Transcript for:
Key Concepts in Forensic Medicine

all fmg aspirants I hope all of you are doing great as exam is very very near now I hope you are well prepared let's discuss few of the most anticipated questions in forensic medicine in upcoming fmg exam we are going to discuss the most anticipated questions and in this lecture I will be using English also and Hindi also right so when I say only 30 questions it does not mean only 30 related to 30 I will be discussing some more relevant topics also and so let's start with the first update in the forensic science see what the new name for Indian Penal Code I hope all of you know about IPC Indian Penal Code which defines laws and offenses right and crpc what is the meaning of crpc crpc is called as criminal procedure code and EA Indian Evidence Act so this is very easy to understand see what is the new update new name for Indian penal code is what BH N samita N means what justice so new name for IPC is what BH n samita and new name for crpc is ban nagar suraka samita suraka means actually production and Indian Evidence Act new name is BH Sak remember only this much is the update new ipcs new crpcs are not implemented yet right so still they are going to ask you suppose if they will be framing any question related to IPC and crpc questions right when I talk about IPC number 375 what does it mean it defines rape it defines rape definition of rape that against the will or against the consent of a woman if a man is attempting sexual intercourse that will be considered as rape and for this there will be punishment right so that is as per IPC number 376 Indian penal about the definition of offenses and Punishment rap procedure that is as per crpc that is called as what criminal procedure Cod suraka samita I hope all these points are clear to everyone related to crpc you have to keep in mind few most important crpcs one crpc is 174 and second is 176 crpc 174 is about police inquest police inquiry and 176 is what magistrate inquiry keep in mind very very important okay fine here only let's discuss few of the important ipcs okay related to murder IPC number 300 see this defines murder this defines murder but for the punishment of murder it is what IPC number 302 okay IPC number 304a and 304 B please keep in mind 304 a why it is important because this is related to Medical negligent act and B is responsible for what B is what D death B is a dowy death okay a for apron B for bride remember like this and most important IPC which you should always keep in mind that is what IPC number 84 IPC number 84 is what moton's rule moton's rule so what is the meaning of moton rule IPC 84 see it is moton Rule if an insane person is going to commit any crime there will be no punishment a pag why because he does not understand the consequences of crime this is what IPC number 84 okay next IPC important IPC number 320 this is what GRE Grievous hurt Grievous hurt very very important please keep in mind see here so basically I anticipate the most frequently Asked ipcs only right okay next question shape of incision given for autopsy for sure whenever we have to do postmortem examination postmortem examination so different different shapes which type of incision is given here most of you might be marking C right this is y-shaped but answer is not this answer is t-shaped incision answer is t-shaped incision let's learn in total there are five most important types of incision which we are giving for the postmortem examination let's learn this topic in detail see here the most common type of incision is just below the chin 2 pubic part this is called as ey shaped right this is called as what ey shaped this is the most common right after that suppose if I'm giving incision directly from acroman to acroman and after that from this Center if I'm giving inis like this this is called as t-shaped which is also called as bucket handle shaped very easy and next shape from acromium to syum part like this and after that I'm going down so this is called as y shaped this is called as y shaped very easy to understand okay suppose if I'm giving incision around the neck like this like this and after that I'm going down this is called as modified y this is called as as modified y shape modified y shape now all these incs are given over the anterior part of the body but if there is a death in a custody during interrogation or if there is a case of custodial death right remember here when a police is going to beat over the back most of the time right post AC to GL AC to gluteal so that is called as what x shaped X shaped remember here very very important Point overall most common type of incision given is what I shaped okay t-shaped is also called as bucket handle bucket handle shaped bucket handle okay now where do we give modified y shaped remember especially NE examination especially in a case of hanging especially in a case of hanging or liat strangulation or any kind of neck injury basically remember hanging or strangulation modified y x shaped incision especially in a case of custodial death right custodial death very very important so overall what the most common type ey shaped understand part like right veryy to understand so this was a case of what t-shaped incision t-shaped incision right okay so Basics forensic shape of the incision now see picture number one picture number two and picture number three easily now you can easily understand that okay this is a case of what shape like Y and this is what shape like modified Y and here this is what I shaped most common now you see here after completion of postmodem examination now picture number one and picture number two now you can easily understand this is a so this is a y shaped and this was actually a case of what T shaped right okay t-shaped now look at this picture now I'm sure you can easily understand which shape of incision is given here and in which condition yes this is a case of what modified y this is a case of modified y especially in a case of hanging or strangulation if again I suppose if I ask you again this question that custodial death X shaped now some methods of autopsy please keep in mind there are four methods of autopsy suppose after giving incision if I'm removing all the organs one by one one by one one by one di Li right now see so basically I'm making the diagram of what Heary part here so inad separately liver separately B duct separately stomach separately right stomach separately okay lung separately heart separately removing organ one by one called as virous technique right pelvic region so what does it mean virous technique anatomical relations are not preserved but when I talk about lul technique L Technique we are giving one incision with the right hand we are holding what posterior part of the tongue with the left hand we are holding what rectum this is called as what all organs are being removed in Mass all together all together relations will be preserved yes this is called as Techni organs block by block like cervical block separately thoracic block separately abdominal separately urogenital separately technique block by block method right where I'm having risk of infection HIV btis C whatever rard we have to do what in dissection of organs right no in this is called what rocket and Sky technique under under right okay even even fetal brain dissection rocket and Sky technique so I have taught you four methods of autopsy lul and rock what the meaning of legal autopsy medical legal autopsy clinical autopsy or you can say pathological autopsy medical legal autopsy means what in any suspicious death in any unnatural death postmortem examination is mandatory right like rape case hanging case suicide murder or traffic accident right poisoning case so this is called as what medical legal case here police authorization is mandatory police authorization is mandatory and there is no need to take the consent from the family members yeah important family M but when I talk about clinical or pathological autopsy clinical or pathological autopsy right here in this case if you want to do postmortem examination you have to take the consent from family members easy to understand one more is there see that is called as V dropy vit dropy vit dropy means what suppose in a building collapse there is fracture of multiple bones is open close MRI right now we are going to take multiple images right very easy to understand this is called as virtual autopsy virtual autopsy that is V dropsy V dropsy suppose if I have done postmortem examination postmortem examination purpose so that we can understand of right poem root cause of death right no so that is called as what negative type of autopsy negative autopsy right and at the same time what kind of person he was emotion so basically only question from the family members psychological autopsy keep in mind important medical legal and clinical medical legal autopsy family members but clinical autopsy or pathological autopsy may you have to take the consent from the family members next question a suspicious death case of a 38y old male is presented to hospital for postmortem examination family members are claiming of heart attack which of the following chemicals is used for the infection see first of all age 38 orp so when postm examination is being done DET so remember here we should know about some of the chemicals which we are using when I talk about 10% formalin right no yes this is a fixative we are using for what brain right no brain sometimes we are using acetic acid also in the solution but for the infection please keep in mind because this was the question this was the old question I'm telling you TTC triphen tetum chloride this is used for what infarction infarction to detect the infection so remember here different organs postmortem examination question usually see remember suppose if esophagus is there esophagus stomach and intestine right okay fine or if there is blood vessel basically any long and Hollow structure how will you do the postmortem examination which type of incision you will give see remember here you have to give what incision a straight cut straight cut but if you have solid organs no solid organs like liver lungs spleen kidney so how will you how you are going to cut it s slices like loafing of bread slices in this manner we have to cut okay fine very easy to understand when I talk about NE right now newborn baby expire so here we have to check newborn baby heired or he did not respire he was a case of Life birth or still Born This is called as reg test or or hydrostatic test right regards test also called as hydrostatic test very easy to understand hydrostatic test or you can say what first life test right okay so basically L the same manner you should know if baby has respired the oxygen the air to if I'm going to give a cut over the stomach so if air bubbles are coming from abdomen right abdomen right easy to understand this is called as second life test also called as breast test breast test test easy to understand breast law test reg test and breast law test repeatedly asked question to understand size inflation right see here now weight of lungs and weight of body ratio check if baby has not respired this will be approximately what 1 is to 70 if baby has respired this will become what 1 is to35 plet test this is called a PL test I hope these points are clear to everyone in the same manner one more test we can know respired lungs will be heavier unres spired lungs will be lighter very easy to understand that is called as fod test right that is called as a fers test fers test right that is called as will go down but that is called as Rin test these are five tests which I have mentioned here these are for Life birth baby to differentiate if baby has respired or not now how we are doing postmortem examination of heart heart postem examination see here ideally we have to give incision along with the blood flow so see this is what right atrium this is right ventricle left atrium this is left ventricle remember here we have to give in incision along the inflow and outflow right now so first incision here and after that this is the incision here this is called as inflow and outflow Method inflow and outflow method in this manner we are doing the postmodem examination of heart remember what is the name of chemical for inunction it is what TTC right TTC brain usually if I have to do postmodem exam of brain open latal back remember here we have to give incision just behind the ear loes around the m to cereal cortex incision right so you have to give incision over the mastoid process you can say what behind the ear lobe behind ear loes okay spinal cord remember here there are two approaches anterior also posterior also so remember posterior approach is better than anterior stomach open remember here suppose if this is the stomach part here right now so first of all we have to liate here and here at two openings we have to liate so because see in the case of the poisoning we have to do like this no so that whatever content is there it should not go up or it should not be going down that that's why we have to liate at two position this is called as what double liation method this is called as double liation method remember here stach open around the Lesser curvature or greater curvature answer is we have to give incision around the greater curvature I hope all these points are clear to everyone now some extra points related to autopsy and iming first of all what is the meaning of iming what is the meaning of iming I'm sure you would have seen a dead body in your anatomy lab that see that dead body is actually artificially preserved you will not be seeing foul smell you can see the pent smell not the F you do not see fou smell you do not see any kind of P collection any kind of infection why because with the help of some chemicals it is artificial ially preserved that is called as iming iming artificial preservation of dead body artificial preservation of dead body with the help of some chemicals with the help of some chemicals that's why it is also called what chemical stiffing that's why it is also what permanent rigidity this is iming another term for iming is what tan AIA Teno praia keep in mind last time they have asked one word meaning question study of death process is called as what that is called as thanatology thanatology tenology remember one more term is there that is called a tonomy [Music] tonomy remember here when I talk about t praia this means artificial preservation of dead body means iming thology study of death study of death tonomy study of process of decomposition decomposition right now after death body that is called as what decomposition so study of the process of the process of getting decomposition is called as what ton toning we have to use some of the chemicals right now we have to use preservatives like formal deide we have to use anticlotting agent we have to use jide no germicide like phenol phenol okay we have to use a Dy also is what EOS we are also using a perfume perfume so that normal right no so what is the name of the perfume that is called as winter green that is called as winter green this is a this is a d before death if a person was suffering from jaundice okay after death after iming what will be the new color new color will not be brown or pink because of EOS a new color in a jaundice case it will be what green color it will be green color GRE we are we are mixing it in 10 L of water that is called a vehicle so we have to give what injection into the body right now so what are the best method of injection discontinuous injection and drainage remember here injection should be done in high pressure and low flow right because of obstruction inside the blood vessels right this is also the old question question is that autopsy right remember here you will lose all the evidences right no so that's why remember autopsy must be done before inar yeah multiple times question is it to understand and now when you have completed the postmart when you have completed the autopsy right remember here how many postmortem report how many copies you are going to make remember three copies for whom one copy should be given to the investigating officer the police officer right second copy for the Magistrate or Police Superintendent and third copy for Hospital use for office purpose easy to understand so how many copies of postmortem report we are making three copies the question is that police inquiry right that police is called as investigating officer what should be the ranking of that police ideally ideally his rank should be sub inspector but minimum head Constable minimum head constable remember postmortem examination is being done only in the Mery house especially in the government sector only right next look at this picture and now you try to answer first of all you tell me what do you see here what is this you can see the diagram and you can understand I can see here around the blood vessels around the vascular Channel I can see appearance like this no appearance like this right around the blood vessel so what it is called as right see this appears to be like what this appears to be like marbled appearance I would say what marbled appearance this is called as marbling so what it is called as this is called as what marbling this is what post examination sign right now so this is post examination what is happening see inside the G so many bacteria there so what they are ing which gas especially hydrogen sulfide especially I'm saying right hydrogen sulfide mix hemoglobin and this will make what self hemoglobin self hemoglobin bluish green color and now this bluish green color or greenish blood flow will be there along the vascular channel to superficially located green green dark bluish green color this is called as marbling this see a time of appearance is approximately 36 to 48 hours approximately right easy to understand now you can easily rule out Mark the right option out of these four if I say see is it due to contact par obviously no arbent burn no discoloration is due to oxyhemoglobin no this because of what self hemoglobin right so what is the right answer here option number a remember here related to marbling multiple other images can also be shown and examiner will try to trap you here right look at some extra pictures and then you will be having more clarity now I'm showing you picture number one and picture number two see here here there can be confusion first picture which I see here see this is along the blood vessels no along the blood vessels very easy to understand blood vessels along the vascular Channel but when I look at picture number one this is not along the blood vessels this is over the epidermis superficially what epidermis easy to understand so both pictures are completely different remember here picture number see this one this is see these two are what marbling marbling but what about picture number one picture number one is what this is a lightening burn this is lightening burn lightening burn means what because of lightening this is also called as arboros bur right this is also called as filigre burn fig burn and if you look at the picture here see here you can see right see if you look at the picture here so this is somewhat like a flower like pattern this is also called as lenberg FL like pattern lenburg flower like pattern be careful this is superficial over the epidermis this is along the blood vessels right now some more pictures related to postmortem examination suppose if examiner is asking you what is the first sign after death first sign after death so this is what loss of voluntary movement loss of voluntary movement this is first sign after death but if examiner is asking you what is the first I sign what I'm asking you first I sign first I sign this is Koran sign just after first of all there be stoppage of circulation blood vessels right so there will be hemolysis and remember here so see inside the retinal vessels if you see there will be a fragmentation of blood column so this appears like a railway track right now this is also called is what Railway Trucking sign same like cattle Trucking sign or it is also called a Koran sign Koran sign remember this cannot be seen with the help of Naked Eyes this can be seen only with the help of opthalmoscope so remember here this can appear within second this can appear within seconds 2 minutes but this will persist up to 1 hour this is called a Karan but when you look at this picture when you look at this picture remember here see here after death when eyes are are open now there'll be deposition of deis and dust right no because of this what will happen see here see here easily you can understand that at the two corner of I here right see there a formation of what two triangles right yellow brown black B this is called aooa Tako esclerotica please keep in mind this can be your image based question Tako otica formation of two triangles at the corner of I right Tako scotica here time since death you can easily understand this is approximately 3 to 4 hours now we are going to discuss some more postmortem changes right first of all one is called as a somatic death one is called as somatic death also called as also called a clinical death just after death there will be what certain stoppage of heart brain and lungs complete stoppage of heart brain and lungs so like this will occur within seconds this will occur within seconds stoppage of heart brain and lungs it is called as what Bishops tripod Bishops tripod okay see during somatic death remember aerobic processes are gone but anerobic processes are still working so what does it mean the tissues which were able to survive with the help of oxygen those are gone but the tissues which can still survive for some more time even in the absence of oxygen that is what anerobic right so easy to understand so during somatic death if I'm going to use anotic or mtic inside the eyes yes pupil will respond if I'm going to right shift the patient to ventilator yes there will what response to the muscles but after a few hours few hours now each and every cell of the body will be dead now that will be called as what molecular death molecular death period between somatic death and molecular death is called as what supravital period Supra vital period this is important for organ harvesting this is important for organ harvesting okay organ harvesting in a brain dead patient easy to understand right now somatic death starts in few seconds but in molecular death there can be early signs and there can be late signs changes in I are early signs what does it mean basically this can appear within minutes to hours minutes to hours here only we are going to learn about rer mortis when body is becoming very very stiff stiffening of dead body is called as r morus body will become cold that is called as algar mortis algar morus cooling of dead body in the same manner cooling of dead body in the same manner if you see body there will be a discoloration different color right no so that is called as what liver mortis liver Morse discoloration right what are the late signs after death late signs remember here that is called as putri faction that is called as putri faction putri faction it will take ours two days two weeks two months also basically many many days that is purif faction see here basically putria or gal when there is a decomposition of body decomposition of tissues without any bacteria self deom that is called as Auto life is autois but if there is bacteria involvement and then there is decomposition that is called as CN so that is called as decomposition that is called as decomposition is it understand what the most destructive bacteria it is what Clum vchai what the most destructive enzyme this is leanas now you look at the picture now you tell me what I'm talking about I'm talking about discoloration discoloration liver mortis liver mortis okay what the diagnosis okay fine now see here why there is liver mortis why there is discoloration see after death when a person is in suine position so now there is what a stoppage of blood circulation right but small small blood vessels are there like venes Aral capies gravit of theep at the layer of the lower part of their dermis right accumulate easy to understand right just below the skin you can see some different kind of discoloration discoloration now there is no oxyhemoglobin there is what deoxyhemoglobin there is a deoxyhemoglobin right so which color it will be right this will be what purple color so that's why see natural color after death the discoloration what it will be called as so this will be bluish purple color bluish purple color now where there is accumulation of blood remember here accumulation of blood is there over the dependent part of the body BL accumulation what was the position during the time of recovery so now you can easily understand if there was accumulation around the back of the body back of the neck right over the over the posterior part of the thighs it means what Supine position right no Supine position where is it on Supine position like this but if you can see discoloration over the anterior part of chest anterior part of abdomen means what prone position easy to understand remember lose the dependent part accumulation but over the tight or pressure there will be no discoloration easy to understand so now here you can see here you do not see accumulation of blood over the anterior or the posterior part of the body here you can see over the lower part of forearms lower part of the legs B basically what was the position vertical position hanging right it will be in the hanging position very easy to understand so remember if you can see discoloration over the back part means Supine position anterior part means prone position right no over the forearms hands and legs hanging right hanging vertical position very easy to understand where there will be no lividity no lividity means situation discoloration remember when there is no any chance of dependency so basically when body keeps on moving when body is not stopping at one place so remember here drowning drowning in running water drowning in running water drowning in running water is it to understand drowning in a running water there will be no lividity or if there was severe Hemorrhage more than 65% blood loss yes obviously in this case also you cannot see lividity now look at this picture and now you tell me what was the position of dead body at the time of recovery supine or prone now you can easily understand over the anterior part of chest and abdomen right no so here position was what prone position prone but you can see discoloration around the stomach around the chest but you cannot see discoloration here it means something was their hand was there like this so basically when there is what hard contact or hard pressure you cannot see discoloration right now so this is right now so here you can easily understand something was there somewhat so this appears like a hand only right very easy to understand some synonyms are there of liver Morse liver mortis that's why it is also called as staining you can say lividity hypostasis darkening of death cavc lividity confusion VIIs or Sig he was wearing linear pattern that is called as a VIIs linear staining VIIs or if you can see paty Pat right no paty paty right that is vation one important point you should know here fixation of liver mortise occurs in 6 to 12 hours what does it mean fixation of Li what does it mean during the time of recovery I could see that discoloration was there over the chest over the abdomen bluish color Okay during the time of recovery there was the position like the pr now 1.1 situation I can see shifting of Shifting of discoloration shifting if I can see see here now see suppose if I can see shifting of blood towards the back side it means fix are happy okay second no shifting no shifting of blood from anterior to the poster what does it mean what does it mean fixation has already happened so if you can see fixation of liver m is no so you can easily understand that okay fixation can happen in 6 to 12 hours here only we can discuss a clinical aspect how examiner can trap you situation dead body a car say and that dead body was uh was in the sitting position first passenger seat when police recovered that dead body no police uh after that police has taken that dead body to hospital during the time of examination okay staining was over the back over the over the lower back over the posterior thighs over the leg there was staining over the over the back right here right but when dead body was in the Supine position now there was a shifting of discoloration now there is discoloration over back also here just over the PO part of thorax also right no not only the lower back above part also how much is the time since death more than 6 hours more than 12 hours or less than 6 hours answer is what less than six hours less than less than six hours in this manner you can reach up to the real murderer fine so be careful fixation of Li 6 to 12 hours now from this table we can expect a question remember here what is the natural color normal color after death it is bluish or purple color so basically what is the reason see because of what because of the nature of hemoglobin only after there is what deoy hemoglobin deoy hemoglobin different different types of condition different different color different different coloris we can understand which kind of poisoning has happened right no cherry red brick red bright red or bright pink right okay fine so remember here so they're asking these questions frequently first of all carbon Co poisoning no Co poisoning repeatedly asked question cop poison why there is cherry red color in C poisoning when a person is alive there is what oxyhemoglobin oxyhemoglobin but in Burns condition in Burns or Coop poisoning remember Co has much more affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen 200 times more right now so now this will make carboxy hemoglobin right now so what is happening what is the cause of death here remember oxygen is available oxygen is there but hemoglobin is not available right hemoglobin is not available to carry the oxygen so in which condition this can happen I'm sure you would have learned four types of hypoxia one is called as what hypoxic hypoxia another is anemic hypoxia third stagnant or hypoperfusion and fourth is cytotoxic or histotoxic type of hypoxia so question what they have asked in cop poisoning which type of hypoxia will be there remember here I have taught you just now that oxygen is there but hemoglobin is less hemoglobin is not available there right no so lack of hemoglobin so anemic type of hypoxia this is important question in carbon monoxide poisoning what is the cause of death anemic hypoxia now see here what about cide poison I'm sure you have learned in Biochemistry also cide blocks which pathway electron transport chain fourth complex which enzyme cytochrome oxidase right now this enzyme is important for the tissues to utilize the available oxygen but cide will be blocking this so what is happening here any condition which is going to create a problem where tissues are not able to utilize the oxygen that is called histotoxic or cytotoxic right no so remember in cide poisoning what is the cause of death histotoxic or cytotoxic hypoxia cytotoxic hypoxia here what will be the color of body remember brick red or bright red last time also carbon monoxide boting cherry red color in hypothermia oxygen will be trapped in the subcutanous and that will appear like bright pink color okay now when I talk about pan potassium chlorate analine nitrate nitrite sodium chloride here there'll be formation of what methane part so this will be forming what met hemoglobinemia brown color so what will be the color here chocolate brown sometimes deep blue in analin hydrogen sulfide with hemoglobin right no so this will be so this will be forming what sulfa hemoglobin or sulfa hemoglobin sulf hemoglobin appears like bluish green so hydrogen sulfide poisoning which color bluish septic abortion bronze and opium black remember this table is very very important for your exam because on the basis of discoloration we can easily understand the type of poisoning now look at some other picture see picture number one picture number two and picture number three I have taught you here that over the hard part because of pressure there'll be no discoloration in this in picture number one you can easily understand that like butterfly no there is no discoloration so this was the area of pressure pressure that is called what pressure par or you can say what contact par here also you can see right now pressure par or contact par here you can see linear branches no linear branches right so this is what VIIs very easy to understand on the basis of this you can easily understand now see the next question all of the following a true about kadav spasm X remember here kadav spasm is an extremely important topic for your exam so before we understand cavc spasm what do you mean by rer mortis ryer mortis ryer mortis remember you first of all understand ryer mortis after that we are going to learn about kadav dispos rer motis means what body will become tight stiffening of dead body right stiffening of dead body rigidity of dead body okay fine so what is happening here just after death just after death first first of all body will become loose that is called as primary relaxation at that time 100% ATP was there 100% ATP at that time two muscle proteins actin and myosin these two muscle proteins were there were at their normal location ATP destroy right now there will be depletion of ATP okay after some time now there'll be what depletion of ATP 85 to 35% basically what ATP is depleting when ATP is depleting no now actin and myosin they will come close together like this and they will make what right this is called as actinomyosin component this is called as actinomyosin component this is called as rigidity or rer morus but after some more time now there will be what zero ATP now there will be what zero muscle proteins also because after that there will be decomposition of proteins now even the protein will be dissolved now again there will be what secondary relaxation keep in mind after death body has to go through this space primary relaxation first after that rigidity then secondary relaxation very easy to understand this is the rule okay so this is called is what first of all you should understand here rule of 12 rule of 12 it takes approximately 12 hours to appear 12 hours to persist and 12 hours to disappear so rule of 12 rule of 12 is related to ryer mortis some other rules also please keep in mind one is called as a Shapiro rule another is nist's Rule please keep in mind very very important Shapiro said Shapiro said that there is no any sequence of rer mortis smaller muscles will go into rigidity first bigger muscles will go afterwards but n was neston said no there is sequence from top to toe which I will show you just now okay fine that is a nence rule overall what the first muscle to go into rer mortis it is what myocard heart muscle you can say what heart muscle first overall first muscle but if examiner is asking you overall first external muscle right so that is what eyelid that is what eyelid but over all number one is what heart so what I'm saying is that in a ryer mortis there is involvement of involuntary muscle also voluntary muscle also and there is primary relaxation and this is completely what postmortem postmortem now examiner is asking a question here related to cadav spasm okay so now let's learn what is the meaning of cadaveric ESP spasm when you look at these PS what do you understand after looking at picture number one you can have some clarity okay this was the case of suicide or homicide whatever after looking at picture number two also okay you can understand that just before death person was a struggling a lot okay remember here what is the meaning of kadav spasm which is also called as instantaneous rer instantaneous ryer remember there are few conditions where just before death only the voluntary group of muscles only the voluntary group of muscles or the only component of muscles which were at maximum work like suppose if a person was about to kill himself with a gun so basically I can say that in his condition his hand muscles are at maximum work this is at stous work right so just before death only a voluntary group of muscle goes into sudden spasm sudden spasm right see here what I'm saying just before death I'm saying sudden spasm and after pulling the trigger now now this will continue to be in the spasm even after death This is called as cadav spav easy to understand say here what I'm saying see what I have said here I have told you that just before death so what is this this is completely antim morm and suddenly it goes into a spasm without going into primary relaxation no primary relaxation and remember this posture you cannot produce artificially very easy to understand here only voluntary I'm saying not involuntary only voluntary only voluntary group of muscles with the help of this we can understand the posture of death manner of death just before death what was the condition when you look at this picture don't you think this is a case of drowning but he can hold only some plants and weeds in his hand right now so this is drowning so plants and weeds in the hand right this also sign of what drowning you can understand okay this was the condition right now okay fine so how to differentiate rtis and so please keep in mind when I talk about RAR mortis this is completely postmortem in nature kadav spasm this is antim morm in nature remember primary relaxation is there is present in rer motis but absent in in kadav ESP spasm muscles involvement voluntary and involuntary both but in kadav ESP spasm only voluntary remember only voluntary kadav spasm is extremely important topic please keep in mind right kadav spasm mimics like rer this is not completely rer because see you know so I have taught you here the differences right now so remember a kadav spasm mimics like a rer mod now you can come back to this question and you can easily Mark the answer so only only voluntary muscles are involved wrong postmortem in nature no antim morm primary relaxation is absent yes this is also right here mimics rager mortis this is also right so in this question two options are actually right B is also right mimics like a ryer motis and primary relaxation is also absent here primary so two options are actually right here remember here rer mortis and related to kadav spasm repeatedly they are asking the question right very easy to understand and now there is one more condition that also mimics like rager modus that is H stiffing see after severe burs or when a person will be exposed to more than 65° Centigrade now there'll be what muscle protein coagulation muscle protein coagulation body will become like this so this is somewhat like which kind of attitude boxers defense fencing also called as puil please write down pugilistic attitude boxers fencing and defense attitude all these are the synonyms of heat is s remember here these are mimicking like rer mortis like kavasam also heat is stiffening also but remember here heat stiffening or pugilistic attitude this you cannot produce artificially and see overall what I'm saying about rer mortis rer mortis see 12 hours to appear 12 hours to persist 12 hours to disapparition it will be like this only very easy to understand now see some other parts of decomposition one is called as adipo seed another is called as mumification see look at these two pictures picture number one and picture number two adipo formation and M ification these are the types of putri faction putri faction means what s Gala putri faction remember when warm temperature is there air flow is there and moisture is also there warm temperature air flow and moisture all these other it is called a paction when only warmth and moisture no air flow different yeah if you see something like this no wax Jessa right so this is called as what adipo formation also called as saponification saponification wax J wax in a grave it is also called as Grave wax it is also called as Grave wax but is warm and air flow no moisture because of that there will be what evaporation of liquid inside the body right EV something like this this is called as mummification so what are the differences they are asking after looking at these two where do you see that there can be bad smell F obviously right now ammonia like a smell foul smell or you can say rancid butter see this can be completed in 3 weeks to six month but mumification mumification 70% weight loss no fow smell duration 6 months to 12 months okay fine so what are the meaning of Nance rule see remember nist rule we are using for ryer mot rer Mot from the top to toe sequencing first of all there'll be what see overall which muscle will go into rigidity at first myocardium or you can say what myocardium or what heart muscle heart muscle first but externally first of all eyelid first of all eye muscles after that neck eye muscles eyelid orbicular neck after that jaw and face but remember here sequence first I muscles neck after that you go down over the chest then Upper Limb then over the abdomen then lower limb at last fingers and toes this sequence they are asking right nesten rule Nance rule first of all eye then neck after that chest then Upper Limb then abdomen then lower limb at last fingers and toes at last fingers and toes as per niston Rule now look at this now we are going to learn mechanical engine which type of injury is this this is abrasion bruise incision laceration right no so remember here what the definition of abrasion what the definition of bruise abrasion and Bruise abrasion after any trauma if there is what rupture of epidermis like even after scratch right no rupture of epid dermis epidermis where you can see minimal or no bleeding but you can see rupture of epidermis that is called as abrasion but suppose if a person is going to hit you like this externally epidermis no rupture no damage but inside because of the pressure there can be rupture of a small blood vessels and inside there can be inside there can be clotting and externally you can see bluish discoloration like this this is called as what bruise also called as contusion bruise is also called as contusion contusion right okay now so basically now we are learning mechanical injury or you can say what any kind of trauma so this can be blunt and this can be sharp sharp or blunt trauma blunt means what when a person is using L Rod stone brick Shar blade right know blade knife sharp trauma now let's look at this table blood trauma what are the examples like abrasion contusion and laceration fracture of bones but when I talk about sharp if I'm using a light weapon and which is causing what sharp cut so this is what in sized injury this is called as cut injury incised or cut injury but if a if a person is using heavy cutting weapon sharp so that will be causing What chop injury if a person is using sharp but pointed pointed stab injury right no in sized or cut injury chop and stab right very easy to understand now see here look at the difference between abrasion and contusion see what I have said here just now in abration there will be what a rupture of epidermis rupture of epidermis rupture of epidermis right but here you cannot see any rupture of epidermis externally you cannot see but internally you can see some kind of clotting here know some kind of accumulation of blood this is contusion also called as bruise there are four types of abrasion one is called as a scratch Grace and pressure and pattern e it to understand see like name Nails thornn right that will be causing what scratch nail abration gra overall this is most common type of abration overall this is most common type of abration see here when a person will be dragged on the road suppose if you are playing cricket and suppose if you want to multiple parallel lines that is called as graze aberration you will see something like brush burn this is also called as brush burn also called as brush Burn Right also called as see here on the road over the rough surface smallest small stones will be there no gravels this is also called as what gravel rash gravel rash right now see when I talk about patterned abration patterned abration if you can see the exact pattern of a weapon exact pattern of a weapon that is called as patterned abration abrasion because of exact pattern like I can say tire mark right tire mark But pressure abrasion because of any pressure is called as pressure abrasion especially in a case of hanging especially in a case of hanging right no hanging case where a leature material was applied here after that when you can see only abration if you cannot identify the exact pattern obviously abrasion has happened here but because of pressure so in a case of hanging pressure abrasion even in a case of teeth bite marks pressure abration look at some photos and we'll be having more clarity see picture number one is what just one scratch this is a case of what a scratch abration scratch abration but look at picture number two here you can see abrasion around the neck but exact pattern I may not be able to identify maybe it could be rope wire something like that right no so here I can say this is the example of what pressure pressure abration this is also a type of what teeth bite teeth bite so this is also a type of see see look at this P this is also an example of what pressure abration what about this picture picture number three here you can see multiple parallel abration right now this is a case of what graze abration graze abration but what about this picture picture number four here you can see exact pattern of belt right no so this is a case of what pattern pattern right so this is a case of what patterned in the same manner here also you can look at right now so this is also the exact pattern of tire so these two are the examples of what patterned abration now with the help of pictures you can easily rule out now what about contusion different different types of bruises contusions ectopic means we over what the meaning of ectopic bruise ectopic means far from the natural SI suppose if there was fracture of anterior cranial bone here or frontal bone but here they can here there cannot be accumulation of blood no so accumulation of blood is in the orbital part so raccoon I sign no raccoon I sign this is an example of ectopic where you can see exact pattern of bruise patterned see here if there'll be bruise because of LTI because of LTI or Rod suppose if a person will be hit by a LTI or by a rod so only external part will be imprinted only external part will be imprinted like this in between there will be empty part this is something like a railway line or tra line right six Penny bruise very very important six Penny bruise around the throat like this or in the neck so this will be a case of what manual strangulation or you can also say what manual strangulation or throttling or throttling around the neck right around the wrist six Penny Bru six Penny bruise means what see what the meaning of a penny means like a coin like a coin like a dis so if a person is going to throtle someone like this so do you think around the neck because of the pressure of the tip of the finger there can be contusion and bruises yes right no so multiple more than five that is called a six Penny bruise so in a case of manual strangulation that is also called as throttling around the wrist child abuse around the wrist that is a case of what child abuse and Butterfly bruise butterfly bruise suppose if a father is going to pinch someone like this and pinch right now pinch like this okay fine after this see over the face if you see you know or over the body you can see bruise like butterfly So Butterfly bruise is also seen in child abuse now look at some pictures and you will be having more clarity look at picture number one and picture number two now you can easily understand see aberrations or injury around the neck this is a case of what manual EST strangulation or throttling but picture number two you can see some injuries around the face around the lips around the nose this is a case of what smothering it'sing it'sing right now this is called as a smothering this is a smothering if you can see abrasions and injury marks over genital organs right now over the body part so sexual assault right now look at picture number one and picture number two picture number one when there will be a fracture of anterior cranial fosa right raccoon sign this is also called as eyes like a panda Panda's eyes sign this is also called as a black spectacled hematoma black eyes but if there will be a fracture of basal part no basal fracture or middle cranial fosa you can see blood accumulation just behind the year it is called as battle sign these two Ron sign and battle I sign very very important repeatedly asked question now look at picture number one what are the diagnosis here obviously you can easily diagnose you can easily say sir This is Love bite I know you can diagnose this case my question is this is abrasion or contusion this is a case of contusion this is bruise remember here here you can see the exact pattern of lips so this is a case of patterned contusion abrasion means what there'll be superficial rupture of epidermis here you cannot see any kind of rupture no damage of epidermis is not there right under the skin there is accumulation of blood this is a case of contusion patterned contusion love bite right picture number two what about this one six Penny bruise are multiple bruises around the neck you can see in this picture so this is a case of what either you can say manual EST strangulation or you can say what this is a case of throttling this is a case of throttling right this is a case of throttling see when I look at this picture see a study of lip printing is called as what a study of lip printing it is called as gyos scopy what about this one what about this picture yes this is a case of what butterfly bruise butterfly bruise where do we see in a case of child abuse here you can see Railway line Bru something like this know Railway Line Bruise right no Railway Line Bruise so where do we see so this is called as what a railway line or what Trum line right no so so this will be a case after ly charge or by a rod very easy to understand right now how to difference between antim morm and postmortem contusion remember here what does it mean suppose if I have a dead body in front of me and I have to do the examination I can see multiple bruises I can see multiple contusion now I have to differentiate which one is antim motm which one is postmortem right now so how I'm going to understand first of all you should always be careful about vital reactions what is the meaning of vital reactions vital reaction means what redness swelling and pain right now okay vital reactions will be present only in antimo when person was alive but it will be absent one person will be dead postmortem absent right okay fine see here before death Bruce can be anywhere but after death Bruce can be only at the dependent part bony promin right bony prominences very easy to understand CH these things are very easy to understand okay now the next point from where examiner will be framing a question related to blood related to blood if you can see if you can easily wash the blood or if you cannot easily wash the blood then suppose if you cannot what does it mean hemodynamics was normal clotting was normal when person was alive clotting right so it means an bruting right so if you can easily wash it away it means postmortem you cannot easily wash it away it means what antim morm now look at this picture a person is presented to casualty with the injury shown below spliter first of all this is what sharka trauma or this is blunted trauma some of you will say what yes 100% this is a case of what sharp cut right now 100% this is a case of sharp cut some of you might be saying this right take let's discuss this case first of all look at this picture what is this this is a sharp or blunt sharp trauma or blunt trauma right see when a person will be attacked by a blade or knife suppose if you're going to give a cut with the help of a blade blade margin boundary line regular when you give a sharp cut blood vessels will also be sharply cut beding there will be fast bleeding but what is the meaning of blunt trauma blunt if a person was walking on the road suddenly a car came and hit him like this to J when a blunt weapon is going to hit you like this and go away like this can be rupture of SK suban tissue right tissue do you think there'll be a regular margin obviously no do you think there will be regular boundary obviously no do you think there'll be fast bleeding remember here whenever hard hit like this so what will happen to the blood vessels blood vessels bla blaa blood vels remember here blood vessels will be crushed right now because of this there'll be what sluggish blood flow slow bleeding right that is right know so now you look at this photo and now you understand if you look at this photo right now you look at this photo now you tell me do you think margin is regular do you think boundary line is what even here obviously not do you think there is what very fast bleeding obviously know there is what sluggish blood flow so I can say this is not sharp cut trauma this is blunt trauma this is blunt trauma so how to differentiate sharp and blunt sharp and blunt see here laceration is a type of blunt trauma blunt trauma but incision this is what sharp incision is what sharp right so remember margin is uneven boundary line irregular irregular bleeding will be what very slow or you can say what sluggish blood flow but what about incision this will be even okay boundary line regular bleeding will be What fast or you can say what profuse bleeding profuse bleeding but there is a term that is called as tissue Bridge what is the meaning of tissue Bridge do you understand here tissue Bridge means what suppose if I am going to give one incision like this so here when there'll be Gap in the SE this is what incision is so like incision is like this so you Gap may see blood vessels and neurovascular Bund will sharply be you can see only one Gap right no but in a laceration in a case of blun trauma what will happen whenever you are going to hit someone like this no now there'll be rupture of a skin or subcutanous tissue like this this will be coming out like this no when it will be coming out like this in between neurovascular bundle will be intact neurovascular bundle will be intact like this this is called as what tissue Bridge remember tissue bridge will be seen only in laceration not in incision not in incision you can see now you can look at this photo you can easily understand I'm showing you tissue Bridge here I'm showing you tissue Bridge here tissue Bridge here you can see this is absent this is sharp cut trauma but here you can see it is present this is what blunt trauma blunt trauma I hope all these points are clear to everyone now laceration now you can easily understand laceration photo and incision photo types of laceration first of all split laceration this is very very important for your exam so we are going to discuss it very soon but stretch laceration means what fra you cannot see bone fracture outside fraone right no fracture to over the you think this is going to apply a pressure that is called stretch laceration common Ty because of local impact it is called the tear but sharing Force sharing Force when a person was standing at the roadside a car came across him and hit him like this as a mark at an angle because of the sharing Force now his skin can come out like this this is called as evulsion injury evulsion injury let's see the pictures and you will be having more clarity look at this photo picture number one and now you tell me this is a sharp or blunt this is a case of blunt trauma and this is a case of what laceration only this is a case of laceration but now what about picture number two picture number two this looks like what obviously Shar sharp cut no this looks like incision but but if you see it minutely see now do you think this is a sharp now you look at the margin and boundary line right now margin and boundary line so when you look at this photo from the far this appears like incision incision looking but this is a case of what laceration so this is called as what incised looking laceration that is called as split laceration split laceration remember this is a case of what blunt trauma split ler remember whenever there be bony prominence sluggish blood flow irregular margin right uneven margin and boundary line very easy to understand so this is also a case of what split laceration now evoltion injuries only skin is coming out it is called as a flame it is called as a flame skin plus subcutaneous tissues skin plus subcut tissue this is called as a degloving injury degloving injury de gloving but see here when say skin subcut tissue of a scalp is coming out like this it is called as scalping it is called as scalping right now what about incised cut incised cut means what sharp cut so Here length is the most important Dimension so from the point see here see from the point of a starting so where you are starting that point will be so there so there will be big end that is called headend and see suppose if I started from here if I'm going to finish here the point where you are going to stop right right that is called as what that will be narrow that is called a tail in that is called a tail in if you see a gap this is called a gaping right no so now you look at picture number one and picture number two what is the point of starting point of starting will be bigger here no so here this is starting point and then narrow tail end is what right this is tail end now suppose if a person is going to give a cut like this so starting point there can be penetration starting point you can appreciate apprciate other point you cannot appreciate this is called a beving cut remember here beving cut is seen in sharp cut only not in the blunt dramaa now if you can see multiple small small small small Cuts over the forearm over the chest over the necks okay you can easily understand okay this is a case of what hesitation Cuts also called as tentative Cuts also called as tentative cuts okay so this is also called as trial Cuts this will be seen in which condition this will be seen in suicide case this will be seen in suicide case now when you look at this kind of injury right no obviously heavy cutting weapon was used right so this is a case of What chop cut right no chop cut injury chop cut so even if you can see only one injury only one so if it is a case of heavy cutting weapon right now so at one side you can see what some kind of Bru some kind of severe contusion severe contusion okay if a knife was used sharp cut pointed weapon if you can see only one entry point it is called a penetrating wound if you can say entry also exit also this is called a Perforating wound right Perforating now if a person was using a weapon of single edged no single edged weapon so after looking at the shape of the wound also you can easily understand if shape is like a triangle right no or veg shape veg shape one angle will be sharp another will be blunt this is so so when you look at these pictures you can easily understand okay single edged weapon was used but double edged no double Ed if you can see shape of the wound like this something like this elliptical or slit like right both angles will be sharp this is so so what does it mean double edged and now if someone is attacking on you if you going to hold the weapon like this you can see the wounds around the web spaces in the Palm it is called as what active defensive wound so this is a case of what active defensive wound but if you are going to protect yourself like this you can see wounds over the forarm over the back of the hand that will be called as what passive defensive wound passive defensive wound picture number one is what active defense wound picture number two is what passive defense wound right very easy to understand if you can see wounds like this active if you can see wounds like this it is passive defensive next question a motorist had suffered head-on collision at low speed where he hit his head on the steering wheel injury over the brain at the point of impact is called us so at the point of impact inside the skull yes brain tissue injury will be there no so that is called as what remember here suppose if you are going to hold a person hold his head like this at the point of contact injury cereal cortex inside the skull cerebral cortex is Loosely fit no cereal cortex at the back of the skull to anterior anterior Point injury is called as Coupe injury and injury at the posterior part is called as counter Coupe injury remember here very very important at the point of impact injury it is called as Coupe injury against the wall right opposite side this is called as what counter coup you can now you can easily understand here right now one is called as Coupe injury another is called as what counter Coupe injury now what is the meaning of pond fracture remember here Pond fracture is seen in new borns or you can say what in infants infants right we are going to learn it remember here some Regional injuries after local fracture if you can see only one you know one linear crack it is called as Fisher fracture see after looking at this injury are you able to tell me which weapon was used easily you can say one hammer was used hat no why because see here you can see there is a depression okay this is called a depressed fracture but you can also see that hammer has given its signature here right now this is also called as signature fracture or fracture allaha signature easy to understand right okay fine when will be multiple fracture it is called a compound fracture Now understand here in a case of newborn or infant their skull will be very very soft so after any kind of injury you can see only a small denting here you can see what a small denting right no denting you can see this is called a what dented indented fracture okay same like a table tennis ball in China it is called as what ping pong in China it is a national game it is also called pingpong fracture pingpong fracture remember if you can see after inine efficency separation of suture like this it is called a sutural fracture also called a diastatic fracture if you can see at this picture where you can see that a small portion of a skull bone is removed you can see only one hole you can see like a gutter it is called as a gutter fracture if you can see one rod is entering here and coming out from this side this is called as Perforating fracture Perforating fracture and now you look at this photo if there is history of all from the height when a person is landing on his butts or feet so what will happen see from the down part there will be what heavy pressure here right so a skull can get separated from the spine from the point of foramin from The Ring Ring of foramin this is called as a ring fracture or transverse fracture but if a person was riding a bike very very fast and suddenly if there is what accident if he is falling on the road right now then there'll be heavy Blow from the side heavy Blow from the side and what is happening here remember head can be divided into two part head can be divided into two parts something like this like a nodding pH this is called as what nodding face sign something like a hinge hinge fracture also called as motorcyclist fracture now look at this photo a man is brought to hospital after head injury his city scan is shown below which of the following is wrong statement related to Medical legal case in this patient first of all this is a case of what this is a case of what where do you see this kind of appearance where do you see this kind of appearance you see in a case of extra Dural Hemorrhage extra Dural Hemorrhage you see in a case of extra Dural Hemorrhage right now so in a case of extradural hemorrhage now let's learn this topic first after that we can solve this question see first of all this is a skull bone this is a skull after that see inside there can be rupture of some layers right patter ericoid matter Dura matter if there is bleeding here right this is extra Dural if if there is bleeding here this is what subdural if bleeding is here sub aroid so extra Dural hemorrage which blood vessel is getting ruptured middle menal artery middle Minal artery right subdural bridging veins sub aroid where you will see that there is what thunder clap type of headache worst headache of the life patient will say like that right so there can be what rupture of what aneurism a malformation right no very easy to understand so here especially related to Medical legal importance we have to talk about extra Dural Hemorrhage what is happening here when you look at this photo you can easily understand what is happening with the patient here right in the extal Hemorrhage there is something called as Lucid interval Lucid interval what does it mean lucd interval means what remember here a period of Consciousness in between two period of unconsciousness when patient got admitted in your hospital he was fully uncons conscious after basic line of management after a few hours he became fully conscious but after few hours again he can go into unconsciousness so period of Consciousness in between two period of unconsciousness is called as what Lucid interval Lucid interval right very easy to understand so which of the following is wrong remember see option number one he can have a period of Consciousness in between yes this is called as Lucid interval he can sign a viid contract During the period of Consciousness yes remember here during Lucid interval if a person is signing any contract yes this will be considered as a valid right now okay fine now you tell me suppose after head injury if a person was completely unconscious and lying along the road side when police man came he got up after looking at the police again he fell unconscious what police will think police will think what he is drunk so remember Ed can resemble like drunkenness now what the root cause here rupture of middle minel artery not the bridging veins very easy to understand this is important for your exam now next some of the torture methods police is beating a person on his soul which type of torture method is this right which type of torture method is this we have to know see beating on the soul this is called as fanga or baser beating on the soul beating on the ear it is called as what Telo remember here if a plastic bag is there feal matter or urine okay something like this this is called as a wet submarine only a plastic bag around the face it is called as a dry submarine these are methods of torture now if you are going to hang someone like a parrot it is called as parrot's purch if you are going to make someone sit like this on a wooden horse like this this is called as saw Horse This is called as saw horse right even if you want to give him more punishment you can do what uh you can you can you are going to tie 5 kgam here just below the legs so horse right like this after that you are going to take him out you will give him a time to confess that truth such Ino means what in Capo this is especially used by Mafia people especially used by Mafia people they can tie their wrist and Ankle same rope they can like get around the neck person can die because of partial hanging this is called as incao now what is the meaning of cattle prod genital shock remember here electric shock over genital over genitals black slave in old age only for black Americans if they used to do any mistake black hot iron hot iron rod used to get inserted into their anal Canal it is called as black slave black slave okay now look at this question so basically see this is a case of hanging but how we are going to understand so with the help of this question we are going to start the new chapter about asial death asial death question is how we are going to learn about asfixia see here if if there is complete suspension of body and neck constriction is also there basically that is called as what hanging that is called as hanging suspension of body with the neck constriction second condition no suspension of body but in neck constriction see suppose if I'm sitting here someone is standing at the back he is going to liate my neck conct that is called as what strangulation that is called as strangulation right strangulation so there are two types of strangulation if a ligature material is applied strangulate that is called as liat strangulation right strangulation this is called as what manual strangulation manual strangulation is also called as throttling this is also called as throttling now one more condition no suspension of body and no neck constriction still there is asfixia that is called as Suffocation death right Suffocation death here only we are going to learn about drowning p with different different methods of suffocation we are going to learn one by one so look at this question now in this question what are the diagnosis as per the photo is it partial hanging complete atypical typical or liat strangulation so first of all we have to understand all the terms then only we can solve this question so first of all see here hanging can be divided on the basis of Notting first of all Notting see with the help of this wire when I'm making a knot right this is called as what knotting part this is called as knotting right so if noting is placed exactly at the center of back exactly over the oxy put it is called as typical typical hanging apart from oxy put if noting is anywhere else all these are called as what when I talk about these two all these are called what atypical hanging atypical hanging so Notting over oxy put or you can say what centrally located over the nape of the neck right over the back of the head here this is called a typical hanging but submental position angle of jaw angle of these are called as what atypical hanging remember here look at picture number c this one where Notting is over the angle of jaw angle of mandible see this is a type of what judicial hanging judicial hanging so what is the meaning of judicial hanging as per the law as per Judiciary System but if examiner is asking you out of these three which one is the most effective way of hanging a person most effective this one submental position this is what most effective way this is most effective way so on the basis of noting we can understand there are two types of hanging typical hanging atypical hanging but on the basis of suspension of body if body is completely suspended in aete hanging but if any part of the body is going to touch the ground it is called as partial hanging partial hanging easy to understand see basically IDE there should be any force of constriction right so question is in complete hanging what is the force of construction force of construction is body weight force of con construction is body weight body weight right but when I talk about partial hanging see here any part of the body is going to touch the ground like knees legs whatever right now so in this manner lower part of the body weight will be neutralized so here what is the force of constriction weight of head weight of head so when I talk about body weight complete neck constriction what is the most common cause of death in complete hanging obviously here it is what asfixia here it is what asfixia but when we talk about partial hanging here it is what mostly esia mostly esia because see here whenever there will be partial hanging there will be obstruction of blood vessels here right lack of blood supply to the brain so mostly esia if examiner is asking you what is the most common cause of death overall what is the cause of death in hanging your answer should be asfixia with esia now I hope these definitions are completely clear to everyone bis typical and atypical on the way of see suspension here complete and partial hanging now let's learn some more points question is that if hanging is there what should be the signs and symptoms manually or by a leature material R say so do you think there will be obstruction over the neck hor obstruction yes so do you think there will be sinosis yes sinosis sinosis bluish discoloration yes do you think there will be congestion yes there will be congestion congestion when there will be severe pressure heavy pressure over the blood vessels now after some time do you think there'll be heavy congestion in inside the blood inside the blood vessel and there can be rupture of blood vessel also right no so now you tell me because of the heavy pressure because of the heavy congestion over the face do you think there can be smaller smaller smaller small blood spots red spots over the face also right now nearby here so these spots are called as what pakal hemorrhages these are called as what pakal hemorrhages these are called as pakal hemorrhages basically this is also called as [ __ ] spots this is also called as [ __ ] Sports e it to understand so whenever there will be asphal death no Whenever there will be asial death yes there will be a tri of what sinosis congestion and tardio spots so these are the signs of asial death easy to understand right now the question is that when neck will be constricted okay now now let's understand this part suppose if they'll be hanging like this now rope is just at the base of the mouth here floor here my question is that do you think there'll be dribbling of saliva Sal yes why there will be irritation of salivary glands first Point Clear second do you think Zab do you think there there will be protrusion of tongue yes because there will be pressure over the L part of the tongue your posterior part of the tongue right so there will be protrusion of tongue and dribbling of saliva okay remember here when I talk about dribbling of saliva no please write down this is the shest sign of shest sign of antim morm hanging antim motm I'm saying it means what see antim motm means what before death dribbling of saliva is shest sign of antim morm hanging question now what is the meaning of leasi sympathic when a person will be hanged the knot which is going to compress the cervical sympathetic chain because of that on the same side eyes will remain open this is called as leasi sympathic please remember this is also an antim motm sign antim morm sign of question ligature marks so let's see marks and let's understand first of all I'm talking about typical hanging complete hanging typical hanging not will be at the back side see right now see always remember where there will be see if it will be like this so now you look at here so first of all you look here see this is Supra thyroid or infra thyroid this is Supra okay now you look at here this is oblique or horizontal so answer is what obliquely no obl placed [Music] so Mark around the neck will be complete or incomplete obviously incomplete so what are the liat marks in typical and complete hanging answer is what i o s first of all incomplete oblique and thyroid second this is going whated when you look at this photo this is an example of typical hanging or atypical hanging right so this is an example of what atypical hanging atypical hanging right very easy to understand I hope all these points are clear to everyone now look at these pictures and you will be having more clarity complete hanging understood now triangulation liat triangulation means what someone is standing at my back suppose if I'm sitting here someone is going to liate my neck someone is going to constrict my neck Li strangulation I'm talking about right [Applause] understand now you look at here see if there be strangulation this will come down so this will be infra thyroid this is oblique or horizontal horizontal right he will not be taking any chance so it will be complete so when I talk about legure strangulation what will be the sign what will be the liat marks ITC Grand Chola Hotel 7 ponic I for what infra thyroid t for what transverse or horizontal C for complete liat marks in hanging and liat marks in liat strangulation how to differentiate these two is repeatedly asked question and now you look at these pictures and now you answer me picture number one and this is picture number two out of one and two which one is hanging and which one is legat triangulation now you can easily understand right now see go here it is going what obliquely super thyroid also and incomplete so picture number one is what hanging look at picture number two this is what first of all infra thyroid it is what see here so this is what transverse and this is complete around right now neck so remember this is hanging and this is strangulation now there should be no confusion on the basis of leature marks we can easily differentiate hanging and legat triangulation very easy to understand okay now there can be confusion in between typical complete hanging and partial hanging see here complete hanging yes here here it will be what IO is incomplete oblique and super thyroid but partial hanging no partial hanging see here head will come down so see here liat material will also come down right now so when it will come down this will become what infra thyroid below thyroid right now infra thyroid and this will become what transverse or you can say horizontal Okay so how to differentiate typical complete hanging and liat triangulation one question how to differentiate complete hanging and partial hanging second question on the basis of liat marks we can solve the case and solve the question also now look at these pictures see here picture number one picture number one when a mob is going to hang someone this is called as lynching lynching judicial hanging what I have taught you judicial hanging this is a case of what judicial hanging what I have taught you about judicial hanging as per the Judiciary System as per the law rules first of all noting should be at angle of jaw angle of jaw okay second length of rope length of a rope from the point of suspension should be equal to the height of the person height of the person okay now so when noting is at the angle of jaw when a person will be left jerky movement over the neck and there will be sudden fracture of vertebra which vertebra C2 vertebra now suddenly there will be what C 2 vertebra fracture right now C2 vertebra fracture very easy to understand axis okay so that's why fracture of C2 VRA that's why it is also called as Hangman's fracture Hangman's fracture very easy to understand right the question is that see remember here sometimes examiner can give you one xray and examiner will be pointing towards fractured C2 vertebra fractured C2 whatever and examiner can try to ask you uh in a case of hanging where not was placed is a typical type or atypical type so obviously now you understand that this is atypical type of hanging now remember here I have taught you about IPC and crpc which is which crpc is associated with hanging process of hanging please remember this is what crpc number 354 crpc 354 so see the process of hanging is through crpc 354 judge has to say hang till death why because a fatal period of hanging is 3 to 5 minutes 3 to 5 minutes if judge will not say hang till death then what will happen suddenly rope will be liated here after hanging person can leave him with than one minute and there will be what a type of suspended animation for time being his life will be suspended but after resuscitation he could be revived that's why judge has to say what hang till death remember here process of hanging is crpc 354 here only you should know about IPC 354 try to understand here how examiner will try to trap you one is IPC 354 another is a crpc crpc 354 crpc 354 is for hanging but IPC Indian Penal Code which defines offenses and Punishment remember here there are four sections of IPC number 354 354 a 354 b c and d e for sexual assault IPC number 354 B defines what disrobing a female disrobing a female by using power IPC number 354c this defines what voyerism voyerism scotopia or peping Tom this is a type of this is a type of paraphilia what is the meaning of voyerism sexual gratification by watching the act of sexual intercourse by someone else or if a female is undressing or if a person if a man is watching her secretly and getting what sexually gratification no so that will be called as what voyerism that is also type of paraphilia that is an offense IPC number 354d this defines stalking so what is the meaning of a stalking following a woman without her knowledge offline and online both are punishable law this is 354d remember I IPC 354 defines sexual loss 354c RPC is related to what hanging process I hope all these points are clear to all of you now you look at this picture and you can easily understand this is a case of what this is a case of manual strangulation or throttling right no throttling so now you tell me what kind of bruise can occur here what can of what kind of bruise in manual triangulation if you are going to liate suppose if you are going to liate the neck see suppose if you're are going to throttle someone K so because of the pressure exerted by tip of the fingers do you think bruises multiple dis shape so now it tell me which type of bruise will be here this is called as six Penny bruises m multiple small small disk shaped contusion over the neck is called as what six Penny bruises right always remember that signs of a struggle will be more in a strangulation than hanging now look at these pictures and now you try to answer now I'm sure you can easily answer this question picture number one is what hanging lious triangulation or manual manual strangulation now you can easily answer so this is a case of what hanging my question is this is typical or atypical this is atypical why atypical because look at the oxy put okay liat Mark is not there so it means what noting was placed at or over the oxy put so this is typical hanging this is going oblique right oblique super thyroid so this is a case of what typical complete hanging typical complete hanging okay so this was the the question so answer is what answer of the question which I have shown you just now F so what is the answer here now this is a case of see here this is a case of noting was here so this is a case of typical and complete hanging answer is C here typical and complete hanging right okay now look at picture number two look at picture number two you can see multiple bruises over the neck you can say what these are what six Penny bruises no these are what six Penny bruises so this is a case of what manual strangulation also called as throttling also called as throttling okay fine now what about picture number three here you can see the ligature Mark here no liat Mark here right so this is what this is infra thyroid transverse and complete right infra thyroid transverse and complete so this is a case of ligature strangulation liat strangulation I hope all these points are clear to all of you on the basis of ligature marks only you can diagnose multiple cases now special types of strangulation see remember here special types or different types of different methods of construction of neck when a rope will be thrown from behind this is a type this is called as what gting ging a type of gting where not the Rope but IR rod iron Rod will be lated around the neck and after that screw fixation will be screw fixed this is called as Spanish windas in Spain this is judicial method of execution remember here Spanish windas this is a type of ging this is a type of gting this you should not forget right this is called as what Spanish windas Spanish windlas which is a type of gtin two bamboo sticks two Rod are applied around the neck and like this this is called as what basola basola if you are going to kill someone under the bend of your elbow right this is called as mugging mugging now see when I talk about hanging strangulation thyroid cartilage will be damaged for sure yes it will be damaged in both ligature maybe or hanging maybe but mostly liat strangulation okay fine liat strangulation but hyoid bone fracture remember here on the basis of nature of fracture of hyoid bone we can easily understand again when you are going to throttle somewh like this so hyid bone fracture will go inside there will be what so basically this is coming inside adduction no this is called as adduction fracture adduction fracture inward compression this will be seen in throttling throttling but in hanging case see here so liat material will be pushing the fracture part to the opposite side it is going outward outward compression this is called as abduction fracture right abduction or you can say outward compression so in hanging you can see hyoid bone fracture will be going out in manual strangulation fracture will be coming inside inside now look at this question and try to answer compression of a smothering and traumatic Asia is called as right okay first of all so basically we are going to talk about what Suffocation death keep in mind with the help of palm or a pillow so external blockage of respiratory passages it is called as smothering smothering see here blockage of internal respiratory passages if it is accidental it is called as choking accidental fish bone or obstruction by a coin okay but homicidal if someone is going to push a paper roll or cloth inside the mouth of a person now that will be called as what gagging gagging right so we are going to learn different Suffocation depths now you can easily understand blockage of external respiratory passages right it is called as smothering accidental right accidental so this is called as accidental it is called as choking gagging means what someone is going to push a paper roll or cloth into the mouth into the mouthes BL that is called as gagging now look at this picture this is aspia due to a trauma what does it mean AG it building collapse building collapse building collapse stamped who stamped a road traffic accident or Railway accident now you tell me suppose suppose if there is a building collapse building and now there is very very heavy object over the chest suppose if 150 kilogram is there over the chest of a person do you think there will be mechanical obstruction yes mechan obstruction traumatic asfixia traumatic asfixia now if there will be heavy object over the chest mechanical blockage here so yes obstruction in the blood passage also so do you think there'll be sinosis over the upper part of the shoulder neck and face yes like right it is called as what motic mask or you can say what mask eotic mask eotic mask eotic remember mask eotic is seen in traumatic asfixia next so now see if I combine a smothering and traumatic asfixia now what it will be called bing bing here smothering with traumatic asfixia with traumatic asfixia see bark and hair these two were friends whenever they wanted to kill someone they used to invite the person they used to offer the person alcohol when person used to be intoxicated after that bark used to sit on the chest of that person and after that he used to after that he used to do what he used to block his no nose and mouth like this so basically obstruction over the chest and blockage of external respiratory passages bark used to sit on the chest and do like this and here what he used to do he used to hold the leg and he used to drag him around the room till the person used to die this is called as biring method of killing remember last time fmg question last time fmg question Bing this is combination of smothering and traumatic aspects Tire M when a person will be see here now because of the position do you think this is very easy to get out of this tire no it will be very very much a strong no right so because of the position like this because of this he will not be able to breathe in and out normally this is called as positional Asia see mother should not be sleeping with the newborn baby obstruction right now so this is also type of Suffocation so this is called as overline Cafe coronary syndrome suppose if a person was enjoying suppose if a person was enjoying meal in a restaurant he was enjoying lunch in a restaurant with alcohol and suddenly there was obstruction of bullas in the larynx and suddenly what will happen sudden laryn just SPM severe pain in chest and he will hold his justest like this and he will fall on the ground other people will think what in the cafe that he had coronary artery disease you can say what heart attack heart attack coronary type of symptoms in a cafe is called as Cafe coronary syndrome Cafe coronary syndrome syndrome is it to understand Cafe coronary syndrome so how to help the patient right now by using HCK manuver right hemlick maneuver by using hemlick maneuver right okay fine Cafe coronary syndrome all these are important so in the question now you can easily solve this is a case of what bking okay now next question what are the most common cause of death in a case of drowning in cold water first of all do understand here there are two typ types of drowning first of all one is called the typical drowning another is called as a typical drowning and water has actually entered the lungs it is called as typical or you can say vet drowning okay fine so when I talk about wet drowning water will mixed with phos so do you think there will be frauding discharge yes there will be frauding fraud will come out so when I talk about a wet drowning fraud white fraud will come out right but atypical drowning means what where when water entered the airway suddenly there was what Len pass water did not enter the lung because of that because of the linges spasm and person died because of what aspia that is called what dry drowning so here are you going to see fraud no frauding here typical and atypical drowning so typical drowning is of two types one is called as freshwater drowning fresh water salt water drowning right now salt water drowning or sea water drowning let's see here after that we will get back to this question see know see one is what fresh water drowning another is salt water drowning so different types of typical drowning I will come to atypical drowning now see let's learn the pathophysiology because from here they are framing the question framing the question fresh water drowning water okay fine so when a person is alive normal human normal human salt concentration 0.9% here salt water ocean water 3 to 4% fresh water 0.45% okay fine now let's learn here when I talk about first of all tone of the water here tone of the liquid here when I compare human normal when person is alive and fresh water so inside the human normal person there'll be what hypertonic fluid and fresh water hypo always remember here that hypertonic fluid attracts hypotonic fluid basic physiology now water is going to enter the airway and from the airway water will enter the lungs water will enter the lungs after the airway from the lungs now it is going to enter the systemic circulation systemic circulation so now when water is there in the systemic circulation do you think there will be hemo dilution yes there will be what hemo dilution hemo dilution dilute blood hemo dilution then do you think there will be hemolysis also yes now there will be what hemolysis when there will be hemolysis now there'll be fragmentation of what RBC H response now there will be what increase level of potassium basically what I'm saying is that now there will be hyper calmia because of hyper calmia what will be there ventricular fibrillation okay fine now when so see remember here when I talk about this much part hemo dilution is there see here so now fluid is there in the circulation also so do you think there will be what fluid overload also H fluid overload or you can say cardiac overload cardiac overload right no cardiac overload so do you think this will also be causing problem in the heart yes cardiac overload ventricular fibrillation so if I ask you what is the cause of death in freshwater drowning please write down answer is what Cardiac Arrest answer is cardiac arrest easy to understand now let's learn about salt water Dr here if I if I compare normal human being and salt water so hypertonic fluid will be salt water right hypertonic so now when water is entering the airway and from the airway from the airway water is entering the lungs lungs but remember here this is hypertonic fluid which has entered the lungs what it will do it is going to attract hypotonic fluid so it will attract fluid from system circulation from your blood only so now do you think inside the Lux there will be what extreme extreme level of accumulation of water here now more fluid so now this will be causing what severe pulmonary edema there will be what severe pulmonary edema very easy to understand severe pulmonary edema and what is the first root cause of death here respiratory failure severe pulmonary Ed after that heart will also be affected right after that heart will also be affected obviously so now we have understood fresh water drowning and salt water drowning right now so here along with the respiratory failure after that there will be what even cardiac issues also right now so even there'll be what cardiac issues also right now let's learn how to differentiate if the dead body was recovered from fresh water or sea water see when person is alive I'm writing here this is what normal person here how much is the sodium chloride here 0.9% here 32 4% and here 0.45% okay now let's talk about one more physiology from the higher concentration see here movement of solute from higher concentration to lower right now higher con concentration to lower concentration let's learn this part now it tell me when a person will be thrown in fresh water so do you think from the human body salt will be flowing to River easy to understand no and now when we will be doing postmortem examination do you think there will be loss of salt from the normal human body because see saltt has already see moved from higher concentration to lower concentration so remember here when I check chloride content in ventricle or in the blood obviously now this will be lesser than normal now this will be lesser than normal but when I compare salt water drowning higher concentration to lower concentration so do you think from here this will be flowing to normal human body body yes now if I do postmortem examination do you think salt content or chloride content will be more than the normal yes more than the normal approximately 25% variation we see 25% variation we see if salt content chloride content is lesser than the normal it means fresh water drowning chloride content is more than the normal it is what salt water drowning this is called as gers test gers test right now gers just you cannot take a chance to for because this is a repeatedly asked question gers gers gers very very important I hope all these points are clear to all of you now see what is the meaning of d atoms D atoms test D atoms are what these are unicellular alga unicellular algae these are extremely small micro very very very small size is 60 Micron very very small very very small so this can easily enter the systemic circulation also easy to understand so after death if we can find out a d atom remember here this is this die atem no unicellular these are very much iner very much iner you cannot destroy it easily so even after many weeks also even in the decomposed bodies D atom will be there if we can find out a d atom it means what 100% this was the case of drowning drowning very easy to understand die atoms test and get L test right these are related to Drowning now atypical drowning see remember here okay one more Point related to diatoms diatoms will be seen only when water is going to enter the lungs right no so basically wet drowning now atypical drowning where water is actually not entering into the respiratory part part here so atypical let's see here first of all dry drowning then immersion syndrome then submersion of unconscious then near drowning near drowning which is also called a secondary drowning syndrome or post immersion syndrome let's learn about Dr dry drowning first of all dry drowning means what when water entered the airway suddenly there was a lenos spasm suddenly there was what Leno spasm and after that what see after that asfixia so in a case of dry drowning person is dying because of aspia now immersion syndrome means what this is also called as hyuan or you can say what this is called as cold water drowning cold water drowning what is happening here in cold water drowning do understand when a person will be thrown in cold water when cold water is entering inside through nose ear and mouth now when it is going to touch the lingal ends no endings of veal nerves now there'll be what sudden vagal inhibition there'll be what sudden vagal inhibition I hope all of you know this fact that vas nerve is supplying heart also because of sudden veal inhibition there will be what death so what is the cause of death in immersion syndrome it is what vagal inhibition vagal inhibition because of that Cardiac Arrest right okay fine so now so now you can easily solve this question what is the most common cause of death in a case of drowning in cold water means what immersion syndrome answer is what vagal inhibition remember here first is what vagal inhibition vagal inhibition now submersion of unconscious means what before submersion person got unconscious if a person was walking near the swimming pool suddenly he got heart attack he fell in swimming pool he had a seizure he fell in swimming pool he had any kind of attack he fell in swimming pool this is submersion of unconscious if a person was enjoying alcohol after sitting in bathtub P this is also a type of what submersion of unconscious last is near drowning l l lungs will be affected heart will be affected different organs will also be affected when there is what no air as brain will also be affected so so many secondary complications will be there this is called as near drowning near drowning means what when a person first time after drowning he got saved by someone but because of secondary complication he's going to die right because of brain incopy right okay fine all these point should be clear now now let's learn some postmortem appearances postmortem changes very very important see if you look at these pictures these pictures this is called as what this this is washer woman's hand washer woman's hand even if you keep feet in the water for a longer time this will also be similar to washer woman's hand so first is what wash your woman's hand this indicates drowning yes you can see here pyo erection like this no erected here and you can see the skin so what kind of skin is something like the pucker skin this is called as gooik skin this is called as what gooik skin gooz like skin this is called as overall cutis anine cutis anine and wash your woman's hand these are indications of what these are indications of drowning some other postmortem changes see here when there will be enlargement of water into the lungs LS heaviness of lungs there will be so much accumulation of water in the lungs right that is called as mimma aosm that is called as MMA aosm first point now when see a dirty water is entering the lungs right so do you think this can damage the lungs parenchima yes and because of that there'll be hemorrhages over the lungs that is called what palto Hemorrhage that is called as palto's Hemorrhage now when I talk about heavy accumulation of water in the lungs when you do postmortem examination when you remove a sternum suddenly lungs will come out like a balloon that is called as ballooning of lungs see that is called what ballooning of lungs I hope all these points are clear to everyone remember drowning is an important topic for all exam okay fmg also npg also inct also everywhere okay fine and now look at this question an accused person in court is claiming that he is only 17 year old so that his punishment could be decreased as a juvenile judge has sent this person to hospital to find out the accurate age what should be the best step to calculate the exact age so now we are going going to start learning about identification right identification human identification very very important so for this C better option is what X-ray of rest why it is important xray of R what exactly we are going to check there how we are going to calculate so remember here on the basis of OIC of bone on the basis of OIC of bone right OIC of see different different Bones have different age of oif and on the basis of complete oifc we can identify the age let's see here remember here so first of all look at alar part if there is complete alific of alna yes this will be completed by the age of 17 to 18 years 17 to 18 year but if you look at radial part here no radial part here right so remember here if it is completed no this oifc will be completed only at the age of 18 or 19 so if there is complete oifc at the radial end here it means what 100% he is adult 100% he is approximately 18 or more than 18 very easy to understand so RIS x-ray will be enough to understand if he is an adult or not easy to understand right sometimes examiner can give you some EX race and after that examiner will try to ask you the age of oif and examiner will try to ask you age of the person look at the elbow joint elbow joint oifc will be completed by the age of 14 to 16 year 14 to 16 year okay fine but if you see if you look at what see if you look at what Isel tuberosity this will be completed by the age of of 22 to 23 year so fine so if there are two xrays and after that if examiner is asking you the options right examiner is asking you on the basis of these x-rays how much is the age of the person so minimum age will be how much approximately 22 to 23 year very easy to understand right age of oifc right very easy to understand when I talk about Upper Limb joint and and lower limb joint Upper Limb joint like wrist elbow and shoulder see if I ask you to join see now suppose if you're going to touch the knee with the elbow like this right now now you see here you start from the lower to Upper wrist elbow shoulder and here ankle knee and hip joint knee and hip joint so how much is the age of oifc very easy to understand see just now I have taught you that wrist approximately 18 elbow 16 shoulder 18 here opposite 16 18 16 very easy to understand so basically this is what age of OIC so on the basis of age of horific we can understand the age of a person and here only we can discuss one more Point related to identification see here fetus age fetus age estimation suppose in a bush you have you have found one dead fetus length is 25 cm length of fetus is 2 25 cm now how much should be the age of the fetus remember here there are two rules one is called as a rule of Hass another is called as a rule of Morrison rule of Hass is for starting five month first five months and Rule of morison is for next five month next five months of intrauterine life so what is the rule of Hass see this is square root of CHL CHL is what Crown to heel length Okay so this length will be in cimer and age will come in what right now so age will be coming in month right okay fine so now what about rule of Morrison this length we have to divide by 5 so if we talk about this fetus whose length is 25 cm even if we are using rule of H okay square root of 25 answer will be what 5 months in the same manner even if we calculate even if we divide the 25 by 5 answer will be what five so please remember rule of H and Rule of Morrison these are related to what age estimation of fetus okay gestational age actually what G ational age gestational age I hope this is clear to everyone now sex determination is illegal in India illegal right but if we have to determine the sex of a fetus by which age we can determine the sex of a fetus remember here by the end of fourth month fourth month of intrauterine life or you can say 16th week with the help of ultrasound and physical examination right now look at this question and try to answer on examination of a pelvic bone subpubic angle was founded to be 88° greater CTIC Notch Notch was deep I'm [Music] repeating now look at this question on examination of a pelvic bone subpubic angle was found to be 88° greater chotic Notch was deep mostly it should be a bone of male or female or what remember here on the basis of escalet we can determine the sex of a person first of all what is the best bone for race determination answer is what skull bone race determination I hope you remember that there are three types of races three different different races one is called as CID another is [ __ ] and negroid I'm saying what CID remember European people and Chinese people these are what covid race [ __ ] race Japanese and Asians negroids negroids Arians and Africans these are three important races worldwide so what is the best bone to determine race skull so Indian Skull is what mostly there will be what see here NE mostly there will be coccoid and negroid negroid and to determine the race we have to calculate the length and breadth of the skull and we have to take one ratio so how to so what is the name of Index this is called as seic index this is called as calic index calic index calic index remember here how to calculate breadth of the skull divided by length of the skull multiplied by 100 okay so ratio will be called as what calic index where we have learned about Doo calic msati calic brais calic right ratio will be like when I talk about doic ratio will be what 70 to 74.9 in between MTI calic ratio will be 75 to 79.9 now braic ratio will be 80 to 85 easy to understand so basically this is all about sealc index so for race best bone is a skull for sex determination what is the best bone hip bone remember hip bone is the the best for the determination of height or stature best bone is what femur best bone is female now let's learn about the pelvic bone here hip bone here now see this accuracy chart suppose if you have found bundle of Bones if you get entire escal 100% accuracy pelvic bone alone hip bone 95% accuracy only a skull bone 92% pelvis plus a skull bone right both 98% basically this accuracy chart is given by what krogman's accuracy but remember here in the pelvic bone what is the best parameter to assess this is what greater shic Notch this is what greater shic Notch greater chotic Notch remember here what is the greater chotic Notch see this red portion what you see here and this is what greater chotic Notch remember here greater chotic Notch is deep and narrow in male wide and shallow in female now you can easily solve this case see here picture number one and picture number two what is the meaning of deep and narrow when it will be like this it is called as deep and narrow when it is like this it is called as wide and shallow so picture number one obviously this is male picture number two obviously this is what female very easy to understand so basically what I'm saying here that on the basis of sh not if it is deep and narrow male wide and shallow female one point is clear to everyone now what about some other aspects who is who is considered as big-hearted person male or female males are big-hearted or females okay fine so I can say males are big-hearted males are big-hearted people okay fine heart-shaped pelvic Inlet in m but who is the mother of all these big-hearted people obviously female now I have compensated right so remember here female it will be what pelvic Inlet will be what circular shape right this will be what circular shape easy to understand I hope all these points are clear to all of you pelvic cavity funnel shaped in male but in female flat bow remember subpubic angle this is important sub pubic angle if it is acute or if it is obtuse remember here what is subpubic angle 90° or less male but if it is 100 or more it is a female now you can easily understand right now okay fine now this part is called as what pre- oracular sulcus this is prominent in female see remember a general rule here remember a general rule all muscle markings all tuberosities are more prominent among males except three one is called a frontal eminence second is parital Eminence parial Eminence third is pre- oric sulcus pre- oric sulcus these three are more prominent among females but remaining all other muscle markings all other tuberosities are more prominent among males now you can easily solve this question right now see here now on the basis of this question subpubic angle 88 degree greater chotic no was deep so this is a case of what male only male hipper bone now on the basis of a skull and different structures here remember here see here always remember that frontal amance and parial amance these are more prominent among females if you see the external architecture if it is very much smooth female but if uh but if it looks like rough tough rugged type male look at forehead see a male forehead will be steeper right at an angle but females will be vertical now gabella this portion more pronounced among male less among female fronto nasal Junction I'm talking about this front to nasal Junction see here among males see this angle is this much prominent that we can keep a pen also here so in males fronto nasal Junction will be more angulated but among female it will be what smooth okay when I talk about mastoid process mastoid process also please remember here among the male it will be large and blunt but among female it will be pointed next question a dead a dead body was found at the roadside a dead body okay face was completely disfigured police is asking for the old photo from the family members so that skull and photo can be matched see photo of the skull will be see image of the skull and old photo will be superimposed and there will be inquiry if there is matching or not this is called as superimposition technique repeatedly asked question two times continuously they have asked in fmg superimposition technique so what actually we are doing here image of the skull and old Futo right now so there will be superimposition if these are going to get matched okay fine this was the same person this is called a superimposition technique some other techniques of identification so can you answer me what is the most reliable method of identification most reliable method of identification is what ductography which is actually what fingerprinting fingerprinting this is also called as galton's test galon test in the same manner study of lips is called a kyos scopy remember here first center for the finger printing was established worldwide in India only in India first fingerprinting no India in India where Kata Kolkata in India now a study of sweat pose over the fingerprinting it is called a poros scopy a study of ruji it is called a roscopy hard pallette study of foot printing is called as what foot printing is called as porography porography question is study of foot printing where do we use okay fine so this can be so basically foot printing at the murder scene we can understand we can get and second in the maternal Hospital also maternal Hospital in one day there will be delivery of many babies so just after delivery when nurse is going to weigh the newborn baby at the same time nurse is going to do what footprinting also F so that there should be no exchange of babies now fingerprinting remember here by what age fing by what intrauterine life age fingerprinting will start appearing by 12th week it will be completed by 24th week question is that when you are applying a form you have to give fingerprinting okay fin us light touch so so there will be what some multiple lines and in the examination center also again they will take your fingerprinting basically they are going to what they're going to match if is same same fingerprinting or not question is that how many points of comparison should be there 10 to 12 points how many types of finger printings are there very easy pneumonic know claw composite Loops Arc holes most common type is Loops question is that this is the most reliable method of identification even in identical twins it will be different fingerprinting right since the child childhood to the death just after birth means birth to death fingerprinting will be same fingerprinting will not be altered in which condition fingerprinting can be altered please write down one is radiation exposure radiation exposure radiation injury leprosy leprosy electric injury and skin grafting and after the grafting yes in these conditions fingerprinting can be altered now remember here see this is called a DNA fingerprinting from the crime scene we have collected one drop of blood one drop of blood and we have harvested the DNA with the help of PCR machine polymerase Chain Reaction okay fine now from the one copy of the DNA we are going to make multiple copies of DNA with the help of PCR so basically what we are doing fingerprinting of multiple DNA same DNA fingerprinting this is called a DNA fingerprinting don't think that DNA fingerprinting is DNA and fingerprinting together no this is only DNA only DNA so see here from the crime scene we have we collected this we have two suspected person one and two okay so now this is matching with the second person this is matching with the second person very easy to understand DNA fingerprinting okay fine DNA fingerprinting where it will be useful okay so who is the real father who is the real mother right no so basically heteropaternal condition right so there we can there we can use DNA fingerprinting also and now some more points we should know about one more thing that is called as tattoo see here old and decomposed or actually disrupted tattoo can be visualized with the help of what H2O2 hydrogen peroxide 3% we can also use what some magnifying glasses ultraviolet lamp okay fine important thing from where examiners are framing the question suppose during the murder or at the time of murder if murder is going to eradicate or if it is going to destroy right that destroy the tattoo now what is the last examination to do suppose if there is a dead body and family members are claiming that over the nape of the neck there was a tattoo which murderers have destroyed have removed actually fine now so what is the last here remember here what is the ink we are using in tattoo we are using what Indian ink we are using what Indian ink this is called as Black Ink remember here after they tattooing now this black ink will be taken up by Regional lymph nodes right no Regional lymph nodes so what did the last option we are left with we have to do biopsy of biopsy of lymph nodes biopsy of lymph nodes and if lymph nodes will be having that ink we can understand yes there was tattoo okay next question eruption of upper lateral inure and especially examiner has mentioned primary is seen mostly at which age so basically now we are going to talk about dentition right now dentition dentition there are two types of dentition which you know one is called as primary dentition another is secondary dentition see here primary dentition is also called as temporary dation this is also called as milk teeth also called as a Deus teeth right Deus what is the meaning of desus you would have heard about desus forest desus forest where in extreme winter leaves will be falling and in the summer again leaves will be coming basically right now so deid teeth in Future these are going to get replaced by permanent teeth that is deia so secondary teeth is also secondary dentition is also called what permanent right now permanent dentation permanent dentation now what is the first primary tooth to be erupted it is what lower Central inser first primary tooth to be erupted is what lower Central inure at which age 6 months what the first permanent tooth molar number one by which age 6 year remember how many temp temporary teeth are there how many remember in total 20 permanent in total 30 what the sequence here 2 1 2 here 2 1 2 and three remember there is no premolar there is no premolar in primary dentation there is no premolar in primary dentation I hope all these points are clear to all of you now let's learn the eruption of temporary teeth first of all what I have taught you low lower Central insure lower Central inure after that upper Central inure after that upper lateral inure after that lower lateral ins by which age these are erupting lower Central inure by six months six months of Life upper 7 month upper lateral 8 month lower lateral 9 month what about the question now upper lateral inure by the age of 8th month easy to understand I hope all these points are clear to all of you now some other eruption where you can have a pneumonic of I am chief minister so remember the age rule of six year this is what Central in cure mol number one this is canine this is M number two this will be erupting by the age of 6 months M number one by the age of 12 month canine by the age of 18 month and M number two by the age of 24 month by the age of 24 month see yes so basically we have learned about dentation in the primary now let's learn about dentition in secondary secondary dention right secondary dentition now when I talk about permanent dation very famous pneumonic is they're very commonly used right mom is in pain mom is in pain and Papa can make medicine Papa can make medicine now see here this is mol number one I'm talking about permanent teeth now right M number one this is Central inure this is lateral iner this is premolar number one premolar number two canine molar number two this is molar number three okay what is the age of eruption now first at the age of six year after that 7 year 8 year 9 year 10 11 12 and last is what molar number three that will be erupting by the age of 17 to 25 now you can easily solve okay now see the period of mixed dentition last time fmg exam they have one question see they have asked one question that in a 10 yearold boy how many permanent teeth and how many temporary teeth will be there so see here first permanent tooth will be erupting by the age of six year six year and that is what molar number one remember in between 6 to 11 year there will be permanent teeth also temporary teeth also this is called as what period of mixed dentation 6 to 11 year total number of teeth will be 24 24 now how to calculate total number of permanent teeth see remember here age - 5 multiplied by 4 real age - 5 multiplied by 4 equal to number of permanent teeth so suppose if there is a 10 yearold boy right very easy to understand so so in total this will be what 20 so number of permanent teeth 20 and 24 minus 20 okay that will be equal to four very easy to understand in the same manner you can solve the question suppose if there is a 9 year old boy how many permanent how many temporary teeth okay 9 - 5 multiplied by 4 okay so this will be equal to 16 so I can say what number of permanent teeth is 16 and temporary will be what 24 minus 16 so it will be what 88 will be temporary teeth very easy to understand this is is called as period of mixed dentation now one more is there one is called a super added teeth and one is called as successional one is super added another is successional teeth what is the meaning of super added and successional see successional means what see when I talk about a successor right now see the successor who is going to right so if there will be a predator right now to successor just if I can take the example of amitab bachan abishek bachan abishek bachan will be the successor of amitab bachan right now so when one is going to replace another or when one is going to take the place of another one is going to take the place of the producer easy to understand that is called as successional teeth successional teeth super added means word who never who who is never going to have any successor same very easy to understand remember here all Ms all molers are super added so how many super added teeth are there 12 12 super added remaining all 20 are successional teeth successional teeth I hope all these points are clear to everyone now see one more method see here age of age by the dentition how we are going to understand age by the dentition so here I want to mention two points one is called as Bo's method another is called as gust of Sun's method see here only I'm writing one is called as boy's method another is a gust of sun method gust of Sun's Method Keep in mind B's method see this is for the newborn babies in a case of infan side in the case of infanticide suppose if five days old baby died right no so actually we don't know the exact number of days newborn babies right now it's a newborn baby right so for this we are using a method that is called as boes method method see remember here on day two or day three day two or day three a NE a Neal line will be erupting over the jaw enamel right no enela that is called as neonatal line neonatal line neonatal line on day second or day third after birth okay fine and on daily basis every day one line will get added one line will get added and these lines you can see only with the help of electron microscopy these are called as lines of Red Seas lines of redas so with the help of electron microscope if you can count five lines are there five lines how many days before that baby birthin so either so so basically I can say that if I can see five lines no five lines so 5 + 2 and three we can add so minimum the age will be what 7 days old baby 7 days old baby very easy to understand this is called as Bo method boy's method boyes method so bod's method we can use for infanticide boy's method if we can find out neetal line 100% this was the case of Life birth baby easy to understand one more method mention that is called as Stacks method stack method this is also for infanticide for the newborn baby see with the help of weight and height of the teeth we are going to compare and we are going to understand the age remember bodes and stacks method these are used for newborn babies to calculate the age right okay but for elderly people for adults especially age more than 21 year we are using a method that is called as gust ofon method gust ofon method see here as per the age there will be what resorption of teeth resorption of teeth right right now more than 21 young age me adult me old age me that is gust of sons method and what is the most reliable criteria there will be what root transparency root transparency of date the most reliable method in gust of s keep in mind gust tough Sun method is for age estimation by dation in the same manner bodies and stacks age estimation by the teeth easy to understand right next see this question old blood stains are found at a crime scene which of the following test is performed to check the blood if it belongs to human origin or not basically from the crime scene if you have found a drop of blood or whatever right so blood this Blood belongs to human being or animal so for this we have to do what serological test serological so out of these four human animal different species precipitant test what about other test see here when I talk about Florence test I'm sure you know about Florence and barbaros Florence and barbaros test Florence and barbaros these two are for simen analysis these two are for C analysis Mur if you found old cloth with any how will you understand Florence and barbaros FB Florence test may you will see what brown color brown color romic crystals right now Florence brown color Ric crystals Bar B yellow clor needle shaped Crystal Florence brown color and barbaros yellow needle Crystal right very easy to understand right now where do we use Tans and spectroscopy spectroscopy this is the most reliable method this is the most reliable method to detect blood suppose if you found old stain old so that can be Blood also P collection also saliva also right now this is blood only for this most reliable is what spectroscopy spectroscopy and he see a tikman test remember tikman and takayama important test so let's see this table this table is is this is really important for your exam first of all to understand whether this Blood belongs to a human being or not for this especially you can remember precipitant test some other test are also there espic supports a serology part right okay fine but especially to check whether this is blood or not remember here spectroscopy again I'm telling you most reliable most reliable after that macro and micro microchemical see microchemical most important is what takama heo chromogen Crystal test if you can find out pink feathery crystals of homogen it means chromogen test okay fine T Test test if you can find out brown crystals of H him chloride him this will be seen only in blood right so it means what P blood so remember takama and te M these are also for what blood blood stain now macrochemical where you are using hydrogen peroxide especially remember keep in mind Castle mayor test Castle mayor test these are the test which you have to know for blood stains okay see this question now changes in physiological variables of suspect when the patient is exposed to questioning regarding the crime this principle is a scene in which lie deception test right now remember here basically examiner is asking about what examiner is asking about physiological variables physiological variables so now we are going to learn about what something like lie detection all these polygraph brain mapping Nar analysis these are used for what Li detection polygraph is called as what light detector test let's learn here physiological variables what you were doing during the time of mod in that building BL pressure now see here BP pulse rate respiratory rate starts fluctuating why because the fear fear will stimulate sympathetic nervous system very easy to understand this is called as what polygraph this is called what polygraph right now polygraph right so these are what deception detection test poph see here changes in physiological variables like blood pressure respiratory rate and pulse rate so here answer is what here this is called this is a case of polygraph this is light detector next is brain mapping brain mapping we ask the patient see here we ask the patient to wear a skull cap I will show you the photo and you will be having more clarity see here first of all when you see this this is called a polygraph test if you ask a question related to any crime if patient knows that truth physiological changes start rate blood pressure respiratory in the same manner this is called a brain mapping brain mapping p300 wave okay right skulla ask the patient what you were doing during the time of mod around that building if he or she knows theuth crime right so this wave will be fluctuating you know so this can be monitored this is called a what brain fingerprinting brain mapping one more is Narco test Narco analysis test here we are using to here we are going to use what truth serum drugs you are giving some drugs like like a Scopolamine or sodium Amal or sodium pental just truth serum yeah sodium sional these are the drugs which you have to memorize so these drugs we are using for Narco test Bally we are going to produce what unconsciousness 100% 95% unconscious now patient is about to lose 100% Consciousness about to 95% 96% 97% or approximately 90% see in that phase now that person will not be having that power to create any new story he or she will not be able to man like he or she will not be able to manipulate anything new so basically whatever question you ask he or she will be replying the same thing right this is called as Nar so I have taught you three tests related to light detection polygraph after that brain mapping third Narco test next question now we are going to start learning about toxicology right toxicology a factory worker who is working in Majestic industry presented with pain and swelling in jaw with multiple discharging sinuses of jaw what is the likely cause of poisoning this was the question in last to last time in C now which out of these four which we are using in the matches stick which is being used in the matches stick industry and the condition of the patient is what swelling of the jaw swelling of the jaw right now so this is called as what glass jaw or FY jaw this is also called as Lucifer's jaw right this is also called as glass jaw this is seen in phosphorus poisoning phosphorus poisoning remember here there are two types of phosphorus which you should be knowing phosphorus May a yellow or white red red phos remember here red phosphorus is a non-toxic red phosphorus is non-toxic but yellow or white this is extremely toxic this is this much inflammable that this is kept underwater this can be very much dis po so basically so this is extremely inflammable and remember this emits light this emits smoke so first of so first of all if a person is having poisoning with phosphorus even if he's going to have vomiting see vomiting will be having what vomiting will be emitting light and a smoke even when he's going to pass the stool stool and this is called as smokey stool syndrome Smokey stool syndrome SM tool syndrome because of phosphorus only right and in long term this will be causing what liver damage all right now one more point we have to learn about fosy JW what is the meaning of fosy JW remember if a person is exposed to the fumes fumes of phosphorus first organ which is going to get damaged first body part so remember lower jaw lower jaw basically Mand second after loening of sequestration of Bones now there will be so pocket like a structure no so now there will be formation of pus pus collection will be there something like this which you can appreciate this is called as fos jaw Lucifer's jaw or glass jaw oneliner question repeatedly asked question in MCI Lucifer's jaw or glass job because of phosphorus poisoning now when we talk about toxicology let's learn some of the points related to poisoning because you can expect minimum three questions from toxicology take as per which crpc we are supposed to inform the police if we get any any poisoning case in hospital first of all crpc number crpc number 39 39 we have to inform the police as soon as possible see here in all the poisoning case most important is what Mercury lead arsenic these three poisons you should know at any cost from here they are framing the question frequently apart from these uh like some like a snake bite and they plant Bo name okay fine let's learn some more points related to toxicology first of all there is a term that is called as V triage V triage what is the meaning of V triage acid attack this is called as acid attack this is called V trial AG obviously this is a punishable offense as per IPC number 326a lifetime jail or 10 years in jail jail one more is there that is called a 326b this is attempt to we trial AG 5 to 7 years in jail 326a V trial age right now 326b is what only attempt of a v trial age okay when we know about acid see related to acid always keep in mind minimum two acid one is sulfuric acid another is nitric acid hno3 nitric acid see sulfuric acid will burn everything no so wherever it will go it will burn the thing so there will be what black color of tongue even when it is going to go inside the stomach this will turn the stomach completely black so if you do postmortem examination what color of a stomach wall remember here black color of a stomach wall you can remember black chard but when sulfuric acid is mixed uh sulfuric acid is getting mixed with enamel no so which color of teeth chalky white teeth chalky white teeth now what about nitric acid right remember here nitric acid see remember here so there will be what zantho protic reaction formation of picric acid so wherever nitric acid will go know so this will turn the organs tissues in yellow remember everything will become yellow yellow organ yellow tissues or even like even if nitric acid like afterwards if it is going to touch the cloth okay so yellow cloth very easy to understand but what will be the color of a stomach nitric acid with hydrochloric acid right now so a stomach wall in postmortem examination this will appear to be brown color next carbolic acid very very important please remember very important is carbolic acid carbolic acid also called as phenol phenol some important points we should know about carbolic acid and phenol remember here in the case of Toxicology we have to do what decontamination we have to do what a stomach wash a stomach wash is called as what stomach wash is called as what gastric lavage that is called as what gastric lavage right now gastric lavage for this you are inserting a tube inside you are going to insert what normal saline Li warm actually and after that you are going to take it out right that is called a what uh so actually a stomach wash gastric lavage remember gastric lavage is contraindicated in all acidic and alkal poison except carbolic acid and phenol so this becomes your question remember here gastric lavage is not contraindicated remember here gastric lavage is contraindicated in all acidic and alkal poison except carbolic acid and phenol this is the question right now gastric lavage can be done here okay fine now remember here see here when a person is going to consume phenol phenol is used as what disinfectant right now so see here after that after further metabolism when this will be passing through the urine and after getting exposed to air Ur urine will turn into green color so remember here green color urine green color urine green urine is seen in carbolic acid poisoning I hope all these points are clear to all of you if examiner is asking you acid and Alkali which one is more dangerous remember Alkali alkal poisons are more dangerous why because it has hydroscopic nature take to because of this there will be deeper penetration easy to understand I hope all this points are clear to everyone now one more poison you should keep in mind one poison is thalium Poison thalium thalium Poison this is the most ideal homicidal poison why because this mimics like Gillian bar syndrome Gillian bar syndrome this is important which poison mimics like Gillian bar syndrome remember here what will be the symptoms here pneumonic is a n d and L Opia neuropathy and diarrhea so this is all about talium poison very easy to understand right and some more poison see remember here like cadmium poison cadmium poison see especially in the Japan where so many people they are uh they use actually Seafood item right so when sea food item now when these are getting contaminated with cadmium remember here first of all cadmium is a nephrotoxic also and golden yellow teeth remember here first of all a nephrotoxic nephrotoxic and golden yellow teeth golden yellow teeth okay fine apart from this cadmium is going to destroy the minerals of bone calcium phosphorus and all and finally overall what is happening you know cadmium will cause osteoma like symptoms ostomia like symptoms because of this what is happening here there'll be what brittle bones very high risk of fracture and see there'll be severe bony pain so whenever you are going so whenever you are going to touch the patient even even if you are going to touch it like this patient will say ouch this is called as ouch disease right OU disease ouch disease Japanese name is what ITA ITA disease ITA ITA disease or you can say what ouch disease right ouch disease ITA ITA means what it hurts it hurts so related to cadmium poisa remember ITA ITA disease ITA ITA disease okay one more see one is oxalic acid oxalic acid see oxalic acid now this is used in used at bleaching powder also in the like in the printing press also and this is used as ink remover solution also ink remover remember here oxalic acid this will so basically so here what is the antidote for oxalic acid what is the antidote remember here calcium gluconate calcium gluconate right now calcium gluconate okay when oxalic acid will get mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach after that when there will be vomiting what kind of vomiting will be coming out coffee colored vomiting coffee colored vomiting remember here all these points are simple simple points but very easy to remember okay fine now let's learn about mercury in detail and after Mercury Arsenic and lead poisoning see here Mercury symbol HG so mercury poisoning is called as what Hydra gism this is called as hyra gism hydr guyism now let's learn here what will be the symptoms first of all where do we use mercury see when I talk about hat industry hat industry or glass blower industry first of all Mercury is going to damage what nerves right no nerves symptom first symptom of mercury poison in the Hat industry and the glass blower okay this will be seen in the handwriting something like this is called as what shaking pal shaking paly hat industry Hatters Shake glass blower Shake Hatter shakes glass blower shakes also called as danb trimmers this is nothing but shaking paly paly after that after handwriting lips shaking and then extreme condition walking problem even patient will be having difficulty in changing the cloths also okay fine indry work nech symptoms personality changes neur psychatric symptoms okay there can be irritation agitation delirium there can be what okay behavor changes he will behave like a mad in hat industry it is called a Mad Hatter syndrome also called as artism mercury front of theor part of the lens that is called as mercuri Len mercuri Len mercurious chloride some kids they will be hyper sensitive to mercurious chloride right and they can Dev just after that they can develop what pink color of you know hands okay so here hands pink hand pink feet puffy face paresthesia that is called a pink disease also called as acronia also call Swift fever disease right ACR important minim Japan River minata to at One Bank of river industry and these people they used to feed on you know fish sea to basically that Seafood was actually contaminated with Mercury fine so one patient got admitted in the hospital with the seizures seizure May some kind of shcking pal and all to doctors started treating only for CIA but they did not know the root cause from the same Community some more patients got admitted doctor they went there and they found that in this River there is what actually contaminated fish right because of mercury so because of that that is called a minimat disease one more severe poisoning of mercury where there can be blindness also temporary blindness okay there can be blindness def also a AIA also seizure also that is called a hunter Russell syndrome I have taught you six disorders because of mercury poison and all these are important remember here very very important first of all you can easily understand here this is called as pink disease also called as acronia you can easily understand brown color but remember here visual acity will be normal this is called as what Mercurial lentis and this is what seure andol minimat disease next arenic first of all arenic arenic related repeatedly asked question they asking questions multiple times first of all do understand arsenic will cause Vaso construction Vaso construction D when arsenic is going to enter the git know this is going to create imbalance in mucosa basically arsenic G mucosa disturb because of this patient will be having what gastroenteritis gastroenteritis like Cera so what kind of question they have framed which poisoning mimics like Cera arenic arenic right now arenic okay fine here antidote we are using what feros hydroxide feros hydroxide right okay fine so now what will be the color of stomach in postmortem examination in arenic poisoning remember this will be causing what vessel constriction right no vessel constriction vessel constriction because of vessel constriction there'll be what lack of blood supply vascular insufficiency sinosis necrosis blood supply now in the stomach part remember here now first of all disturbing the mucosa destroying the mucosa apart from that vess construction also finally necrosis if you do the postmortem examination you can see some old clotted Blood also at the background red kind red and black background something like a strawberry so remember here strawberry stomach or pink velvety stomach mucosa please remember whatever I'm mentioning here no all these are questions one liner question arenic mimics like a natural disease that is andali mimics like G syndrome right okay fine acute may now if longstanding exposure longstanding agriculture field maybe water related to con related to necrosis poisoning now long standing metallic taste excessive salivation garlic order of breath and sweat alopecia which other symptoms you expect first of all remember here AR finally nec okay see look at these pictures you will be having more clarity black black spot here small some other body parts this is called as rain drop pigmentation rain drop pigmentation rain drop pigmentation even over the nails peripheral part adaptation just white white line This is called as Meine Meine hands tight excessive deposition of what keratin hyper keratosis hyper kosis important topic so basically remember your raindrop pigmentation raindrop pigmentation very very important very very important basically raindrop pigmentation Brown pigmentation right now so remember raindrop pigmentation is seen in Arsenic poison hyperkeratosis alric Meine remember here meines okay fine so earliest sign macular areas of depigmentation this is called as lucom melanosis remember here sometimes skin rash rash resembles like fading measles rash now one more important actually most important is this black foot disease black foot disease question remember here look at this see here first of all I've told you it will cause what V constriction sinosis esia lack of blood supply finally necris blal lack of blood supply complete gangar form and there can be a spontaneous amputation black this is called This is called as black foot disease black foot disease I hope all these points are clear to all of you it mimics like gastroenteritis antidote fer hydroxide postmortem change strawberry pink velvet mucos shoulder raindrop pigmentation is it to understand meline and black food disease okay so fine so when I'm saying there is lack of blood supply so do you think blood May changes obviously anemia anemia which type of anemia hypochromic anemia platelet maybe thrombocytopenia and Leukemia remember here acute poisoning very very [Music] important this mimic like natural disease lose motional death negative point about arsenic is that arsenic delays decomposition arsenic can get deposited in hairs Nails bones deposit even if you burn the dead body know ashes may my there was a case somewhere uh a married female got admitted in hospital with severe lose motion for 10 days doctor has tried all the antibiotics but no improvement no improvement yes you are married right yeah what about your husband how is your relation with your husband sir earlier he was not good but for last 15 20 days no he's very good he doesn't allow me to enter the kitchen he's making the food himself he prepares the food himself okay good what does he do what is his profession sir he is a professor where ah sir organic chemistry Department only good blood sample AR so basically slow Poison every day husband was adding arsenic in the food wife in the beginning everyone would have thought this was the case of natural death so after two years maybe that was not the natural death that was arenic poisoning then do you think there can be rep postmortem examination digging out the dead body that is called as what Exum right now that is called as what Exum yes Exum permission police magistrate obviously magistrate which magistrate executive magistrate ex even after many years also even in the bones arenic can be found so exhumation means what digging out the dead body from the earth G ukara is called as Exum who gives the permission for this executive magistrate is there any time limit for the permission no time limit kab what the best time to dig out the dead body morning time so that you should have enough time so that you should have enough time right okay fine CH all right okay fine so see remember here for the long-term exposure okay hair nail and Bone we use some test like you know range and March test so remember here what are the disadvantages of arsenic poison delays putri faction even in the completely decomposed bodies bones hairs Nails even in the ashes ashes or chartred bone everywhere you can find arsenic arsenic very very important now next is lead remember some points about lead first of all what actually lead does where it creates problem first of all lead will create problem in CNS what CNS this is this will disturb myen sheet myelination problem so this will destroy the myelination because of this yes there is what very high risk of neurological symptoms in copath okay next he h synthesis problem heem synthesis now in the heem synthesis this will block two enzymes which two enzymes a a hydras and feroces ferocitas so if it is going to create problem in h synthesis do you think there will be anemia yes obviously anemia H metabolism you would have learned in Biochemistry after he only there will be formation of hemoid then bilin then bil Rubin when B Rubin is affected do you think hebl will also be affected yes so hepy okay fine hepy system will also be affected digestive system will also be affected right so here overall in the long run I can expect some problem in what see there can constipation there can be abdominal pain all right see here this creates problem in bone also let can get deposited in Bones so osteopathy osteopathy bone lines all right now fourth point in a renal this will increase uric acid form basically see here it does not allow the uric acid excretion so this will cause hyperemia hyper uremia so it can lead to gout right lead symbol is what PB so it is so lead poisoning is also called as plumbism this is also called as what plumbism also called as [Music] saturnism okay fine now if you do blood test after lead poisoning okay after lead poisoning so remember here see you can see the B Bop so basophils will be something like this no like like the stacking of the coin this is called a basophilic stippling basophilic stippling okay now if a person is having lead poisoning person is having any Dental carries right so see here because of this see there will be what from the dental carries yes bacteria will be there hydrogen sulfide will be coming out lead and hydrogen sulfide together right no so this will be what bluish green discoloration here bluish this is called as what burtonian line This is called as burtonian lines important sub important suppose if a child who loves to lick wall paint Now understand where do we use lead lead is used in bullet also bullet B goall paint right even it is used as antiock petrol right so a b suppose if there is a child who licks wall paint yes highrisk of lead poisoning high risk of lead poisoning now let's understand AB BCD e f g hii yes there will be anemia yes B for bone lines Bop stippling bonial C for constipation coliky pain it is called a dry belly AEG it is called a what dry belly ache very very important I have taught you that myelination problem so yes enough damage see here in the Pediatric age group young age group it will cause in copy and Bone lines in young age bone lines and in copath but when I talk about adults wrist drop or foot drop adults remember here please mention here itself in copath especially seen among children but wrist drop and foot drop right in ults adults yes anemia remember here facial parar is earliest sign right now facial P gout right saturnine gout we call it right saturnism hypertension importance so what are so what are the anti dat we are using we are using some kilting agents edian pensel amine next what are the cardiac poisons what are the cardiac poison remember here eonite nicotin digitalis oend like cerebra Thia cerebra odorum these are cardiac po remember here see here aconite which is also called as monk Hood woman's bin mea zah wish woman's Bane Devil's Helmet or blue rocket all these are common names for eonite remember here why I have taught you all these because repeatedly asked question which of the following is not a cardiac poison or which of the following is going to going to kill a person because of you know Cardiac Arrest all these right remember here what it does it is going to bind with sodium gated channel of heart sodium G Channel right now because of this there will be what more e flux of potassium there will be what more and more there will be what severe hyperkalemia so what is the cause of death here ventricular fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation or you can say what Cardiac Arrest obviously remember you no specific spefic antidote so only symptomatic treatment sometimes we are using atropin next identify the active ingredient of poisonous plant which is used to kill infants and cattle basically now we are going to learn about four plant poison important one we are going to learn risus communist abas Pretoria semic carpus anacardium and calotropis janta look at the picture and you will be having more clarity see here this is risus communist here active in GRE is rising remember this is nonpoisonous you would have seen But plant will be poisonous right no so this is used for this is used as biological warfare agent next abis precatorius here active ingredient is what abin where do we use we use this as SOI needle so is a Hindi word which means needle only so remember here what actually we use here how do we use it this is used as as a cattle poison see here we take the powder of these seeds we take the powder of these seeds and after that we mix witha and a sprit we make the paste and under sunlight we dry it now suppose if you have a business opponent suppose if you have only five buff and your opponent business opponent Market he has more than 20 cattles now what to do you have you already have made a small small needles Lal in night time you go and enter his gaala and now you are going to poke all the cattles one by one one by one one by one okay by the morning all cattles will be dead but in the morning remember here when people will go and look how all cattles died at the same time so they will find you know a small a small a small small entry hole and that will appear to be like snake bite so remember here this so needle this mimics like snake bite right no Viperine snake bite viper bite soy needle right now soy needle abas preetorius keep in mind okay abas preetorius look at the seeds sometimes they are showing you sometimes they can show you the picture of seeds they will ask you what are the active ingredient what the name of plant right okay semic carpus anac cardia washer men washer woman right they're using this marking nut here two active ingredient one is called as semi car semi carpol another is bav venol Bila venol this we are using to produce artificial bruises blister right semic carpus anacardium for this calotropis janta here active ingredient is what calotropin calotropin one more cot toxin see here this is this much toxic that even Cobra can die because of calotropis jant this is very you know very much poisonous this is being used as a cattle poison you take the juice of this plant you mix uh you add in a cloth and you are going to insert into the rectum of the cattle or you mix with the fodder second it is also used to as infanticide infanticide okay to kill a baby okay calotropis jant now you can easily understand the question and you can solve the question right to kill infant and cattle right now so out of all these answer is what calotropin semi carpol semi Carol banol semic carpus anacardium aban AB abas proris capsacin please remember here this is found in capsicum capsicum AC active ingredient of capsicum is what capsacin Shimla merch capsicum right so here it can cause one more syndrome one more syndrome see suppose if there is a chef who is going to cut so many shim so many capsicum right so many capsicum and suppose if there'll be exposure to many seeds no there'll be severe dermatitis that is called as word Hunan hand syndrome Hunan hand syndrome capses Now snake bite question all of the following are right statements related to the shown snake except first of all you tell me which snake I have shown you here so first of all we should know the snakes snakes so first of all let's learn here let's learn here there are three families of snakes one is called elid Viper hydrop neurotoxic after a snake bite if a patient is getting admitted in your hospital patient is having neurological symptoms okay neurotoxic see here Cobra and crat Cobra and crat okay Viper ready Viper vessel so basically this is what vascular toxic like Viper Viper okay there are two types saw scaled Viper Russell Viper hydr C snake swimming musain so remember this is what C snake myotoxic so one is a neurotoxic one is vascular toxic blood related and another is what muscles toxic so now neurological symptoms to King or Cobra uh I'm repeating so if if there is what neurological symptoms you can easily understand either cobra snake or cat if vascular symptoms like suppose if a patient is having what blood related symptoms DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation okay viper snake extremely painful muscles a severe body pain and a spasm here myotoxic CS snake now let's learn here what is the cause of death in neurotoxic first of all it is going to damage respiratory museles so here cause of death in neurotoxic snakes respiratory failure myotoxic here also there will be what damage of respiratory muscles here also cause of death is what respiratory failure respiratory failure but what about a Viper blood related no vascular toxic no so finally hypotension and all this is going to affect heart so here cause of death is what Cardiac Arrest Cardiac Arrest easy to understand Cardiac Arrest now look at the picture you will be having more more clarity out of these which one is the most dangerous here okay now look at the snakes first of all how to recognize snakes band band like structure band like structure band band to where you can see bands at the interval that is actually what which snake now you can easily recognize here remember here there can be different species also different color also but if you can say band band no you can easily understand okay this is also a one of the species of cat if if you can see uh like this kind of the uh right shapes like the diamond shape separated it is what Russell Viper but there can be confusion in common cobra and king cobra common cobra is also called as what Naja Naja right now Naja Naja remember how to differentiate common cobra and king cobra remember here look at the head here are you able to appreciate these two specs something like this right now this is called as B spectacled head B spectacled head right specs like a chashma is it to understand so over the head if you can see by spectacled head right this is common cobra remember here King does not need specs every time only common people wear specs every time remember like that okay King does not need a spec so B spectacle head common cobra no bpc that is King Cobra next now you can look at this picture now so this is also a type of see band band like a stit this is also so these two are what this is also C cat right now C now Russell wiper and saw scaled wiper there can be confusion Russell Viper see here separate SE these are what separate separate no separate separate but saw scaled wiper something like saw right no something like so here you can easily see now when you look at the picture now you can easily right no like this something like this so this is what saw a scaled wiper so there should be no confusion now the question is which one is more dangerous remember here extremely dangerous yes this one is extremely dangerous you might be thinking why not Cobra why especially you are talking about cat cat remember here for the quing Cobra and common cobra do of Venom which is lethal that is approximately 8.5 and that is approximately 12 but for the CRA only 2.5 to 6.5 milligram this is more than enough to kill a person so a small amount of so a small amount of Venom is enough to kill a person first of all second after a snake bite obviously there will be local marks local marks like two Fang marks Fang marks remember here if there will be a poisonous snake there will be two Fang MK two Fang marks you can see there will be two puncture marks okay fine see a snake bite two Fang marks local bite okay fine there'll be swelling pain bleeding necrosis all these are the local symptoms but remember when I talk about this snake no mostly there will be minimal or no local symptoms even Fang marks you will not be able to appreciate right it will be very very small see here so even it is not very much painful when person will be sleeping on the road snake bite but after that when neurological symptoms will start appear then he will get up when he will be taken to hospital no even doctors will not be able to diagnose on the time because see no one has seen that snake so that's why it will be very very dangerous remember here and along with anti-snake Venom we give adrenaline we also give one more injection IV neosine IV neosine to reverse neuroparalysis to reverse neuroparalysis remember here NEOS stigman is effective against Cobra but not effective against CRA that's why it is extremely dangerous remember here okay now let's solve this question all of the following are wrer statements related to the shown a snake so what the name of this snake this is called a crat symptoms are like Cobra yes Cobra and crat neurological symptoms elapid family elapid hydroid and Viper elapid yes mostly no Fang marks cause of death is cardiac arrest no cause of death is what respiratory failure respiratory failure now related to the management related to the treatment of a snake bite first of all what should not be done my question is that are you going to give incision and drainage are you going to behave like Bollywood Heroes you know like uh like suppose if there is a snake bite to hero and hero will come he will suck the venom out H suction obviously no incision and drainage no suction obviously no are you going to apply a tight top answer is no are you going to wash with soap please don't touch the wound so no washing no washing okay CH fine are you going to run behind the snake to take the Revenge obviously no see all these points are written as per the wh protocol of snake bite management so don't run behind the snake to take the Revenge no okay fine my question is that are you going to see if there is bleeding are you going to use any electrical Appliance like a like a cry no cry no use of C suppose if after snake bite if patient is asking you I want my last drink will you give him [Music] alcohol okay fine so if you're not giving alcohol suppose if he is asking you okay give me at least coffee remember here these are going to increase heart rate blood pressure so don't give right okay so all these should not be done okay so what should be done now now remember here anti- snake venom since anti- snake venom is made up of horse serum so so there is always a risk of anaphylaxis no anaphylactic shock so ASV should be combined with adrenaline injection we are also giving what IV Neo esmin Neo esmin what the function of IV NEOS stigman to reverse neuroparalysis remember this will be effective only against Cobra not against cat adrenaline purpose to prevent anaphylactic shock anti- snake venom do you think in all snake bite we give anti- snake venom no remember here first of all observation if vitals are unstable please give anti snake venom if swelling is increasing please give anti if vitals are stable swelling is getting decreased no need of giving anti snake venom only observation will be enough I hope all these points are clear to everyone now here only we can mention a scorpion bite scorpion bite scorpion bite Venom scorpion and a snake almost similar but amount will be very very less remember here in a snake bite two puncture marks two Fang bite in a scorpion only one only one bite only one puncture marks remember here there will be autonomic storm because it will be see here this is going to stimulate the the Scorpion anti see the scorpion venom will be stimulating parasympathetic sympathetic and over all what over final is what over autonomic storm right now s sweating SE tachicardia and all s pulmonary edema right now so very dangerous for the patient so see here what is the first medicine we are giving here prosen presin prosen after that yes if you have antidote best is it understand remember here for snake bite for a snake bite and for a scorpion bite first management is always immobilization immobilization after that medicines next question related to Medical law and ethics a patient with history of abdominal surgery is admitted in what patient complains of severe abdominal pain Fe fever on post-operative day three xray of abdomen is taken as shown below this corresponds to what yes there are some doctrines which are going to inform that whether doctor is responsible for the medical negligent act or not here if you forgot one instrument inside yes this is what see here 100% doctor you are responsible for this no need to prove anything things speak for itself it is called as res ipsa locutor answer is what res ipsa locuta please remember Rea Loa means what negligent Act is this much obvious that there is no need to prove anything doctor you will be in jail for sure resta Lo okay fine some others we can discuss here only in avitable accident or you can say what act of God you can say what act of God even if you have taken all the precautions but due to biological variations due to to biological variation you could not save the patient this is called as what in avoidable accident or biological or act of God this is also called a medical Mal occurrence remember here suppose if there was a case for the surgery so before the surgery PSC was done pre-anesthetic check was done and that patient was completely you know like uh like he was 100% safe but there was a drug which had you know one in one million side effect and that can be because of biological variation so when anesthesia on the operation table when it was given he died on table operation table and on clinical postmortem examination he was found to have what biological variation even you have taken all these precaution but you could not save Act of God inevitable accident vicarious liability when the owner has to respond for the mistake of the Juniors for the employees when the senior has to answer for the mistake of Juniors it is called as vicarious liability easy to understand one more is there which you should know that is called as noas actus intervenience intervenience what does it mean novas means new actus means action intervenience means to come in between new action came in between what does it mean suppose if if you had a patient after severe liver laceration after a stab injury there was a case of a stab injury murder you operated the patient patient died on OT table no problem doctor you are in safe Zone but suppose during this surgery if you missed one instrument inside and after two days patient is dying oh my God a new action came in between doctor you are also responsible for his death This is called as novas actus intervenience keep in mind okay fine now one is rest indicator one is rest indicator one is a rest indicator rest indicator suppose if I have done any mistake and patient wants to sue me patient wants to file complaint against me patient has to file complaint within 2 years indication of filing complaint against doctor is two years it is called as res indicator res judicator the things which are already decided suppose Dr X is working in a hospital you can keep the name any Hospital doctor did any mistake patient died family members they they filed complaint against the hospital yes as per the judgment hospital had to pay 15 lakhs rupees as compensation but after one month family members are thinking oh my God no hospital was not responsible doctor was responsible now they are going to file complaint against the doctor now this case will not be taken into consideration again right so so the case which is already heard will not be taken into consideration against this is called a what and patient that is called as contributory negligence contributory negligence I hope all these points are clear to everyone rest ipsa locut very very important next a 50-year-old woman is brought to emergency department with a case of a stab injury her situation is critical she confessed that someone someone tried to kill her but did not disclose all information as she is not sure about that after two hours she feels that she's about to die she called the doctor and asked her that she wants to give her a statement about her murder case Doctor can write the statement in front of two witnesses this is called as what this is called as dying declaration dying declaration okay let's learn this see here when I talk about evidences evidences no one is called as written evidence another is called as oral evidence third is called as circumstantial evidence written evidence means what written evidence means what medical certificate mlc dying declaration and dying deposition these are examples of what written or documentary evidences oral evidence or it is also called as it is also called as the par right means a person will visit the court for giving evidences this is most effective because see the person himself is there no so leading questions can be asked multiple questions can be asked right no this is most effective circumstantial means what at the crime spot something you have found like hair wrist watch or any you know uh like maybe specs suicidal note even bullet so suicidal note is an example of what circumstantial evidences right so let's learn some points about dying declaration and dying deposition very very important remember here dying declaration when a person is about to die when a person is about to die right now so when person wants to give any statement it can be ideally it should be recorded by magistrate but see on the spot magistrate will not be able to come no anyone can record so it can be recorded by anyone doctor police Village headman but it should be recorded in front of two witnesses if a person is about to die are you going to ask him to take oath see it is assumed that dying person doesn't lie so no oath is required can you do cross examination no leading questions can be asked no leading question means what where answer is in yes or no answer is in yes or no Compass men if a person wants to give any statement No it is the duty of doctor to certify that person was completely conscious and oriented before giving any statement he was mentally composed right it is called as Compass mentis so obviously it will be done Compass mentis in India are we practicing yes dying declaration we are practicing but dying deposition means what suppose if there is a patient suffering from multiple Myoma 80 year old bone marrow transplantation is done chemotherapeutic all agents are used I but there is no response right now so now you tell me so see know so doctor has told him that you have only 7 to 10 days basically you can you may die means you have very less time now this person is very rich he wants to divide his property among his sons and brothers right now so he will invite the magistrate to court right now that's why it is also called a bed side code so this will be recorded only by magistrate only by magistrate oath yes cross examination yes opposite side lawyer will also be there leading question yes Compass m is obviously it should be there in India are we practicing no okay dying deposition and dying declaration very very important okay fine see here only you should know that one is called as police inquiry another is called as magistrate inquiry right now police inquest see police inquest inquest means what inquiry and magistrate inquest which is crpc crpc number 174 crpc number 176 murder case suicide homicide police inquiry will be done overall in India most common type is police inquiry but what the most Superior in India it is magistrate inquiry overall worldwide medical examination system is the most superior but in India only two now in which condition magistrate inquiry will be done keep in mind if death has happened during police interrogation because of the police firing right now so higher authority has to come magistrate inquiry will be done in five cases a b C D and E if there is a death in Asylum psychiatric Asylum Hospital Boral what is the meaning of Borel jail for juvenile C is death in a custody custodial death D for Dary e for exhumation remember there are two types of magistrate one is judicial magistrate another is executive magistrate executive judicial magistrate is appointed by the president of India executive magistrate by the state executive magistrate like deputy collector collector tar Revenue divisional officer what is the main function of executive magistrate to maintain Law and Order judicial magistrate can handle all the cases remember here out of these five only dowy and exhumation these are being managed by executive magistrate remaining all can be managed by judicial magistrate okay now remember here so so remember here what is the meaning of sapena sapina is nothing but someone a legal document which compuls you to attend the court invitation from the court from one place to another place if you have to travel for giving evidences you will get some money that is called a what diet money that is called as di money also called as conduct money there are two cases one is called as civil case another is called as criminal case okay see here see in civil case the party who is filing the case he is called as plff and against whom the case is being filed he will be called as what defendant but what about this one criminal case the party who is filing the case is called as state and opponent will be called as what same defendant defendant here in civil case for giving evidences when you are going to attend the court who will pay you who will pay you D Money the party who has invited you you will get the money during serving the someone you will get the money during serving the someone but what about criminal case remember in criminal case diet money will not be given during serving the Su answer is what no it will not be given during serving the suon you will get money after hearing the case easy to understand I hope all these points are clear to everyone now sexual jurist Prudence a pregnant lady is presented to emergency with severe abdominal pain foul smell intrauterine death is suspected where gas is noted this is called as what remember here intrauterine death very very important right now for this we have to learn these three signs spaling sign Robert sign and ball sign remember if you can see on ultrasound if you can see gas in big vessels or heart chambers it is called a Rob sign see a skull bone will be overlapped spaling sign Spalding sign right now most pathognomic hyper flexion of a spine balls sign so what is the answer here gas in great chamber it is what Robert sign remember here Robert sign is sping sign ball sign very very important say which of the following is wrong about physical examination of a woman do understand here suppose if there is a rape victim and accused person so for the rape victim obviously you have to take the consent earlier there was a practice of two finger test but now it is abolished now it is abolished okay fine option b per speculum examination should not be performed in a female where there is no history of penile insertion yes this is also right right no so this is also correct this is also correct option number D rape victim are you going to take the consent yes option question number c here see per vaginal examination should be performed in a 16-year-old female presented with amoria do understand here 16year old female presented with amoria obviously you might be suspecting any kind of anatomical defect anatomical anomaly are you going to do per vaginal examination answer is no please don't do this you can rupture the high man if you want to do physical examination per rectal can be done not per vaj chel right okay after that radiological investigation so wrong is what option number c now see if there is a rape victim suppose if there is a rape victim yes now two finger test is abolished we are not using it so we can insert a speculum speculum okay so that we can see inside okay for any kind of damage now there are two chemicals okay one chemical for rape victim another is a rape accused accused for rape victim if there will be minor minor abrasion no you will not be able to appreciate with naked eyes so we are using what we are using a chemical that is called as todin blue todin blue after that you can easily appreciate so todin blue is used for what fresh abrasion in the same for accused rapist you are going to wipe the shaft of penis with a filter paper and you are going to expose to lugol's iodine vapor this will appear to be brown color brown because of what glycogen because of glycogen because of what vaginal epithelial cells so I have taught you two chemicals here one is called todin Blue for rape victim after that lugol iodine for accused remember here for the victim you have to take the consent consent are you going to take the consent before physical examination yes with accused no need of taking the consent remember here when I talk about this speculum No it should not be inserted when there is no history of insertion of penis into the vagina or if there is a girl child in girl child first of all there be what deeper deeper location of High men fin so mostly there is what no of hman in girl child because of deeper location so you have to be careful about all these now related to rape some ipcs are important 375 it defines the rape 376 punishment for the rape if there is a rape victim you cannot disclose remember here you cannot disclose the identity of a rape victim okay disclosure of identity of a rape victim by the media person or by any doctor is a punishable office two years in jail plus minus fine crpc 357 remember here this is crpc 357 what does it mean for the rape victim can we give free treatment yes obviously we have to give what free treatment free treatment even if you're working in a private hospital but remember here police should be informed as soon as possible and remember here we can cannot admit the rape victim in Private Hospital free treatment then inform the police it should always be dealt by government hospital so remember here only by government Hospital only by government Hospital crpc 416 means what recently you must have watched that movie know Javan movie right suppose if a female who has given death sentence death sentence and she is found to be pregnant now what should be done either death sentence can be postponed for 5 years or it can be converted into lifetime jail so remember here death sentence in a pregnant woman crpc 416 now how much is the legal age limit for the female to give consent for sexual intercourse 18 18 earlier it was ver 16 sexual intercourse in a female whose age is less than 18 is called a statutary rape statutory rape even with the wife how much is the legal age limit for sexual intercourse it is 18 18 remember here as per Indian law only a man can attempt rape okay and remember after the rape if a female is presenting within 4 days no within within 4 days within 96 hours you have to collect all these samples you have to collect all these samples all these points are important now remember here rape victim rape accused consent are you going to take the consent yes here no which chemical we are using in a case of rape victim I have taught you just now toin blue rape accused duals iodine remember all these points are important for your exam and now let's learn MTP act medical termination of pregnancy first of all for abortion for medical termination of pregnancy who has to give the consent only wife only mother has to give the consent only female but in any condition where sexual life can be hampered like hysterectomy tubectomy vesectomy artificial insemination for these husband and wife both are supposed to give the concern now MTP act remember here now this is the new update opinion of only one doctor is required up to 20 weeks opinion of two doctors 20 to 24 weeks now maximum limit for medical termination of pregnancy is how much 24 weeks easy to understand but here you should know this fact that this extension of Maximum 24 weeks this is only in the case of rape victim so there are four condition where MTP can be performed legally one like if there is risk of mother's life in any condition second if there is any risk of any kind of any kind of the congenital anomaly like down syndrome and all third rape case fourth if a couple was practicing contraception failure of contraception this can cause psychological trauma to the mother so yes but in the case of failure of contraception no maximum age limit is only 20 only 20 this you have to remember in any condition any time if there is risk of mother's life abortion is legally permitted remember MTP Act is very very important now there is a condition which is called as super fundation and super fation super fundation and super fation remember suppose if there is a female her name is Anna her husband name is Mark and boyfriend name is and boyfriend name is Jack and Jack is black husband and wife both are white white people but boyfriend is black okay last night she had sexual intercourse she had sexual intercourse with husband in the morning she had sexual intercourse with boyfriend and now there was see here now there was actually fertilization of two over by two Es pums in the short span of Time same mature cycle now there was a delivery of a Twins and one was black one was white fertilization of 21 by two as pumps you can say what dual SIM card like that you can remember okay so basically black and white this is called as what super fundation this is called as what super fundation remember what I have taught you just now fertilization of two OVA by two sperms in same meal cycle but there is a condition which is called a super fation super fation means what superfetation means what suppose if a female is having septate uterus double uterus fertilization of one OVA happened in January another happened in February here also there will be delivery of twins fertilization of two OVA by two esps into two menual cycle superation to T remember here okay now so now delivery of two one will be Elder one will be younger here this is called a what super fation these two are what heteropaternal condition there can be two fathers super fication and superation important for your exam okay fine and now some terms related to legitimacy illegitimate child means what bastard child a child born outside the lawful with B sh right okay suppositious child which is also called as a fictitious child which is also called as fictitious child suppose there is a child fictitious movie start all stories are fictitious supp there child this is not a real child suppose if a female secretly she was hiding herself and suddenly after 9 month suddenly she's presenting with a newborn baby basically she was only pretending that she was pregnant now suddenly she's claiming a rich man that he's the real father and that man is say no I'm not the real father why she's claiming like that might be for property might be for money is it this is called as supposition child fmg August 2020 question how this can be confirmed obviously DNA fingerprinting DNA test postumus child birth of a child after death of Father atavism child may not resemble with the parents but with grandparents with grandparents okay resemblance with grandparents at aism now some extra points we can learn here one is called as artificial insemination artificial insemination you understand right artificial insemination where sperm can be taken from the donor Wiki donor okay so now the question is that artificial insemination by husband okay legal child legitimate artificial insemination by donor child will be considered as legitimate or illegitimate answer is what illegitimate illegitimate imate the child will not be able to claim the property legally why because now that father is not the biological father easy to understand this is important now suresi suresi Sur Sur woming woming surrogate mother right so basically when a mother when a female is going to carry a child carry a baby for you know like with intention to give away after the delivery for other couple surrogacy right there are two types of surrogacy one is called as all altruistic another is called as commercial remember here for business P for business purpose commercial is illegal in India altruistic where are no monetary compensation is given except medical medical for medical for health yes expenses should be given but not for business so altruistic it is legally permitted in India sesi remember ideally who should be the Sate mother ideally relative who should have own completed family at least one child in the whole life a female can be surrogate mother for how many times only for one time only for one time if a lady is found to be practicing for commercial s 10 years in jail and 10 lakhs Rupees fine important right important easy to understand fine now there is one more word it is called as code Han code Han it is called as psychological importancy psychological importancy what does it mean a man can be important to a particular female but he will be normal for other females psychological importance Cod hang remember there are two words one is called as sterility another is impotency importancy means what when a man is not able to perform sexual intercourse sterility means what man can perform sexual intercourse but he is not able to deposit the cement in the right place in vagina because of this he's not able to become father remember here importancy is a valid ground for divorce divorce not the sterility not the sterility because for the ster because for the sterile man artificial insemination is like is always an option importancy in female is called as a frigidity all these points are important for your [Music] exam next question a doctor is sending multiple unnecessary test to a particular lab Center this can be considered as a type of Infamous conduct so basically which type of Infamous conduct out of these four what the meaning of Infamous conduct for which you can get warning notice also suspension also right now suspension for timing suspension for Lifetime is called as what penal eraser right now Al Erasure suspension for Lifetime okay so this is called what professional death Infamous conduct means what any conduct by a doctor which is not found to be modest this is wrong this is not ethical right this is Infamous conduct so here here only you should know dichotomy means what fee is splitting fee sharing important this is called a dichotomy dichotomy fee sharing writing unnecessary medicines unnecessary investigations and all right now fee sharing this is dichotomy dichotomy covering means what if you have association with unqualified quack suppose if you have a nursing home right a nursing home and if you have an unqualified person basically what do you do here you are covering him this also not medical you have to hire what paramedical staff legal educated right with license but here like suppose if you are hiring a person who is actually what who is not educated right who is not qualified medical practitioner you have hired him this is also Infamous conduct okay over advertisement by a doctor is also considered as Infamous conduct right now ballistics last we are going to learn here a patient is brought to casualty with gunshot injury as presented below which of the following statements are true look at The Gunshot injury let's learn this part okay fine first of all there are two types of gun one is called as a sh gun where Barrel will be smooth Smooth Bore gun rifled rifled weapon where in the barrel there will be what grooving no grooving or riflings because of the riflings what will happen when bullet will be going out it will be what spinning motion and more fast more velocity right now so in shotgun we are using this ammunition this is called as lead shots or lead pellets where see here when you are going to fire the ammunition no see multiple small small small small lead plets will be coming out now lead plets so basically when you can see multiple wounds over the body shotgun injury right no Smooth Bore gun injury if you can see only one opening rifled because in rifled weapon we are using what bullet bullet will be having only one opening okay fine now now let's learn what will be the shape of wound as per the range of firing suppose if I am having four victims one victim who is in the direct contact a see when gun is in here it is called as in which range it is called as in contact range also called as Point Blank Range okay second victim victim number B who is standing in the range of a flame flame okay fine he is called as in the range of clothes victim number c who is standing beyond the range of flame but see here see whenever you are going to open the firearm gun powder maximum gunpowder will be burned but some unburned Gunpowder will be there that will also be coming out so unburned gunpowder can also get deposited because of that there'll be a tattooing effect which you would have learned for sure so victim number c who is a standing beyond the range of flame but in the range of gunpowder gunpowder I'm saying know gunpowder means what barud he will be called as in the range of near near range victim number D victim number D who is standing beyond the range of flame and gunpowder he will be called as in the range of distant no distant range now let's learn the anatomy of wound first of all obviously when bullet is going to enter the body first of all entry wound you can see here entry wound one circular hole entry wound okay when bullet is going to enter with the spinning motion inside the body do so do you think there'll be abration around the wound abration color in the barrel we are using grease also now lubricant grease will also becoming dirty color or you can see a brown brown color so around the wound you can see grease color also because of a smoke blackening okay blackening because of of gunpowder unburnt gunpowder I'm saying there'll be what a small small deposition under the epidermis so this you can see what this is called a word tattooing effect tattooing effect tattooing or stippling effect right so how will you differentiate blackening and tattooing if you wash with normal saline blackening will go away but tattooing will still be there very easy to understand all right now because of a flame do you think there'll be a burning effect around the wound let's look at this photo again because of flame do you think burning will be there yes because of a smoke blackening will be there yes because of see here because of flame burning singing of hairs yes let's learn this table very very important let's talk about victim number b c and d I'm saying because of the flame yes there will be burning effect burn burning around the wound yes singing of hairs singing of hairs yes blackening and tattooing and tattooing now you tell me what about the range of B vict number B who is in close range who is in the range of flame so do you think there'll be burning yes singing of hairs yes blackening yes tattoing yes singing of hairs right what about victim number c near range who is not standing in the range of flame so do you think there'll be a burning and singing of hairs no no but blackening and tattoing especially what about tattooing yes it will be there tattooing will be there blackening can also be there blackening and tattooing can tattooing for sure okay tattooing for sure what about victim number D who is standing in the distant range far from the flame and gunpowder are you going to see burning no singing no blackening tattooing no that's it so if examiner is framing a question if there is a patient of gunshot injury in the hospital on examination of a wound burning and singing of hairs are absent but tattooing is present what was the range of firing of a rifled gun here H answer is what near range near range on the examination one more patient I can see blackening also tattooing also burning also what is the range here close range right now this will be what B victim number B close range is it turn say I can see only entry wound no blackening no burning no tattooing distant range what about victim number a direct contact are you going to see flame outside no so are you going to see anything outside no inside during postmortem examination yes you can see in BCD for all these victims as per the range of firing what will be the shape of wound circular but for direct Conta because it will create huge vacuum pressure so direct contact shape will be like a Sate or what cruciate margin easy to understand understand fine remember here if bullet was fired bullet is going to enter the body in direct perpendicularly no shape will be circular Circ means at a 90° bullet entered the body but if shape is overal something like this means at an acute angle bullet entered the body so for the rifled gun I have taught you all these points right now you get back to this question see yeah so basically now when you look at this photo what was the range of firing obviously contact range it can be due to rifled gun yes see even in the Smooth Bore gun also direct me yes see like this is called a what which range actually contact range or The Point Blank Range fine not the Clos range not the close range fine so which of the following statements are true one two and four easy now when I have taught you all these no bird singing tattoo now look at the picture and now you try to answer where will you see muzzle impression obviously in direct contact look at these two picture rifled gun picture number one picture number two in picture number one if you see it closely now there can be what burning also singing of yours blackening tattooing also so what is the range here this is called as close but in picture number two you can see only tattooing effect no only tattooing effect you can so what is the range here near range now if you look at this photo this is what a rifled gun or a smooth B gun smooth B gun lead shots no short gun lead plets multiple opening you can see multiple wounds you can see here right multiple wounds you can see now let's learn about the distance the range of firing in a Smooth Bore gun here also you should know some points here also same contact Range close near but one extra range intermediate range is here and after that distance remember here we can easily understand the contact range now here we have to learn about the meter less than 1 m is called as Clos range 1 to 2 m is called as near range 2 to 4 meter is called as intermediate more than four is called as distant range you have to know some points here that all burning burning singing blackening tattooing everything will be seen only within 1 meter only in the Clos range keep in mind only within one meter okay after 1 meter you cannot see dispersion will start dispersion of lead shot see a dispersion will be like this no dispersion of lead shots will start only after 2 m only after 2 m okay after 4 M maximum dispersion will be there now let's understand here so in the intermediate range what will happen see here when see 2 to 4 M so dispersion is about to start so dispersion has just now started so suppose if there are 16 lead shots 16 small small lead pellets so when four to five are entering at the same time so this will be what one big hole along with that dispersion of then a small a small a small a small entry Bo this is intermediate range but distant maximum dispersion you can can say what all a small a small all a small a small openings when you can see all small a small openings you can easily understand okay this is what distant range easy to understand fine now let's look at this photo this is a 0 m distance 1 m 2 M 4 M if a person is standing here victim number a victim B c d and e obviously now you can a will be in the range of contact Point Blank B close C near D intermediate e distant now where will you see one big opening then a small a small intermediate where will you see maximum dispersion maximum dispersion distance but what about C what is the special feature what about a near range here near range here remember here before 2 met now what will happen here all lead shots will be having that kind of the potential to get dispersed but it could not disperse and before dispersion this get like entered into the body so what will happen when it is going to enter the body it will go inside like this no so there'll be for see inside during the postmortem examination you will see something like this this kind of hole this is called as what Rat Hole appearance remember Rat Hole appearance is seen within 1 to 2 m near range important is intermediate and distant big hole small small now look at the picture first of all see what about this one what is the range here a star shaped contact look at this picture a smooth B gun you can see one big opening then a small a small how much is the range what is the range intermediate where you can say maximum dispersion what the range more than 4 M distant range right distant range I hope all these points are clear to all of you last here see here when I talk about a stab injury a stab injury entry wound will be bigger and exit wound will be smaller but this opposite in gunshot injury entry wound will be entry wound will be a small and exit wound will be bigger okay fine out of these two gun which of the following is right about big wound basically EX is asking about what exit wound exit wound right no exit wound see when bullet is entering okay inverted Edge abrasion color will be seen at entry point right now tattooing blackening can be seen at like at the entry point but fat Extrusion fat will be coming out with the bullet at the exit point you can see very easy to understand I hope all these points are clear to all of you right now so entry wound and exit ex wound difference remember here see where will you see abration colar grease collar obviously at the entry wound right now at the entry w fat you can see at the exit wound I hope all these points are clear to all of you we have discussed most important 30 questions and with the help of 30 questions we have discussed almost entire forensic medicine okay so just go through this I wish you all the best do well in the exam all the best thank you so much