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History and Development of Forensic Science

Sep 2, 2024

Forensic Science Lecture Notes

Introduction to Forensic Science

  • Forensic science timeline is detailed in the readings.
  • Sherlock Holmes: Fictional character by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle that popularized investigative sciences.
    • Emphasized observational skills, logic, and connecting evidence to criminals and crime scenes.

Early History of Forensic Science

  • 1790 BC: Code of Hammurabi
    • Early example of combining medicine and law.
    • Integrated legal codes with religious and social precepts.
    • Concept of presumption of innocence.
  • 1200s AD: Early use of forensic techniques in Asia and Europe.
    • China: "Washing Away of Wrongs" by Song Tzu, the oldest forensic medicine textbook.
    • Europe: Introduction of the coroner system by King Richard.
  • 600 AD Middle East: Use of fingerprints for identification.

Advancements in Forensic Science (17th-18th Century)

  • Use of fingerprints for identification and basic chemical tests for blood in China.
  • Crude forensic analysis was evident in early civilizations.

19th Century Developments

  • Hans Gross: Creator of criminalistics, wrote "Criminal Investigation" (1891).
    • Established forensic science as a field in Europe.
    • Coined the transfer principle.
  • Edmund Locard: Famous for Locard's Exchange Principle.
    • Every interaction results in material transfer.

U.S. Forensic Science History

  • 1924: First U.S. crime laboratory established in Los Angeles by August Vollmer.
  • 1932: FBI crime laboratory established.

Forensic Databases

  • APHIS: Fingerprint database began in 1924, electronically searchable by 1974.
  • NCIC: National Crime Information Center for police data.
  • CODIS: Combined DNA Index System, pilot in 1990, national in 1998.
  • NIBIN: Database for bullets and casings, established in 1997.

Specialties in Forensic Science

  • Forensic scientists are specialized, not generalists.
  • DNA analysts focus on body fluids and DNA evidence.
  • Toxicologists specialize in chemistry and toxicology.
  • Firearms specialists require a two-year training program.

Educational Backgrounds

  • DNA analysts: Biology background.
  • Toxicologists: Chemistry background.
  • Firearm specialists: Physics and advanced crime scene investigation.

These notes provide an overview of the history and development of forensic science, highlighting key historical advancements, the establishment of forensic laboratories and databases, and the specialization within the field.

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