Hello everyone welcome to yellow pages nursing in today's video we will be discussing about abnormal breathing pattern before entering into the session if you have not subscribed our channel please subscribe our channel and do not forget to hit the bell icon to receive instant notifications let's get into the topic what is respiration respiration or breathing is process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out of the body. One respiration consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The three processes of respiration are ventilation, fusion and perfusion. Ventilation is movement of gases into and out of the lungs.
Diffusion is movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the RBCs and perfusion is distribution of RBCs to and from the pulmonary capillaries. What are the variables to assess respiration? It is measured by observing chest rise and fall and measured as number of breaths per minute. The variables are rate which is nothing but number of breaths in one minute. Tachypnea refers to respiratory rate when too high and bradypnea refers to respiratory rate which is too low.
In adults, the normal range is between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. In children, it ranges between 16 to 25 breaths per minute. And in infants, it ranges between 30 to 50 breaths per minute.
Next variable is rhythm, which is the regularity of respirations, that is, spacing between breaths. Rhythm is either regular or irregular. Next variable is character, which is defined as depth and quality of respiration. Character is expressed as either deep, shallow, labored, difficult, stertorous, and moist.
Next comes abnormal breathing pattern. Potential causes of abnormal breathing pattern includes psychological, that is, depression, anxiety, stress, which may cause abnormal breathing pattern, drugs like overdose of aspirin, hormonal drugs like progesterone, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. Medical conditions such as anemia, asthma, pneumonia, pneumothorax, hemothorax, COPD, emphysema may cause abnormal breathing pattern and others include high altitude, fever, hormones, exercise etc. Now comes eupnea or nomopnea or normal breathing pattern. Here the respiratory amplitude is the x-axis and time in seconds will be y-axis.
The normal breathing pattern for adults ranges between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. In children, it ranges between 16 to 25 breaths per minute. And in infants, it ranges between 30 to 50 breaths per minute.
The ascending curves indicates the inspiration and the descending curve indicates the expiration. Next comes bradypnea. The first graphical image describes normopnea or eupnea as we discussed before. and the second one indicates bradypnea where the curve length is larger compared to normopnea. In bradypnea, the rate of breathing is decreased i.e. less than 12 breaths per minute and it is characterized by slow shallow breathing.
Causes of bradypnea includes diabetic coma, cardiac problems, drug-induced respiratory depression and increased intracranial pressure, electrolyte imbalances etc. Bradipnea diagnosed depends on the age that is in 0 to 1 year it is less than 30 breaths per minute in 1 to 3 years it is less than 25 breaths per minute in 3 to 12 years of age it is less than 20 breaths per minute and in 12 years and above it is less than 12 breaths per minute. Next comes tachypnea here you can compare the images of the normopnea graphical pattern and tachypnea graphical pattern and the curves are narrower compared to normopnea. Tachypnea is increased rate of breathing that is more than 20 breaths per minute and it is characterized by rapid shallow breathing. The causes of tachypnea includes restrictive lung disease, pleuritic chest pain, medication side effects, fever, hypertension, hypotension etc.
Tachypnea diagnosed depends on the age Under two months it is more than 60 breaths per minute. From 2 months to 1 year, it ranges more than 50 breaths per minute. 1 to 5 years, it is more than 40 breaths per minute.
6 to 12 years, it is more than 30 breaths per minute. And 12 years and above, it is more than 20 breaths per minute. Here comes the comparison of the graphical pattern of Eupnea, Bradypnea and Tachypnea. In Eupnea, the breathing pattern ranges between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. In bradypnea it is less than 12 breaths per minute and in tachypnea it is more than 20 breaths per minute.
Next comes ataxic or biots breathing. Ataxic breathing is characterized by unpredictable irregularity. Breaths may be shallow or deep and stop for short periods as shown in the graphical image. The causes include respiratory depression and brain damage typically at the medullary level. Next comes sighing respiration.
Sighing respiration is breathing punctuated by frequent sighs which should alert to the possibility of hyperventilation syndrome, a common cause of dyspnea and dizziness. Occasional sighs are normal. Next comes chainstokes respiration. Chainstoke respiration is periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea as shown in the graphical waveform.
Children and aging people may show this pattern in sleep. Causes include heart failure, uremia, brain damage, drug-induced respiratory depression, etc. Next comes rapid deep breathing i.e. hyperpnea or hyperventilation. This is the graphical waveform of rapid deep breathing.
Rapid deep breathing includes several causes like exercise, anxiety, and metabolic acidosis. In the comatose patient, consider infarction, hypoxia or hyperglycemia affecting the midbrain or pons. Kusmal breathing is deep breathing due to metabolic acidosis.
It may be fast, normal in rate or slow. Next comes obstructive breathing. In obstructive lung disease, expiration is prolonged as shown in the graphical waveform because narrowed airways increase the resistance to airflow.
Causes include asthma, chronic bronchitis and COPD. Next comes apnea. Apnea refers to absence of respiration for several seconds. Persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest. So this is all about abnormal breathing pattern which will be useful for nurses to assess the respiratory pattern of the patients.
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