... In summer, the number of installations will increase and the number of installations will increase and the number of day light hours will be changed But is it necessary to have 24 hours of installation?

High-legitimate daylight is also possible, especially in the summer. Arctic Circle is also possible, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc. Is it really hot in summer? Even if there are more day lights Day light hours are long Because the angle of the sun is small Because it is a high-legitimate light Let's look at this area.

Imagine that the sun is here. In the northern hemisphere, the angle of the sun is still small. So, high latitude.

Latitude has a big impact on the seasons. So, remember to place important things first. The duration of daylight increases with increasing latitude. The variation is getting bigger and bigger.

Why? Because in the summertime, you can have 24-hour daylights in the Arctic Circle, which is 66.5 degrees. Winter time, it can be 0 hours. We won't have 24 hours daylight, 24 hours night time. Because our lights are still very close to the equator.

Of course, this is a long-term daylight. At least it has some time to get some insulation. Okay? I want to share this picture with you. Okay?

So... this is a video okay this is a video and uh The short video is like this. By the way, I will post the link in Google Classroom as well.

你會見到這幅圖有angle of the sun. 這個時候就是, 這個,這個, 太正equator的時候呢, 90度喔。 The rest of the year is starting to get smaller.

The Earth is not tilted. This is normal. We don't have a date of awakening.

Or in March or September. It's more fair. It's the date of our wedding.

But, Angle of the Sun, you can see it's in the Northern Hemisphere. What does that mean? It means it's in June. We are in Hong Kong, 22, 23.5 degree north of the Tropic of Cancer. Hong Kong is very close to us.

We can really travel in June. But you have to keep in mind that even if the overhead sun reaches the northern hemisphere, the overhead sun is still in the Tropic of Cancer. In the high latitude area, the angle of the sun is still small. The angle of the hemisphere is smaller than the southern hemisphere. Remember, the higher the latitude, the colder the hemisphere.

smaller the insulation received due to the smaller angle of the Sun Remember the sphere shape of the Earth So, remember, it's just that in the Southern Hemisphere at this time, the high latitude of the Southern Hemisphere is the same latitude as the Earth Southern Hemisphere will be colder because the sun is very far away The sun is in the Northern Hemisphere The same principle The sun is back and then we are in the Southern Hemisphere This time we want to go back Overheats are here, right? But... Here is the equator. Oh, Hong Kong... 20 something, right?

This is 3.5 degrees, so it's almost here, Hong Kong. Think about it, our angle of the sun this time is also like this. So, in wintertime, we don't have an overhead sun.

No overhead sun means the sun is not above your head. So, the angle of the sun is smaller. So, the insulation in wintertime is smaller.

The insulation is smaller, so the temperature is lower. The difference between spring, summer, autumn and winter is that the temperature is the hottest in summer. The temperature is the highest. For example, some high-light areas are only 5 degrees in summer. In winter, the temperature is about 40 degrees.

It turns out that the summer is colder than the winter. Sorry, the summer is colder than winter. There are also such opportunities.

So, remember, is summer really hot? It's the most warm season in that region. As for equator, along equatorial region, do we say it's summer all year round? It doesn't have winter and summer.

We read about tropical rainforests, it's actually not seasonal. It's almost all year round, it doesn't have winter and summer. Okay? So this is I will upload these 4 pictures to Google Classroom We will see what effect the Earth has on the Earth's climate.

insulation okay so we talk about okay we take a look at the video first Revolution and rotation of the Earth The Earth is a planet. It follows an orbit and moves around the Sun from west to east. This is known as a revolution.

The orbit of the Earth is an ellipse. It takes about 365 days, that is a year, for the Earth to revolve once. The direction of the Earth's rotation is the same as that of a revolution. They are both from west to east.

Viewing from the North Pole, it is in an anti-clockwise direction. It takes 24 hours, that is a day, for the Earth to rotate once. For that part of the Earth facing towards the sun, it is daytime. For that part of the Earth facing away from the sun, it is nighttime. Axis of the Earth The axis of the Earth is an imaginary line on which the Earth rotates.

It links up the two poles. Both the axis and the Earth are tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees during a revolution. The tilting of the axis results in direct sunlight falling on different places during different seasons. This causes variations in the duration of days, nights and seasons. Relationship between the location of the overhead sun and the seasons.

Similarly, the revolution of the Earth and the tilting of the axis results in different angle of the sun during different periods. When the Sun is directly overhead, we call this the overhead Sun. At this time, the Earth's surface and the midday Sun forms a 90 degree angle.

Different locations of the overhead Sun results in variations in the amount of solar radiation received in different areas, and at different periods. Spring equinox. On the 21st or 22nd of March, the overhead sun is over the equator. The equator receives the largest amount of solar radiation. At this time, the northern hemisphere is in the spring equinox, while the southern hemisphere is in the autumn equinox.

autumn equinox. The angle of the Sun decreases towards the poles. On this day, the two hemispheres receive a similar amount of solar radiation, and the length of day and night is the same at all places on the Earth. After this day, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, where the day is longer than the night.

In the Southern Hemisphere, it becomes autumn, when the day is shorter than the night. Summer Solstice On the 21st or 22nd of June, the overhead sun is over the Tropic of Cancer. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation. At this time, the northern hemisphere is in the summer solstice, while the southern hemisphere is in the winter solstice. The angle of the sun decreases towards the poles.

On this day, the length of daytime of the northern hemisphere is the longest in the year, while that of the southern hemisphere is the shortest in the year. Besides, there are 24 hours of daylight at the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of darkness at the Antarctic Circle. Autumn Equinox On the 22nd or 23rd of September, the overhead sun is over the equator again. The equator receives the largest amount of solar radiation. On this day, the northern hemisphere is in the autumn equinox, while the southern hemisphere is in the spring equinox.

The angle of the sun decreases is. towards the poles. On this day, the two hemispheres receive a similar amount of solar radiation, and the length of day and night is the same at all places on the Earth. After this day, it is autumn in the northern hemisphere, where the day is shorter than the night. In the southern hemisphere, It becomes spring, when the day is longer than the night, winter solstice. On the 21st and 22nd of December, the overhead sun is over the Tropic of Capricorn.

It receives the largest amount of solar radiation. On this day, the northern hemisphere is in the winter solstice. while the southern hemisphere is in the summer solstice.

The angle of the sun decreases towards the poles. On this day, the length of daytime in the northern hemisphere is the shortest in the year, while that of the southern hemisphere is the longest in the year. There are 24 hours of darkness at the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of daylight at the Antarctic Circle.

Alright, we've just finished watching the review. Now, we'll watch the last one, which is about the Earth's surface. okay so the drawing is not so good here lastly to end this part for the installation general okay general installation received okay When the water is coming down, will it be absorbed by the water? Will it be very hot when the water is low-legitimate?

The amount of insulation received is large, so the loads will be turned into long-wave radiation and being re-radiated. Now really we still need to take a look at the nature of the sun. When we go to the Earth surface, we will see the LB ok surface reflection index so you can see the reflection reflection means that the paint is not absorbed when the paint is not absorbed, it will not be able to turn into a beautiful color Basically, the lighter color surface will reflect more. Let's take a look at the photo. This is the light blue surface.

This is the dark blue surface. You can see that most of the insulation has been reflected. it is not absorbed If you want to change to a long wafer, you can use a dark colour.

For example, a dark colour forest or farmland. There are green plants in the forest, but the forest is dark green. grass is light green but in a pothland you can see that the grass is more reflected in the field grass is less reflected in the field Puffland Farmland is a light green Puffland Farmland is a light green 沙粒、泥土、石仔,都是反光度會比較高。

其他的,譬如石屎的整路、路面的顏色,比較... 所以為什麼說它吸熱多一點呢? 反光度會少一點。

在之前的環境改變,我們都有提過它吸熱比較多。 所以,這個環境改變的環境都會影響到。 So for...

Snow surface, ok. Snow surface, usually we see the snow surface is highlighted to a place. At the same time, remember, it's not the only reason that makes the place very cold.

At the same time, the insulation is really low, and we don't want it. So less insulation can be turned into long wave. Or in high places, like snow mountains. The particles density is low, and the heat transfer is slow.

The albedo is high, which means reflection is high. When reflection is high, how much is absorbed? So even if it is given to you, you don't need it.

OK. It will affect how much is turned into long wave at the end. with Highlight to the snow cover surface Let's talk about temperature After talking about insulation We will talk about long wave insulation I will also talk about how to measure how to check the temperature how to check the temperature I ask you not to only write the temperature you need to specify the temperature 看看字眼上面的東西。 OK, temperature shows the heat energy in the atmosphere. 地理面, mean 平均, highest temperature of the day and lowest temperature of the day, we take the average.

這個比較少用,我們通常會用的就是用來畫climatic graph 的。 The annual mean temperature is used to calculate the temperature of the solar panel. Diurnal, daily range of temperature.

Rainforest, we have discussed about microclimate. But annual mean, we often, I asked you to describe temperature, the table requires describe temperature, you will see annual mean temperature and annual range of temperature. Difference between highest and the lowest, the highest is deducted, the other is added in 10 months and 2 months, deduct 12 months is the annual mean.

These two we will use frequently. When you look at the other thing, you will see that the Junior Form was taught in Form 2. It was taught in the lesson of the Monsoon. Now I want to teach it again. First, I will teach some words. ISO means the same.

FIRM, you may have heard of FIRMUS, a brand of boys. firm 其實就同我們學的 contour line 原理一樣。 These are the large joining places, not with the same height, but with the same temperature. 所以我們要看清楚,究竟那幅圖是說 annual mean temperature, 因為那幅圖的 title 好緊要。 究竟是 annual range of temperature, 全年 range 一樣, The range is 0-5 in the equatorial region.

The higher the latitude, the higher the range. Why? Because there is summer and winter. The range is higher in the equatorial region. The overhead sun will move, not only in the equator.

It will move to the farthest 23.5 degrees north or south. 距離Equator都不會 The climate of Rainforest is not cold at all. Even though it is cold, it is only from 32 to 27 or 26 degrees. But 26 degrees is not a cold weather.

So the range is relatively small. 5 degrees is relatively small, 10 degrees is relatively small. Because some places can reach 10 degrees in winter and summer. Winter is around 30 to 40 degrees.

The range is from 30 to 40 degrees, even 50 degrees Desert area is also like this It's hot during the day and hot in the summer But it's much colder in the winter or night Yes So we need to look at the ISOFIRM The temperature is the same It can be used to measure the temperature of the month For example, in July Eh, go go. This picture shows the sea level temperature in January. Why sea level temperature?

Sea level temperature is the sea level above sea level, not the temperature of the water. Because we don't want the environmental lapse rate to be high and affect the temperature pattern. In flat areas, and the impact of the latitudinal impact.

The land and sea difference and the continental mentality will be discussed with you in July. Or, sometimes, we can join some of the ISOFIRM The temperature of the month, or the title of the chart, is the distribution of the annual mean temperature, which is also called isofarm. Or the range of temperature, which is also called isofarm.

The temperature of the month, or the temperature difference, is also called degree Celsius. Let's talk about the difference between land and sea. We learned about land and sea in the Junior Farm. I will show you more.

When you talk about monsoon, the same letter to the same letter, of course there are differences between land and sea. What I am saying is that we need to remember, if you want to explain the same place, 或者是看 annual mean temperature, 都已經看到分別了, 不同的 latitudes, 但如果同一個 latitudes, 那怎麼辦呢? 看完第一個 factor, 來in priority, 第二個呢, 我們就看 distance from the sea, 又或者我們叫這個做 effect, off-continentality OK? 即係其實係睇一睇嗰個 distance from the sea The difference between the two is not that I live in the sea, but I live in the Kowloon City, but I can't see the sea. That's called inner no.

The whole city in Hong Kong is a coastal area. So the influence of the weather on the coastal area, for example, Hong Kong and Shanghai, let's look at the map. This is a coastal area, even if you can't see the sea. 去過重慶的地方要坐幾個鐘頭車 或者是十個鐘頭車 you will see the sea. That place is called inland.

Okay? It's not like, I live in Kowloon City, I can't see the inland sea. No.

Yes, don't say that. Remember that. OK, so if I have continentality, let's see what happens in summer.

July in Northern Hemisphere It's the Northern Hemisphere The same latitude Okay The same as insulation Okay, the amount of insulation received is the same Okay, it's the same But because the ocean has higher specific heat capacity, Why? Because it needs more energy to heat up the water. It's because of the previous conduction.

The energy is quickly absorbed by the water. When the energy is absorbed quickly, the long wave is also quickly released. But the sea water is not. When the energy is absorbed, the energy is slowly released by the long wave.

It's also slow, but it's not that fast. Okay, so it looks like it can read. The temperature of the sea is 35 degrees Celsius.

and then we will pour it back into the water. 水面空氣的溫度,現在都是夏天,都是同一日同一個時間。 Here is 28 degrees, the surface is 28 degrees. OK, but there is no one living in the sea. We measure the temperature to see the weather forecast.

It is actually the influence of people. Otherwise, the sea water temperature in the Pacific Ocean Center actually, what are you doing? So here is 28 degrees, it is close to it.

Approximately 29 degrees, or 28 degrees. The sea air is also affected by the sea. Even in summer, the sea air is slightly different.

The sea air is 29 degrees. 夏天時,在內陸地區,inland area, is very hot. 但在海邊,海上的氣候會變得更冷。

We rarely use the words hot, cold, warm because hot and cold are subjective feelings So we use higher temperature, lower temperature But we feel it's cooler 因為低溫度,而不是低溫度。 這裡可以看到,29度和35度的分別,這是夏天。 但冬天的時候,冬天, 把太陽畫小一點, 冬天,在北海道,例如12月。 Okay, you're here The heat is relatively low, because the angle of the sun is a bit far away. The overhead sun is in another hemisphere, so the heat loss is fast.

The heat is very fast, but the sea surface is very slow. Because it's very far. The highest specific heat capacity You need a long time You need a long time To slowly take it out The summer has been absorbed Before the summer is over So It's very fast here The temperature is below 5 degrees The sea temperature Is still 10 degrees 15 degrees OK I'm going to add a little bit of black to the center of the face.

Remember to set the temperature before you use the water Now the water is at 10°C The water is still on the ground but the air is still warm You can see the picture here In summer, This is the air pressure in junior high school. I haven't mentioned this part yet. In summer, Land surface absorbs and release insulation first more long wave radiation is re-radiated to warm up the air above resulting in higher air temperature over land surface In summer, seawater absorbs and releases insulation.

Slow, less long wave. Radiation is re-radiated to warm up the air above the sea, Resulting in... Lower air temperature over sea surface. 所以這裡,coastal areas. got the modifying effect from the C so it is with Lower summer temperature than inland area.

OK? Now, let's go to the other side. Let's write winter.

But in winter, in winter, Winter is coming soon. Land surface releases heat fast, leading to lower air temperature. Remember to write down above when you run a test run. it in winter Sea water releases heat slow Leading to higher air Remember to use higher temperature, not high Because it is a comparison with the land surface This is not a high temperature 15°C is not high, but it is higher than negative 5°C we have modifying effect from the sea coastal areas have higher winter temperature.

OK, this is the inland area. Let's do a little conclusion. Coastal area.

Inland area. Coastal area. Winter.

I'll write summer first, because the picture above is for summer. Summer. Lower.

temperature use the data on top wait a minute ok use the data on top, 35 and 29 Winter temperature is also cold. Winter is between 5 and 10 degrees. Winter temperature is high. temperature lower temperature okay coastal areas that is with modifying effect from the sea Because of the nature of the sea water, due to the high specific heat capacity, there is a higher temperature in winter and lower temperature.

in summer for seawater so that the air temperature above it okay is lower in summer and high in winter Now I will talk about the range Annual range of temperature, 29-10. Here, 35-10. So, in coastal area, it's smaller annual range. 海邊地方,coastal area, 東暖下涼, 這個叫做maritime climate, 適合人住一些。 但在內陸地方, 冬天很冷,夏天很熱, 這個叫continental climate。

Not so favorable for living because too cold in winter, too hot in summer. OK, 咁呢一啲嘅原理呢,請你記住下,呢一幅圖呢,都會 upload 返去 Google Classroom. So, the recording, this part of the recording is up to this part, and then there will be the second part of the recording. for your organized test.

Transcript for:Solar Energy Factors

Transcript for:
Solar Energy Factors